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I 







THE NATIOML CENTENNiAL 


THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1870. 


MESSAGE^..., 

i v*. *•. 


OF THE 


PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 


TO CONOKESS, 


TRANSMITTING 

THE THIRD REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES 
CENTENNIAL COMMISSION 

ON 

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORK INTRUSTED TO IT UNDER ACTS OF CON 
GRESS PROVIDING FOR A NATIONAL CELEBRATION, BY AN INTER¬ 
NATIONAL EXHIBITION AND COMMEMORATIVE CEREMONIES, OF 
THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INDEPEND¬ 
ENCE OF THE UNITED STATES, TO BE HELD AT 
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE YEAR 
1876, EMBRACING REPORTS ON THE 
VIENNA EXHIBITION OF 1873. 

ARRANGICD AND EDITED 

By HENRY D. J. PRATT. 



WASHINTGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1874 . 




























































































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43d Congress, ) 
1st Session, j 


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SENATE. 


Ex. Doc. 
No. 30. 


THE MTIOML CEHTEMIAL. 


THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876. 


M E S SAG E 


? 7 r 

7^9 


OF THE 


PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 


TO CONORESS, 


TRANSMITTING 


THE THIED EEPORT OF THE UNITED STATES 
CENTENNIAL COMMISSION 


THE PROGRESS OF THE WORK INTRUSTED TO IT UNDER ACTS OF CON¬ 
GRESS PROVIDING FOR A NATIONAL CELEBRATION, BY AN INTER¬ 
NATIONAL EXHIBITION AND COMMEMORATIVE CEREMONIES, OF 
THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INDEPEND¬ 
ENCE OF THE UNITED STATES, TO BE HELD AT 
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE YEAR 
1876, EMBRACING REPORTS ON THE 
VIENNA EXHIBITION OP 1873. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1874. 























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THIRD. REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


[For alphabetical index, see end of volume.] 

Page. 

Message of tlie Presicleut of the United States transmitting the report of the 

Commission... 1 

Keport of the Commission to the President. 2 

List of papers accompanying the report of the Commission. 8 

Report of the Director-General of the Commission, (Appendix A). 11 

Circular-letters from the Director-General to United States ministers in foreign 

countries, (inclosures 1 and !<= to Appendix A). 13 

Explanation of the plan of the main pavilion, or industrial building, (inclosure 

6“ to Appendix A). 15 

Description of the art-gallery proposed, (inclosure 7®' in Appendix A). 16 

Correspondence between the Director-General and the Executive Departments of 

the Government, (inclosures 8, 8“, &c., to Appendix A). 17 

Executive orders by the President of the United States relative to a collective 
exhibition by the Executive Departments, the Department of Agriculture, and 
the Smithsonian Institution, (inclosure 8® in Appendix A and Appendix E).. .21, 368 


JouiTial of the proceedings of the Commission at the fourth session, (Appendix B) 27 

Courtesies extended to Hon. James G. Blaine, and remarks by him. 29 

Conference of the Commission, the directors of the Centennial Board of Finance 
and the Board of Supervisors of the Pennsylvania Appropriations ; addresses 
by President Hawley, Mr. .John Welsh, Hon. Win. Bigler, Hon. Daniel M. Fox, 

Air. Wm. V. McKean, and others. 39 

Courtesies extended to Hon. William D. Kellev. 50 

«i 

Election of officers of the Commission.. 55 

Action of the Commission relative to the Women’s Centennial Executive Com¬ 
mittee . 56 

Adoption of by-laws. 62 

Report of the executive committee. 68 

Resolutions of various State legislatures, commending the International Exhibi¬ 
tion, and favoring an ai^propriatiou by Congress to aid in making it a worthy 

celebration of the great event it is designed to commemorate. 73 

Address by the Commission to the people of the United States . 77 

Addresses to the clergy and religious associations, to teachers, to officers of the 
general and State goA^eruments, and to the scientific, industrial, and commer¬ 
cial organizations of the United States. 78 

Letter by Hon. Daniel J. Alorrell, commissioner for Pennsylv'ania, to the 
Governor of that State, urging a State approjiriation in aid of the Exhibition 

of 1876 . 84 

Organization of the Centennial Board of Finance. 86 

Report of H. D. J. Pratt. 89 

Abstract of reports of the executive commissioner. 90 

Report of the temporary secretary. 91 

Statement of expenses of the Commission, the Board of Finance, and the Citizens’ 
Committee of Philadelphia. 93 


Correspondence with the Commissioners of Fairmouut Park relative to the 
grounds donated to the Commission to be used for the purposes of the Exhibi¬ 
tion of 1876. 95 

Report of the committee on by-laws. 97 

Report of the conference committee, a])pointed by the executive committee of 
the Commission and the directors of the Board of Fiiiance/to define the respect¬ 
ive duties of the Commission and the Board. 101 

Index to journal.-. 102 

Report of Prof. William P. Blake, simcial agent to the Vienna Exhibition, upon 

its organization, administration, and results, (Appendix C). 109 

Table of contents to the report of Mr. Blake and list of inclosures.8,110 

Classification of the Vienna Exhibition. 165 





































IV 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Sentiment and co-operation abroad, donations to the Exhibition, &c., (inclosure 


A in Appendix C)..; - 269 

Extent, cost, and receipts of the great international exhibitions, (inclosure B in 

Appendix C).... ‘ 272 

Observations on great exhibitions, by Dr. W. F. Exner, (inclosiire C in AxipendixC) 272 
Rejiort of Mr. Henry Pettit, civil engineer, sxiecial agent to the Vienna Exhibition, 

on the site, construction of the buildings, &c., (Ajixieudix D). 279 

Table of contents to report of Mr. Pettit.-. 9 

Action of the executive branch of the National Oovernment, proclamation by 

the President of the United States, (Appendix E). 321 

Address on behalf of President Grant by Hon. George M. Robeson at the ded¬ 
ication of grounds in Fairmount Park to the purposes of the Exhibition. 322 

Note sent by the Secretary of State to foreign ministers accredited to the United 

States, and to the ministers of the United States abroad. 323 

Accejitauce of the invitation to take jiart in the Exhibition, by the German Em¬ 
pire, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Mexico, Ec¬ 
uador, Hayti, and the Sandwich Islands. 324 

Financial condition and wants of the International Exhibition of 1876. 325 

Special advantages claimed for the Exhibition of 1876. 325 

The Exhibition national and international. 326 

Benefits of international exhibitions. 327 

Extract from a letter addressed by the commissioners for New York to Senators 

and Rejireseutatives of that State. 331 

Extracts from a jiaper by Prof. John L. Campbell, secretary of the Commission, 
on the nature and i)ropriety of the international comi)arison contemx)lated in 

the acts of Congress jirovidiug for the Exhibition of 1876. 333 

List of officers and members of the Commission, with the standing committees.. 335 
Officers and members of the board of directors of the Centennial Board of Finance 338 

Acts of Congress relating to the Exhibition. 338 

System of classification of objects of exhibition adopted by the Commission, (sub¬ 
ject to revision). 34.3 

Communication from the Secretary of State, naming the board of management 
of the collective exhibition by the Executive Dei^artments, the Dej)artmeut of 

Agriculture, and the Smithsonian Institution. 369 

Description and estimated cost of the buildings proposed for the Exhibition. 373 

Letter from H. D. J. Pratt to experts in various branches of industry and persons 
eminent in various professions, inviting criticism and amendment of the system 

of classification. 377 

Correspondence relative to a collective exhibition by the Executive Departments 

of the Government. 378 

Statistical tables relative to the great exhibitions—London, 1851; Paris, 1855; 


London, 1862 ; Paris, 1867, and Vienna, 1873.. .126,127,147,149,158,213,214, 222, 223, 

224,225,272 


ERRATA. 

Page 18.—For “ J. C. Lyford,” read “ S. C, Lyford.’’ 

Page 22.—In Rule VI, after the word “acquaint,’’ supply the word each,” to read 
“ the director-general will acquaint each commission,” &c. 

Page 29.—In eighth line from bottom, for “ H. C. Johnson,” read “ F. C. Johnson.” 
Page 38.—In list of members of Board of Finance, for “ Robert M. Patterson ” read 
“ Fohert M. Patton for “ John Cummings,” read John. Cummins.” 

Page 41.—For “ Hon. Samuel Randall,” read“ Hon. Samuel J. Randall.” 

Page 135.—For “ 1687,” in ninth lino from toj), read “ 1867.” 

Page 331.—In fifth line from bottom of page, for “ I,” read “ We.” 






















43d Congress, > 
1st Session, f 


SENATE. 


( Ex. Doc. 

( No. 30. 


MESSAGE 

FROM THE 

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

TRANSMITTING 

The rej^ort of the Centennial Commissioners. 


February 25, 1874.—Read and ordered to lie on the talile and be printed. 


To the Senate and House of Representatives : 

I have the honor, herewith, to submit the report of the Centennial 
Commissioners, and to add a word in the way of recommendation. 

There have now been international expositions held by three of the 
great powers of Europe. It seems fitting that the one-hundredth anni¬ 
versary of our independence should be marked by an event that will 
display to the world the growth and progress of a nation devoted to 
freedom, and to the pursuit of fame, fortune, and honors by the lowest 
citizen as well as the highest. A failure in this enterprise would be de¬ 
plorable. Success can be assured by arousing public opinion to the im¬ 
portance of the occasion. To secure this end, in my judgment, con¬ 
gressional legislation is necessary to make the exposition both national' 
and international. 

The benefits to be derived from a successful international exposition 
are manifold. It will necessarily be accompanied by expenses beyond 
the receipts from the exposition itself; but they will be compensated 
for, many fold, by the commingling of people from all sections of our own 
councry ; by bringing together the people of diflerent nationalities ; by 
bringing into juxtaposition, for ready examination, our own and foreign 
skill and progress in manufactures, agriculture, art, science, and 
civilization. 

The selection of the site for the exposition seems to me appropriate 
from the fact that one hundred ye^l^rs before the date fixed for the expo¬ 
sition, the Declaration of Independence—which launched us into the 
galaxy of nations as an independent people—emanated from the same 
spot. 

We have much in our varied climate, soil, mineral products, and 
skill, of which advantage can be taken by other nationalities to their 
profit. In return they will bring to our shores works of their skill, and 
familiarize our people with them, to the mutual advantage of all parties. 

Let us have a complete success in our centennial exposition, or sup¬ 
press it in its infancy, acknowledging our inability to give it the inter¬ 
national character to which our self-esteem aspires. 

IT. S. GEANT. 

Executiye Mansion, February 25, 1874. 

[For list of accompanying papers see page 8.] 






2 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

Fliiladelpliia^ February 23, 1874. 

To the President : 

Section 13 of the act approved June 1,1872, provides “That it shall 
he the duty of the United States Centennial Commission to make report, 
from time to time, to the President of the United States of the progress 
of the work ” intrusted to it. 

In obedience to that requirement, and referring to previous communi¬ 
cations made by the commission to the President and to Congress, 
under the respective dates of the 23d of November, 1872, and the 21st 
of February, 1873, the undersigned, president of the United States 
Centennial Commission, has the honor to report on behalf of the Com¬ 
mission as follows: 

Since the date of the report submitted to Congress in February, 1873, 
a fourth session of the commission has been held at Philadelphia, which 
commenced May 7 and ended May 13, 1873. A copy of the journal of 
proceedings of that session, including the report of the executive com¬ 
mittee, is annexed, (Appendix B.) 

In order to secure an efficient and prompt administration of the exec¬ 
utive business of the commission at Philadelphia, several amendments 
were made to the by-laws, among which was the introduction of an article 
(YI) authorizing the executive committee to elect one of its own mem¬ 
bers to be the director-general. By virtue of that authority, Mr. A. T. 
Goshorn, a member of the commission from Ohio, was, on tlie 12th of 
May, 1873, unanimously elected to that office. He was invested with full 
executive control of the affairs of the commission, subject to the ap¬ 
proval of the executive committee. 

Mr. Goshorn entered upon his duties on the 14th of October last, after 
having visited the International Exhibition at Vienna, which he care¬ 
fully examined with a view to avail himself of such light as might be 
derived therefrom in the direction of the affairs intrusted to him. In 
concert with the executive committee he has organized the office of the 
commission and prepared regulations for the formation of the exhibi¬ 
tion. 

Much valuable information was obtained concerning the Vienna Ex¬ 
hibition by the agents employed by the commission for that purpose, 
and with the data in relation to preceding international exhibitions 
collected from official reports, it has been of great assistance in develop¬ 
ing the arrangement of plans and organization for that of 187G. The 
reports of those agents, Messrs. W. P. Blake and Henry Pettit, will 
be found in the appendixes transmitted herewith. 

With the report made by the commission to Congress in February, 
1873, (House Mis. Hoc. No. 99, 42d Congress, 3d Sess., pages 157 to 
167,) were extracts from the official accounts of receipts and expenses of 
the French commission of the Paris Exposition of 1867. 

Those accounts, together with those of other recent exhibitions, illus¬ 
trate a most important and significant principle, which experience in 
universal expositions has more and more fully develoiied and established 
with each succeeding one—that the benefits of such exhibitions to the 
country giving them, and to the cause of general progress, are such as 
to justify and require an appropriation on the part of the government 
wliich is responsible to other powers for the success of such an under¬ 
taking; and it is impossible to imagine how a power, within whose 
boundaries such a concourse of industries and people takes place, can 
evade the responsibility. 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSION TO THE PRESIDENT. 


3 


This national enterprise has now reached that phase at which, in an 
international sense, it is to be decided whether the United States, as a 
republican nation, will fulfill that responsibility. They have already, so 
far as relates to foreign governments, assumed it, and the commission, 
acting as the agent of the States, does not know how to retrace the 
steps which have been taken, without discredit and injury to the na¬ 
tional reputation. The States have already pledged themselves to com¬ 
pete with other governments in promoting, through international exhi¬ 
bitions, the cause of human advancement in the arts and industries that 
are the foundation of the wealth and iirosperity of all nations. 

In the case of the Paris Exposition of 1867, the national government 
of France and the city of Paris provided about three-fifths of the capi¬ 
tal for the purposes of the exhibition, and the balance was made up by 
private subscriptions. 

The financial basis of the Austrian International Exhibition of 1873 
was as follows: 

1st. The sum of $1,500,000 was subscribed chiefly by the Trades 
Union of Yienna. 

2d. The imperial government unreservedly appropriated four and a 
half millions of dollars, and added to this a loan, without interest, of 
one and a half million, making six million derived from the government 
for the purposes of the exhibition. 

From the facts thus presented, it appears that European governments 
exhibit their practical sympathy in the cause of labor and science by a 
recognition of their just claims upon the public treasury for a sufficient 
amount of pecuniary aid to insure the success of these temporary ex¬ 
positions. 

It is respectfully submitted that the Government of the United 
States, if true to its principles and its traditional devotion to the inter¬ 
ests and elevation of labor and the promotion of universal progress, 
will certainly not refuse to follow these precedents established by Euro- 
l)ean governments. 

Past international exhibitions have been to some extent experimental; 
but the common judgmeut of civilized nations proclaims their success 
in advancing every branch of industry, science, and national develop¬ 
ment, in diffusing throughout the world the most advanced ideas, 
knowledge of the latest improvements in manufactures and mechanical 
inventions, in methods and processes, as well as in products j and also 
in promoting social and commercial intercourse between the people of 
the various countries. 

European governments, perceiving the benefits specially accruing to 
the nations in which such exhibitions are held, have emulated each 
other in their efforts to secure the privilege of holding them. 

The reports received through several channels concerning the action 
of foreign governments in regard to the President’s recommendation to 
them of the exhibition, are such as to encourage the belief that if the 
President had been authorized to give a more direct and explicit invi¬ 
tation the acceptances would have been more general and prompt. 

The Secretary of State has informed the commission that the govern¬ 
ments of the following countries have officially communicated their 
decision to participate in the exhibition, viz: the German Empire, the 
ISTetherlands, Belgium, Mexico, Ecuador, and Hayti. The Secretary of 
State has made known the gratifying fact that Prince Bismarck, the chan¬ 
cellor of the German empire, in communicating printed copies of the com¬ 
munications from this Government on the subject to the German parlia¬ 
ment, recommended a participation in the exhibition, and provision for 


4 


REPOET OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


the appointment of a commissioner for each state of the empire, as well 
as a plenipotentiary to reside at Philadelphia until the close of the 
exhibition. The Eepnblic of Ecuador has not only accepted, but has 
already appointed a commissioner resident, who has presented his cre¬ 
dentials at Philadelphia. A dispatch received from the Hon. George 
P. Marsh, through the Department of State, gives reason for the belief 
that the Kingdom of Italy will add to the attractions of the exhibition 
by a display of specimens of the treasures of art and manufactures for 
which that kingdom is so justly celebrated. 

From disi)atches receiv^ed from the minister of the United States at 
Yienna the confident belief is entertained that the Austro-Hungarian 
Empire will be conspicuously represented in our exhibition by the ex¬ 
tent, variety, and excellence of her products. 

It should be remembered that the proposed exhibition is, by the act 
of Congress authorizing it, invested with the character of a national 
celebration of the centenary of American Independence, and by the same 
authority has been so proclaimed and so commended to foreign nations 
by the President of the United States, and that the maximum amount 
of capital to be raised was fixed at ten millions of dollars. 

It should be considered, too, that the cost of labor and of material is 
greater in the United States than in Europe. It is submitted, there¬ 
fore, that the amount to be appropriated by Congress should be pro¬ 
portioned with reference to these facts, and with reference, also, to the 
degree of aid which experience has shown to be requisite from the gov¬ 
ernments under whose auspices the latest and most extensive of such 
exhibitions have been held. 

It is the desire of the commission that whatever appropriation is 
made should be guarded by such wise provisions, and administered under 
such governmental control, as will insure its judicious expenditure for 
the purposes intended. 

The recent almost unprecedented depression in manufactures, trade, 
and tinance has interfered with the progress of subscriptions to the 
stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, and with the payment of in¬ 
stallments due on those already made. This state of affairs affords 
another imperative reason for such action by Congress as will provide 
sufficient and timely appropriations to guarantee the success of the 
national undertaking. 

Pennsylvania stands pledged by an act of her legislature for $1,000,000, 
and the city of Philadelphia for a half million, to be expended upon a 
building to be used by the commission as a gallery of fine aiT, which 
building will be a very imposing and beautiful addition to the group, 
and will remain as a perpetual memorial of the occasion. These appro¬ 
priations are not available for the other buildings of the exhibition. A 
copy of the plans of this building is annexed hereto, (Appendix in¬ 
closure 1.) The people of the State of Pennsylvania, in addition to the 
State and municipal appropriations, have subscribed to the stock of the 
Centennial Board of Finance about one and a half million of dollars, 
which will go into the general fund for the expenses of the work of the 
commission as it progresses. This provision for about three times the 
quota apportioned to the State may be regarded as fully counterbalanc¬ 
ing any peculiar advantage to the State growing out of the location of 
the exhibition, and is as much as could be justly claimed from her, in 
view of the national character of the celebration of which the exhibi¬ 
tion is the chief demonstrative element. 

Notwithstanding that opportunities have been given in all the States 
and Territories by general advertisement, the agency of national banks, 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSION TO THE PRESIDENT. 


5 


and in otlier ways, tlie amount of actual subscriptions to date from sucb 
other States and Territories indicates that from this source the means 
could not be secured in time for use in prosecuting the work, if at all. 

The commission has information that preparations are in progress 
throughout the country to make the most creditable exhibits of the 
products and industries of the nation, aud that this feature of the exhi¬ 
bition is assured beyond any doubt; but as the enterprise is regarded 
as a national one, there is an unwillingness to contribute money for the 
preparation and installation of the exhibition, which it is regarded as 
specially incumbent on the National Government to provide for. While 
many of the States of the Union are not in a financial condition to con¬ 
tribute money for this purpose, the citizens thereof express the warmest 
sympathy in the success of the enterprise, and will give it their cordial 
support so far as it is in their power. 

Steps have been taken to secure a proper representation of the pro¬ 
ducts of every State and Territory. 

Among the various interests seeking a representation in the exhibi¬ 
tion those relating to mines and mining will be greatly benefited, and 
this will promote largely the prosperity and development of the States 
and Territories in which the mines represented may be located. A 
large quantity of valuable specimens has even now been collected in 
some of the Western Territories, and they are ready for shipment. Such 
arrangements will be made as will result in displaying to the world a 
perfect representation of the wonderful resources of the country in the 
precious metals, and in coal, iron, steel, copper, lead, and other minerals. 
Associations aud individuals representing these various interests have 
offered their co-operation, and are perfecting plans for securing an ex¬ 
hibition of all the industries pertaining to them. 

The agricultural resources and industries, and the implements which 
are used in those industries, will form a i:>rominent and attractive 
feature of the occasion; aud the exhibition of horses, cattle, and other 
domestic animals will be most extensive aud thorough. 

The Department of Agriculture, State boards of agriculture, and 
nearly all of the societies and associations representing agriculture and 
horticulture in all their branches, have siguified their deep interest in 
the subject, and offered their aid and co-operation. 

The Executive Departments of the General Government, also, have 
manifested a similar interest and disposition, and the Executive order 
providing for their representation in the exhibition meets with general 
approval. 

The exhibition of fishery products and of the apparatus for capturing 
and preserving fish will be an interesting, instructive, and valuable fea¬ 
ture of the display. It will embrace a general collection, representing 
the fisheries of ths w^orld aud all the apparatus and science of fish cul¬ 
ture. Gentlemen learned in this study are deeply interested in prepar¬ 
ing for the exposition. 

The National Academy of Fine Arts of New York, and other art asso¬ 
ciations, have offered their co-operation with the commission in any or¬ 
ganized effort to make the fine-art department of the exhibition worthy 
of the occasion in its representation of American and foreign art in all 
branches. 

Information from Europe shows that a deep interest is taken in the 
exhibition by our own artists who are sojourning at the great art centers, 
and that they are preparing for an honorable competition. 

Associations or societies of all kinds throughout the country have 


6 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Dianifested their sympathy with the commission, and their desire to be 
instrumental in promoting its work on behalf of the nation. 

The scope of the exhibition is broad and comprehensive. All the 
l)roducts of industry, art, science, and modern civilization are covered 
by its classification. 

In the formation of the system of classification and arrangement of 
the various objects, the governing idea has been to j^lace them in the 
order of development from the natural state, placing first— 

1. The natural products of the soil or mine, useful to man or the 
basis of manufactures. 

2. The manufactures, and the results of the combinations of these 
products. 

3. The means and appliances by which such results have been ac¬ 
complished. 

4. The effects of such i:>roductive activity. 

This is a general expression of the classification. There are ten com¬ 
prehensive divisions, called departments, and each department is di¬ 
vided into ten groups, and, when desirable, each group may include ten 
classes. 

The ten departments of the classification w^hich will determine the 
section in which articles will be located in the exhibition, (except in 
such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanction,) and also 
the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as follows : 

I. Kaw materials—mineral, vegetable, and animal. 

II. Materials and manufactures used for food, or in the arts, the re¬ 
sult of extractive and combining xn’ocesses. 

III. Textile and felted fabrics—apparel, costumes, and ornaments for 
the person. 

IV. Furniture and manufactures of general use in construction and 
in dwellings. 

V. Tools, implements, machines, and processes. 

VI. Motors and transportation. 

VII. Apparatus and methods for the increasing and diffusion of 
knowledge. 

VIII. Engineering, public works, architecture, &c. 

IX. Plastic and graphic arts. 

X. Objects illustrating efibrts for the improvement of the physical, 
intellectual, and moral condition of man. 

The proposed exhibition is projected upon a plan securing the strict¬ 
est economy compatible with its character as a national celebration 
and with its international proportions. 

/ The benefits to be derived by the American people from the exhibi¬ 
tion are by no means confined to the exhibition of American produc¬ 
tions. The arts of design, as practiced in all parts of the world, will be 
represented in a manner never before possible on this continent. The 
products of the mechanic arts and manufactures of Europe and the 
eastern nations will be represented on a grand and comprehensive scale, 
and, what is of greater importance, descriptions or illustrations of the 
methods and processes of their production will be given. Thus will be 
afforded to the millions of mechanics and artisans, and to the pupils 
of technical and industrial colleges and schools who may be unable to 
visit foreign countries, an opportunity to examine and study all that is 
most valuable and instructive in foreign arts and industries. Europe 
will come to them wdth its machinery and wares so arranged and classi¬ 
fied that they can view them as a whole or study them in detail and 
\ utilize their teachings. 


REPORT OF THE COMMISSION TO THE PRESIDENT. 


7 


The Womeu’s Centennial Executive Committee, a voluntary associa¬ 
tion, under the presidency of Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, of Philadelphia, a 
grand-daughter of Benjamin Franklin, has done, and is doing, a good 
work in promoting the success of subscriptions and the general interest 
in the celebration, and is now represented in twenty-four States and 
Territories. In the State of Pennsylvania alone they have raised up¬ 
ward of $50,000 in subscriptions to the stock of the Centennial Board 
of Finance, and some thousands of dollars from the profits on brilliant 
public festivals, which have been of such a nature as to recall the inci¬ 
dents and sentiments which had so large a share in shaifing the desti¬ 
nies of the republic. 

The following States have passed resolutions calling upon their Sena¬ 
tors and Representatives in Congress to lend their support to measures 
promotive of the success of the exhibition: North Carolina, Virginia, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, New Jersey, New Hampshire j and the subject is 
under consideration in other States and Territories. 

On the 4th of July, 1873, the transfer of the grounds at the Fairmount 
Park to the occupancy of the commission, and their dedication to the 
National Celebration and International Exhibition, were effected in 
accordance with the requirements of the act of Congress. 

The details of information upon the subject of buildings for the prin¬ 
cipal departments of the exhibition will be found in the report of the 
director-general, (Ai^pendix A.) 

It is a gratifying fact that the enterprise has been quite fully ex¬ 
plained in the leading journals of most of the capitals of Europe. 

During the last two years the commissioners nominated by the gov¬ 
ernors and appointed by the President have been faithfully endeavor¬ 
ing to carry out the act of Congress of March 3, 1871, providing for 
celebrating the centennial anniversary of American Independence by 
holding an ‘‘ international exhibition in 1870, an “ exhibition of Amer¬ 
ican and foreign arts, products, and manufactures,” under the auspices 
of the Government of the United States. The legislation of Congress 
has been the chart of the commission as to the scale of preparations to 
be made. A national and international exhibition on that scale de¬ 
mands enormous buildings and involves heavy expenditure. A second 
act of Congress, already referred to, provided a plan for raising that 
money. The commission regrets to say that, outside of Pennsylvania, 
that plan has not proved successful. Preparations had been made for 
renewing a thorough and general appeal throughout the country, when 
the financial storm of last autumn put an instant check upon our oper¬ 
ations. The time has now arrived when it is imperatively necessary to 
proceed with the erection of the buildings j but it is an indispensable 
prerequisite to know whether the money which Congress thought 
would be raised by the act of June 1, 1872, will be furnished in part by 
Congress. There is time enough for the work, but not a month to spare. 
The commission, therefore, respectfully and earnestly urges submitting 
this report to Congress as speedily as practicable, with such recommen¬ 
dations as, to the President, the exigency of the case may seem to re¬ 
quire. 

Respectfully submitted. 

JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, 
President United States Centennial Commission. 

John L. Campbell, 

Secretary. 


8 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

LIST OF PAPERS ACCOMPANYING REPORT OF UNITED STATES CENTEN¬ 
NIAL COMMISSION TO THE PRESIDENT, FEBRUARY 23, 1874. 

Appendix A.—Eeport of director-general. 

Inclosiire 1 to Appendix A.—Circular letter from Mr. Goshorn to 
United States ministers in Europe and Asia. 

Inclosure to Apxiendix A.—Same to United States ministers in 
Mexico, South and Central America. 

Inelosure 2 to Appendix A.—Ground plan of main building. 

Inclosure 3 to Appendix A.—Perspective view of front of main 
building. 

Inclosure 4 to Appendix A.—Garden front of main building. 

Inclosure 5 to Appendix A.—Transverse sectional view of same 
showing interior of arches. 

Inclosure 6 to Appendix A.—Keduced copy of preliminary ground- 
plan of buildings. 

Inclosure 6^ to Appendix A.—Explanatory notes on the plan of the 
main pavilion, or industrial building. 

Inclosure 7 to Appendix A.—Perspective view of the memorial hall. 

Inclosure 7^ to Appendix A.—Explanatory notes on plan of memo¬ 
rial hall, or fine-art gallery. 

Inclosure 8 to Appendix A.—Mr. Goshorn to Mr. Fish, proposing a 
collective exhibition by the Executive Departments. 

Inclosure 8^ to Appendix A.—Chief of Ordnance of War Depart¬ 
ment, to committee on classification. 

Inclosure 8^ to Appendix A.—Surgeon-General to committee on 
classification. 

Inclosure 8® to Appendix A. — Quartermaster-General Meigs to 
Director-General Goshorn. 

Inclosure 8^^ to Appendix A.—Light-House Board to same. 

Inclosure 8® to Appendix A.—Secretary of State to Director-Gen¬ 
eral, transmitting Executive order of the President for a collective 
exhibition by Executive Departments. 

Inclosure 9 to Appendix A.—General regulations for foreign exhib¬ 
itors. 

Appendix B.—Journal of proceedings of the United States Centennial 
Commission. 

Inclosure 1 to Appendix B.—Report of the executive committee to 
the United States Centennial Commission. 

Inclosure 2 to Appendix B.—Report of Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, as 
secretary to the commission. 

Inclosure 3 to Appendix B.—Report of the committee on plans and 
architecture. 

Inclosure 4 to Appendix B.—Report of committee on by-laws. 

Inclosure 5 to Appendix B.—Report of committee on conference. 

Inclosure 6 to Appendix B.—Alphabetical index of journal. 

Appendix C.—Report of W. P. Blake, a member of the commission 

and special agent to Vienna, upon the organization, administration 

and results of the international exhibition, divided into parts, 

follows: 

I. Organization. 

II. Finances. 

III. Location. 

IV. The extent of the grounds. 

V. The buildings. 


LIST OF PAPERS. 


9 


YI. Access and transportation. 

YII. Classification and arrangement. 

VIII. Installation. 

IX. General regulations and arrangements for the comfort of 
visitors. 

X. Policing. 

XI. Fire department. Vater-service, and sanitary fittings. 

XII. Printing and publishing. 

XIII. Hotels and accommodations. 

XIV. Ticket regulations and prices. 

XV. Xumber of visitors. 

XVI. Jury and awards. 

XVII. International congress. Concluding observations. 

INCLOSURES TO MR. BLAKE’S REPORT. 

Translations^ statistics^ illustrations^ etc. 

Sentiment and co-operation abroad. Donations. Synopsis of the 
preliminary report presented in December, 1873. 

Tabular statement of the extent, cost, and receipts of the principal 
exhibitions since the year 1851. 

Substituting temporary exhibitions by permanent exhibitions, 
called general or commercial museums. Translation from the 
report of the imperial French commission of 1867. 

Observations on great exhibitions. Translations and selections 
from a work by Dr. Exner. 

Pemarks on classification. Translation of an article by Dr. Les- 
peyres Wolowski on exhibitions. Translation of articles. 

The pavilion of international commerce. 

Public cabs and carriage regulations. 

Documents and translations. 

Appendix D.—Keports of Mr. Henry Pettit, civil engineer, special agent 
of the commission to the Vienna Exposition, upon plans and 
architecture and engineering work connected with international 
exhibitions, divided into parts as follows: 

I. Site of the Vienna Universal Exhibition. 

II. Preparation of the ground, foundations and drainage. 

III. General description, plan, surrounding grounds. 

IV. Style of the buildings, materials used, and decoration. 

V. Method of construction and time of erection. 

VI. Water-supply and fire department. 

VII. Ventilation and sanitary arrangements. 

VIII. Eailway and city communication. 

IX. Final report on Vienna Exhibition. 

X. London, 1851. 

XI. Paris, 1855. 

XII. Paris, 1867. 

XIII. Vienna, 1873. 

XIV. Sewerage and drainage. 

XV. Water-supply, (additional.) 

XVI. Eailway communication, (additional.) 

XVII. Cost of Vienna Exhibition. 

XVIII. List of buildings within the inclosure. 

XIX. List of papers, drawings, illustrations, &c., concerning the 
Vienna Exhibition of 1873. 


10 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


XX. A few practical considerations concerning the United 
States Centennial buildings under the following heads. 

XXI. The preparation of ample accommodation for all exhibits 
that may be accepted. 

XXII. Adaptability to the site in Fairmount Park. 

XXIII. The application of the dual system of classification and 
plans of exhibition. 

XXiy. Further considerations with reference to the materials and 
superstructure of the buildings. 

Appendix E.—Acts of Congress, proclamation, and governmental 
papers. 

“ Financial condition and wants of the International Exhibition of 
1876.” 

Special advantages claimed for it.” 

The Exhibition, National and International.” 

“ Time a vital element.” 

International Exhibitions: Some of their advantages and benefits. 

List of members of the commission. 

List of directors of the Centennial Board of Finance. 


APPENDIX A. 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

Philadelphia, February 12,1874. 

Sir : On eiiteriug upon the duties assigned to me, as director-general, 
I found that the relations of the commission with those which might he 
appointed by foreign governments required my first care; and early in 
November last I represented to the honorable the Secretary of State 
the necessity of urging upon the attention of foreign governments the 
importance of obtaining early information of the decisions of such 
governments as to their participation in the exhibition of 1876, and ot 
the timely appointment of commissions by those which decided to par¬ 
ticipate. I had first, however, addressed a circular letter to the ministers 
of the United States in Europe, and another to those in South and Cen¬ 
tral America and Mexico. Copies are inclosed, (inclosure 1.) This 
step was taken in consequence of the absolute necessity of learning, at 
the earliest possible moment, the decision of foreign nations, and the 
amount of space each would be likely to require, so that ample and 
proper provision should be made for each nation accordingly. Without 
this information it is very difficult to establish the size and character 
of the buildings, and to avoid the defects which have marred many 
features of the finest international exhibitions. The regulations for 
foreign exhibitors are also annexed, (inclosure 9.) 

It was found necessary, with as little delay as possible, to inaugurate 
a uniform system of conducting the preparation of the exhibition for 
the several States and Territories, under such conditions as would call 
forth a just and amide representation of the arts, industries, and 
resources of each. Suggestions to secure this end have been made to 
the governors of the several States and Territories. 

I have the honor to submit, for the information of the President and 
Congress, the preliminary sketches of the ground-plans, elevations, and 
perspective views of the principal industrial building of the exhibition, 
selected by the committee on plans and architecture, and approved on 
behalf of the commission by the executive committee. Explanatory 
notes accompany the plans. (Inclosures 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.) The authors 
of this plan are Messrs. Calvert Yaux, architect, and George Kent Ead- 
ford, engineer, of the city of New York. 

The memorial hall, or permanent centennial exposition building, 
which is to be used as the repository of specimens of the fine arts and 
other precious articles, is to be erected at the expense of the State of 
Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia. 

The plans, copies of which are annexed, (inclosure 7,) were designed 
by Messrs. Collins and Autenrieth, architects, of Philadelphia. The 
building will be of the most substantial character, and will remain the 
property of the people of Pennsylvania, as a memorial structure, to be 
used for the preservation and exhibition of national and State relics, 
and works of art, industry, mechanism, and products of the soil and 
mines, &c., without discrimination as to the several States of the United 
States and foreign governments. 



12 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


In addition to these there will be other buildings required, such as 
the machinery-hall, agricultural and horticultural buildings, and numer¬ 
ous other subsidiary and necessary structures. These buildings, as at 
present contemplated, will cover an area of more than fifty acres. 

Believing that it would be a most interesting and appropriate feature 
of the exhibition, in view of its memorial character, i proposed to the 
President, through the Secretary of State, a collective exhibition on the 
part of the Executive Departments of the General Government of such 
a comprehensive character that visitors at the exhibition would be able 
to form correct ideas of their functions, and examine and compare with 
other specimens such objects and articles as are manufactured or pro¬ 
duced under Government supervision for Government use. 

The President, on the 23d of January, 1874, issued an Executive order, 
providing for carrying into effect these suggestions for a collective exhi¬ 
bition for the Executive Departments, including also the Department of 
Agriculture and the Smithsonian Institution. A copy of the papers 
relating to this subject, including the Executive order, is annexed, 
(inclosure 8.) 

The information received at the office of the commission, both from 
the United States and foreign countries, indicates a growing solicitude 
on the part of manufacturers and producers to contribute to the exhi¬ 
bition ; and in this respect its success is already assured beyond any 
doubt. 

To secure the complete and satisfactory success of the exhibition in 
every department, it is absolutely necessary that such appropriations be 
promptly made by the National Government as will enable this com¬ 
mission to work with those advantages of Government support that 
have been enjoyed by the managers of recent international exhibitions 
in Europe. 

Is it not the more incumbent on the Government of the United States 
to extend such aid in this case because the exhibition is, according to 
the law authorizing it, a national celebration of the origin of the nation ! 
But even without such an incentive, the Government of this republic 
would be untrue to the very principles on which it is founded were it 
now to recede from its announced intention of adding another to the 
series of those great international concourses which are held in the 
interests of industry and peace, and which do more for the elevation of 
labor and the recognition of its true dignity than any other institution 
of the age. 

Some of the leading industrial nations of Europe, in response to the 
official communications addressed to them by the Executive Government 
of the United States, in obedience to the special requirement of the act 
of Congress, have, as you are aware, given notice of their decision to 
take part in the international exhibition. 

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 

A. T. GOSHOEN, 

Director-General. 


Hon. J. K. Hawley, 

President of the United States Centennial Commission. 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 


13 


[Inclosure 1 in Appendix A.l 

iWr. Gosliorn to United States ministers in Europe and Asia. 

1776. ' INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 1876. 

Office of the United States Cenntenial Commission, 

Foreign Department, 

No. 904 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, October 20, 1873, to November 1, 1873. 

Dear Sir : There are various reasons which I will endeavor to explain that will, I 
am sure, constitute ample excuse to you for this letter, inasmuch as they affect the wel¬ 
fare aud prestige of the country as involved in the success of the luteruatioual Exhi¬ 
bition to be held at Philadelphia. 

Having entered upon my duties as director-general of the exhibition, I devote my 
first attention to the relations of the commission with those of foreign powers, as 
a matter imperatively demanding earlv action. 

The act of Congress providing for the exhibition was approved on the 3d of March, 
1871, but owing to conditions prescribed therein as necessary precedents to the issu¬ 
ing of the President’s proclamation, that instrument was delayed until July last, so 
that much valuable time was lost in carrying out the provisions of the act for communi¬ 
cating to foreign nations the official announcement of the exhibition, and the invita¬ 
tion extended to them to participate in it. 

Our exhibition will differ from any that has preceded it, in that it is identified with 
our national celebration of the centennial anniversary of the birth of the republic. 
This fact, prominently set forth in the laws authorizing its organization, secured for it 
full national adoption by proclamation, and the warmly expressed sympathies of the 
President of the United States, and will, I doubt not, entitle it to the cordial co-oper¬ 
ation of every representative of the Government abroad. 

It is notorious that the principal international exhibitions which have been hereto¬ 
fore held have suffered great detriment from postponements and delays of various steps 
necessary for their development. It is the determination of this commission to avoid 
such delays so far as energy and punctuality on their part can prevent them. So far 
as American enterprise aud diligence can do away with any ill effects of those which 
occurred in the announcement of the exhibition to foreign powers, we desire your kind 
and zealous co-operation in urging upon the proper branch of government 

the importance attached by the commission to an early official announcement of the 
appointment of their national commission. It is also greatly to be desired that as soon 
as possible an estimate may be furnished us of the amount of space which will proba¬ 
bly be required for the exhibits from the various parts of the dominious, in 

the industrial building, the art building, and in the park. Reasons connected with the 
erection of the buildings, the allotments of space, the preparation of catalogues, ar¬ 
rangements for the apportionment of juries and reporting—commissions render it im¬ 
portant that these preliminary stages of organization should be pressed forward. 

The Secretary of State informed this commission that he forwarded to all of our 
diplomatic agents, in July last, copies of the President’s proclamation and the general 
regulations, and at a later date copies of the report made by this commission to Con¬ 
gress (House Mis. Doc. 99, 42d Cong., 3d Sess.,) containing, in a classified form, all 
necesWry information as to the scope aud purposes of the exhibitiou. The same papers 
were also furnished to the representatives of foreign governments at Washington. By 
reference to that report you will be able to respond to inquiries which may be addressed 

to you coucernirg the exhibition. , • - , • -^i ^ i 

I shall be happy to furnish you, from time to time, with any facts in regard to the 
exhibition and would esteem it a favor if yon would impart to me any information or 
suo-o-estions which may be likely to xiromote and facilitate the great work wo have in 

ll 

* I have the honor to be, sir, your very obedient servant, 

• j ^ ^ GOSHORN, 

Director-General. 


[Inclosure Ic in Apiiendis A.] 

Form of lettei' to United States minister in South and Central America, Mexico, and the 
Antilles. {Head with changes to adapt it to the destination.) 

November 1, 1873. 

Df vr Sir • Havino- been called by the United States Centennial Commission to assume 
the general direction of the International Exhibition of 1876, I have entered upon my 
duties at this office, aud devote my first attention to the relations between this com- 



14 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


mission and those appointed, or tolbe appointed, by foreign powers, as a matter impera¬ 
tively demanding early action. 

The act of Congress providing for the exhibition was approved on the 3d of March, 
1871, but owing to the provisions of the act as to conditions precedent to the issiiiug 
of a proclamation by the President of the United States, such proclamation was not 
made until July last, so that much "valuable time was lost in carrjdug out the terms 
of the act providing for communicating to foreign nations the official announcement of 
the exhibition and the invitations extended to them to participate in it. 

Our exhibition, as you know, differs from any that has preceded it, in that it is identi¬ 
fied with onr national celebration of the centennial anniversary of the birth of the re¬ 
public. This fact, prominently set forth in the laws authorizing its organization, 
secured for it full national adoption by jiroclamation, and the warmly expressed sym¬ 
pathies of the President of the United States, and will, I doubt not, claim for it the 
cordial co-operation of every representative of the Government abroad. 

It is notorious that the principal international exhibitions have suffered great detri¬ 
ment from postponements and delays of various steps necessary for their development. 
It is the determination of this commission to avoid such delays, so far as energy and 
punctuality on their part can x^revent them. By the x^ractice of the same rule they 
feel assured that with the aid of our dix^lomatic representatives American enterprise and 
diligence will counteract any ill effects of the delays which occurred in the announce¬ 
ment of the exhibition to foreign governments. 

The United States Centennial Commission, officially representing in this matter the 
nation, are mindful of the identity of interests and the warm symx^athies which exist 
between the x^eoxsle of the United States and the other nations of the American conti¬ 
nent and the Antilles, and ai’dently desire that our coming exhibition may be the 
means of enlarging mutual relations of frieudshix) and social intercourse as well as all 
forms of communication between them which will tend to exx^and the domain of civi¬ 
lization and promote the prosxierity and welfare of every country in this hemisx^here. 

They therefore request that you will, in the most cordial and fraternal sx^irit, com¬ 
mend to the government of the country in which you officially reside the imx^ortauce 
of the immediate establishment of a competent commission. They would also recom¬ 
mend, for the reasons elsewhere advanced in this letter, that official notice of such ax)- 
pointmeuts should also be communicated to the Government of the United States, and 
that, in order to gain xu’ecious time, the commission so appointed should at once enter 
into direct corresx)ondence with this office, furnishing an axix^roxhnate estimate of the 
amount of sx^ace which will probably be required for the exhibits from their country 
in the industrial buildiug,jiu the fine-art building, and in the park. Reasons counected 
with the erection of the buildings, the allotments of spage, the x>reparation of cata¬ 
logues, arrangements for juries, and other details render it important that these pre¬ 
liminary stages of organization of foreign commissions should be pressed forward. 

It is a cherished purpose, in making our arrangements for the exhibition, to bring 
prominently forward the resources of the American continent, and the insular nations 
in the adjacent seas, by devoting to them one grand section in each of the principal 
edifices of the exhibition. In these the specimens of skill, industry, and art, and the 
diversified natural productions of each American nation, while x^reserving a distinct 
national grouping, will form an integral portion in the illustration of the actual pro¬ 
gress and condition of the arts, sciences, industries, resources, and development of our 
vast continent, and its present aud prosxjective cax)aoity for x>erformiug its x^art in the 
great drama of civilization, as well as for sux^idyiug the staxjle x^roductions and fabrics 
and for providing homes and occupations for all who may seek them. 

As this is the first ox)X^ortuuity that has been offered to the nations of America to 
exhibit their industries aud resources on this continent, I trust the comx)reheusive idea 
will esx)ecially commend itself to the government to which you are accredited. 

The Secretary of State informed this commission that he forwarded to all of our 
dixilomatic agents, in July last, cox^ies of the President’s proclamation and of the gene¬ 
ral regulations, and at a later date copies of the rex^ort made by this commission 
to Congress, (House Mis, Doc. 99, 42d Cong., 3d sess.,) containing in a classified 
form all necessary iutormatiou as to the scox^e and x^i^i'poses of the exhibition. 
The same x^ffiiers were also furnished to the rex)resentatives of foreign governments 
at Washington. By reference to that rexiort you will be able to respond to inquiries 
which may be addressed to you concerning the exhibition. 

I shall be pleased to furnish you from time to time with documents aud information 
in regard to our progress; and would esteem it a favor if you would imx)art to me any 
facts or suggestions which may be likely to promote aud facilitate the great work we 
have in hand. 

Very respectfully, and truly, yours. 


ALFRED T. GOSHORN, 

Director-General of the International Exhibition of 1876. 


CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA 1876. MAIN PAVILION. 

























































































































































































































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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 


15 


[Inclosure 3 in Appendix A.] 

Perspective view of main industrial building : 

[Inclosure 6* in Appendix A.] 

Explanatory notes of the plan of the main pavilion, or industrial hnilding. 

The main pavilion, or temporary hnilding, possesses certain characteristic features of 
its own, and at the same time embodies with them the best features of previous great 
exhibition buildings in London and Paris. It is confidently expected that it will prove 
not only well adapted to a favorable display of its contents, but a popular place of re¬ 
sort for both profit and pleasure. It reproduces the extensive vistas which have been 
found to greatly increase the popularity and success of many English exhibition build¬ 
ings, and combines with them the systematic and geographical arrangement for the 
classification of departments and nations which was found to be eminently satisfactory 
at Paris in 1867. 

The building is designed as a parallelogram in plan, having the following dimen¬ 
sions, viz: 


Inside length at floor-level between the fronts of the galleries. 1,669 feet 0 inches. 

Inside breadth at same place. 705 feet 6 inches. 

Outside length at floor-level. 1,776 feet 0 inches. 

Outside breadth at floor-level. 812 feet 6 inches. 

Length over all, including carriage-porches. 1,876 feet 0 inches. 

Area of floor for exhibition purj)oses. 26 acres. 

(Including courts, which cover about one acre.) 

Area of galleries. 3 acres. 

Area of offices, restaurants, &c. li acres. 


Total available area. 30^ acres. 


It is composed of pavilions, each one of which is a square in ^flan, covered with a 
groin ed-arch roof. 

There are seven of these pavilions in length and three in breadth, making twenty- 
one in all, each pavilion being a square of 240 feet and 10 inches on the side. 

The corners of the squares are cut otf, so as to form octagonal open courts of 67 feet 
6 inches in diameter, of which there will be twelve complete octagons in the interior of 
the buildings, and twenty semi-octagons on the exterior. 

The pavilions are covered with curved roofs, supported on arched ribs or trusses 
springing from the ground-line, at the angles and faces of the octagons. 

The span of the ribs, which run diagonally across the square of the pavilion, is 265 
feet and 4 inches. These ribs intersect in pairs at the summit of the arch, and thus 
support each other against lateral forces. 

The span of the rib^s, which run square with the pavilion, is 173 feet and 4 inches. 

Another set of ribs are placed between the square and diagonal ones, making twelve 
ribs in all to form a pavilion. 

The five central pavilions are open on all four sides to the pavilions adjoining them. 

The outer rows are open on three sides to the adjoining ones, and closed on the fourth 
with a gable front, which forms the exterior wall of the building. 

The galleries do not interfere with the floor-space, but are arranged in the recesses 
formed by the projections of the gables, and communicate by stairs with the floor- 
level. 

The space under the galleries is arranged as offices for the various national adminis¬ 
trations, restaurants, dressing and retiring-rOoms for ladies and gentlemen. 

The principal entrance will be at the eastern end of that nearest the city, which will 
be provided with a carriage-porch. 

A carriage-porch is also attached to the Elm-avenue front for street-cars, and a gar¬ 
den-entrance at the west end. 

A temporary railroad-station wijl be located at the junction of Elm and Belmont 
avenues, and a covered approach with a bridge over Elm avenue will afford access to 
the building at the western end for visitors arriving by railroad. 

Small balconies, or galleries of observation, will be provided in four faces of the 
octagonal courts, with stairs in the spaces between the ribs. The interiors of the open 
or garden courts will be furnished with seats, fountains, flower-beds, shrubs, tfcc., and 
so form agreeable and ready means of escape from the noise and bustle of tlie exhibition. 
Those courts wdll also be important elements in the design, as connected with the ven¬ 
tilation, as well as the drainage of the building, all the water from tlio roofs being 
discharged into them, and conveyed thence by drains and sewers. 












16 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


A complete system of water-supply, with ample provisiou of fire-cocks, &c., will be 
provided for protection from fire and sanitary purposes. 

The articles for exhibition will be divided into departments of classification, arranged 
in parallel and continuous belts or zones surrounding a central aisle of 60 feet in width, 
and divided in pairs by aisles of 16 feet in width, with transverse aisles of 30 feet and 
16 feet in width. 

The space allotted to each exhibiting nation will be a segment or portion of each 
belt or zone, extending from the central aisle to the side of the building. 

This plan is similar to that of the Paris Exhibition of 1867, but arranged in the form 
of a parallelogratn instead of an ellipse. 

Three lines of railroad-track will be laid down within the building, so that goods can 
be delivered directly on the required space for exhibition, so avoiding all carting or 
delay. 

From the foregoing description it will be seen that the building, although composed 
of twenty-one separate pavilions, practically forms one vast hall 1,669 feet long, 705 
feet broad, and 137 feet high, the courts merely acting as the columns which support an 
ordinary ceiling. 

Vistas are thus secured in all directions, and an area of 17^ acres is visible from a 
central point. 


fluclosure 7a in Appendix A,] 

MEMORIAL-HALL.—ART-GALLERY. 

The memorial building will be a separate and distinct structure from the main 
pavilion, or industrial hall, and will be designed for a double purpose, viz, for use during 
1876 as the art-gallery of the exhibition, and essentially as a national art-museum. As 
it will be built with funds especially contributed for that purpose by the State of Penn¬ 
sylvania and city of Philadelphia, the approval of the design was vested in the State 
board of supervisors, a bodj^ appointed by the State legislature. 

The structure is to be permanent, and long after the celebration is over will be a 
great attraction to strangers visiting the park. 

The general outline of the plan of the building is a cross with arms respectively 420 
feet and 320 feet long. The long arms are semi-circular at the ends, and the main 
portals are located at the extremities of the shorter arms. A dome rises from the inter¬ 
section, and four towers, which appear clear and complete in outline from the ground 
up, flank the dome on each side. The arrangement results in a group that will produce 
an equally imposing appearance from any point of site or direction in which it may be 
seen. 

The structure stands upon a terrace, and has a high base, thereby aifording an oppor¬ 
tunity for effective treatment of the immediate surroundings. 

The x>rincipal dimensions are as follows: 

Extreme length, exclusive of steps, (long arms,) 420 feet; extreme depth, exclusive 
of steps, (short arms,) 320 feet; width of each arm, 123 feet. 

Dome.— Width between columns on first floor, 87 feet; outside diameter above roof, 
108 feet; height of first gallery above floor, 55 feet; height of second gallery above 
floor, 88 feet; balcony of lower lantern above floor, 184 feet; balcony of upper lantern 
above floor, 230 feet; extreme inside height to top of lantern, 216 feet; top of figure 
above floor, 278 feet; top of figure above terrace, 284 feet. 

Wings, (arms.) —Clear width of nave, 58 feet; average height above floor, 70 feet; 
clear height at ridge of louvre, 94 feet; clear width of aisles, 22|^ feet; average height 
of aisles above floor, 49 feet; gallery-floor above first floor, 231- feet; whole surface 
covered, excluding steps, 1.63 acres; cubic contents, 6,969,000 cubic feet. 

The style of structure as designed was prej)ared by the architects for the following 
reasons among others: On account of the graceful* lines and proportions for general 
and detail design; because it gives full liberty to make ample and large openings, and 
therefore, more light, than many others; because it admits of being finished in a very 
elaborate or in quite a simple manner, according to the material selected and the 
amount of funds appropriated; also, because it allows an effective display of sculpture 
and paintings. It may be called Venetian renaissance. The perspective shows the 
forms and character of the details. Possibly, outside vestibules will be added for the 
entrances at the semi-circular ends. 



KEPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 


17 


f Iiiclosure 8 in Appendix A.] 

The Dlreeior-GeneraJ fo ihe Secrefary of Slate. 

PiiiLADELniiA, Xovemher 12, 1873. 

Sir ; I have the honor to submit to the consideration of tlie President and the heads 
of the Executive Departments at Washington, a copy of a letter of the I9th of July last, 
addressed, by direction of the Chief of Ordnance of the War Department, to our com¬ 
mittee on classification, in response to a letter inviting criticism upon the xireliminary 
sketch of the classification of objects and subjects for the International Exhibition of 
1876. 

The plan x>roposed by the Chief of Ordnance suggests to the commission the ex¬ 
pediency of including all of the Departments and branches of the National Govern¬ 
ment in a collective exhibition illustrating its functions and administration in time of 
peace as well as its resources as a war power. It is evident that in no other way can 
so imposing and effective a demonstration be presented to the world of the nature of 
our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of our jieople. 

Wo would suggest that such a collective exhibition should be initiated in each of 
the Executive Dejiartments by the preparation of a historical statement of the jirogress 
of the Department in organization and methods of transacting business, from its origin, 
to be accompanied by specimen jiages of all forms of books of record or accounts, and 
of blanks that may have been used in such Departments, or offices under its control, 
and that it embrace all objects or articles produced by or under the direction of the 
Department. 

The additional inclosures mentioned in the subjoined list will afford a hint as to the 
magnitude which such an exhibition might attain. 

Should these suggestions meet with the approval of the President and his advisers, 
I would proiiose that a conference may be held as soon as may be convenient to the 
Government, between such person or jiersons as may be designated by the President, 
and representatives cf this commission, with a view to determine as to the mode of 
arranging such a collective exhibition, whether in a separate building or in the main 
industrial building, and to consider such matters of detail as may renuire attention. 

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 

A. T. GOSHORN, 

Director-General International Exhihition, 1876. 

Hon. Hamilton Fish, 

Secretary of State. 


List of Inclosures. 

1. Chief of Ordnance of the War Department to committee on classification, July 
19, 1873. 

2. Surgeon-General United States Army to committee on classification, June 2.o, 
1873. 

3. Quartermaster-General to Director-General Goshorn, September 1.5, 1873. 

4. Light-House Board to Director-General Goshorn, October 23, 1873. 


[Inclosure Sa in Appendix A.] 

Chief of Ordnance of TFar Department to committee on classification. 

Ordnance-Office, War Department, 

Washington, July 19, 1873. 

Sir: Acknowledging receipt of your communication of May 2,1873, inviting critical 
suggestions as to the enumeration of classes in the programme of the International Ex¬ 
hibition of 1876, I am directed by the Chief of Ordnance, in answer thereto, to offer 
the following suggestions, viz : The system of classification adopted by the commis¬ 
sion allows of no marked distinction i)etween those products which are the results of 

s. Ex. 30-2 





18 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


peaceful pursuits and those Avliich are made during, or in anticipation of, a state of 
Avar. It is submitted that a line of demarkation should be preserved in the exhibition 
between our industrial energies as a nation of peaceful citizens and as a nation pre¬ 
pared for war. The array of products and appliances of the peaceful arts, under the 
admirable scheme which has been adopted by the commission, would illustrate our 
enlightenments, our industry, ingenuity, and material wealth as a nation, while a 
separate array of our war material is essential as an exponent of our national prestige 
and power. A state of war is properly an exceptional one for any nation ; the enginery 
and material of war is likewise exceptional in its nature, and ought to be given a 
special and separate display. 

It is, therefore, respectfully submitted that an additional department be added to- 
the classification under which may be fucluded in prox)er order the war material of the 
nation, both military and naval. 

Under the War Department might be exhibited, by the sanction of the Secretary of 
War, the materials appertaining to the Engineer, the Ordnance, the Quartermaster’s, 
Signal, and Medical Departments, and under the Navy Department such material as 
might be named by the Secretary of the Navy. 

The materials of the Engineer might include in part systems of fortifications, mili¬ 
tary engineering, sapping and mining, torpedoes, A-c.; that of the Ordnance, cannon, 
carriages, artillery-equipments, projectiles, small-arms accouterments and equipments, 
powder and small-arm ammunition, aj)pliances for mechanical maneuvers, ordnace- 
machinery, Ac.; that of the Quartermaster’s, army-clothing, camp and garrison equip¬ 
age, barracks, &c.; that of the Signal, systems of signal-telegraphy, storm-signals, 
meteorology, army telegraphic material, &c.; that of the Medical, military hospitals, 
medicine, surgery, hygiene, Ac. 

This new provision for war materials vrould not, it is thought, seriously disturb the 
classification at x>resent adopted by the commission, as all war material included in 
the present arrangement could be withdrawn and assembled in one department under 
cognate groups and classes. 

Should these suggestions meet with the approval of the commission, it is thought 
that with the sanction of the proper authorities arrangements could be inaugurated 
by which a creditable display of the military strength of the nation could be made at 
the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant. 


J. C. LYFORD, 


Captain of Ordnance, Principal Assistant. 

11. D. J. PUATT, Esq., 

[For the Chairman of Committee on Classification, Office of United States'] 

Centennial Commission, 904 Walnut Street, Fhiladelpthia, Fa. 


[luclosure 86.] 

Snrfjeon-Genei'al to committee on classification. 


War Department, Surgeon-General’s Office, 

Washington, D. C., June 25, 1873. 

Sir : I have carefully examined the pamphlet containing the system of classifica- 
t ion adopted by the United States Centennial Commission, which accompanied your 
letter of April 30, 1873. It appears to me highly desirable that all the objects relating 
to the science of medicine (including surgery and hygiene) should be embraced in a 
single group and exhibited together, rather than scattered throughout many groups. 
I am sure that no other arrangement will be generally satisfactory to medical men 
throughout the world. 

This group would naturally be ‘‘Group 101” in the plan of the commission, and 
should bo entitled “Medicine,” (not “Sanitary.”) 

I inclose an outline classification of this group, which appears to embrace the whole 
subject, and should this outline prove acceptable to the commission I will take pleasure 
in supplying details. (Please return this proposed outline grouping with your reply.) 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant. 


C. H. CRANE 


Assistant Surgeon-Gowal, for the Surgeon-General. 

II. D. J. Prat'J , Esq., 

[ For Committee on Classification,] 904 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 



19 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

MEDICINE. 


I. Medicines. 

1. Officinal. (In any authoritative pharuiacopoea.) 

a. Articles of the maieria mcdica. 

1). Preparations. 

2. Unofficinal. 

a. New remedies. 

h. Patent medicines. 

c. Miscellaneous. 

II. Dietic preparations, (as beef-extracts and other articles intended especially for 

the sick.) 

III. Pharmaceutical apiiaratus. (Including apparatus for use on the large scale as 
well as that intended particularly for apothecaries.) 

IV. Instruments for physical diagnosis, (such as clinical thermometers, stethoscopes, 
opthalmoscopes, &c., except clinical microscopes, which should be exhibited 
with other microscopes in the section for optical apparatus.) 

y. Surgical instruments and appliances, (including, besides instruments, dressing, 
apparatus for deformities, prothetic apparatus.) 

AT. Obstetrical instruments and appliances. 

A’ll. Dental instruments and appliances. 

ATII. Vehicles and appliances for the transportation of the sick and wounded. (Both 
during peace and war, on shore and at sea.) 

IX. Hospitals and their equipments. (Including temporary and permanent military 
hospitals, civil hospitals for general Xiurposes and tor special purposes, such as 
for the treatment of the insane, for lying-in women, for the eye, for venereal, for 
contagious diseases, &c., dispensaries, and asylums.) 

X. Hygiene, public and private. (Including everything that relates to quarantine 
and the sanitary law's and regulations of communities.) 

XI. Means of medical and surgical instructions. 

1. General and special medical schools, (including plans of buildings, &c.) 

2. Medical and surgical museums. 

3. Medical libraries, books, and journals. 


[laclosure 8c in Aijpciidis A.] 

Quartermaster-General to Director-General Gosliorn-, 

War Department, Quartermaster-General’s Office, 

Washington, D. C., Septemher 15, 1873. 

.Sir: In compliance with your circular-letter, I have the honor to furnish herewith 
a list of clothing, camp and garrison equipage, and of other property of the Quarter¬ 
master’s Department, which may be placed on exhibition at the United States Inter¬ 
national Exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876. 

I am, very respectfullv, your obedient servant, 

M. C. MEIGS, 

Quartermaster-General, Brevet Major-General, U. S. A. 

Mr. Alfred T. Goshorn, 

Director-General United States Centennial Commission, 

‘J04 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa 



20 REPORT OF THE CENTEMNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


1776. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 1S76. 

Blanh form for exhibitors. 


Name of article. 


A suit of uniform for— 

Engineers. 

Cavalry. 

Artillery. 

Infantry. 

1 great-coat. 

1 pair boots. 

1 pair bootees, (shoes). 

1 wool blanket. 

1 iron bunk.. 

1 camp-kettle. 

I mess-pan. 

1 drum, complete. 

1 bugle, with cord and tassel 
1 trumpet. 

1 hospital-tent, complete_ 


1 wall-tent, complete 


1 common tent, complete 


1 garrison-dag. 

1 storm-dag. 

1 recruiting-dag. 

National colors. 

Regimental colors. 

1 standard for mounted regiments 

1 guidon.. 

1 color-belt and sling. 

1 camp-color.. 

1 six-mule harness. 

1 four-mule harness.. 

1 ambulance-harness. 

1 historic wagon. 

1 new army-wagon. 

1 ambulance. 

1 pack-saddle. 

1 aparejo. 


Space required. 


7^ by’ 3 feet. 


( height, 11 feet. 

< length, 14 feet. 

( width, 14 feet. 

( height, 8 feet. 

? length, 9 feet. 

( width, 9 feet. 

( height, 6 feet 10 inches. 

< width, 8 feet 4 inches. 

( length, G feet 10 inches. 


10 by Gfeet, ) 

10 by 4 feet, ^ wall space. 
10 by 2 feet, ) 

9 by 17 feet, 

9 by 17 feet, j 
8 by 13 feet, J>door space. 

3 by" 2 feet, | 

4 by 3 feet, J 


M. C. MEIGS, 

Quartermaster-General, Brevet lilajor-Gtneral, U. S.J. 
War Department, Quaktermaster-Generae’s Office 
Washington, IK C., Se 2 )tember 15,1873. ’ 


tlnclosiire 8d in Appendix A.] 

Light-Hou^e Board to Director-General Goshorn. 


Treasury Department, 

Office of the Light-Hoi’se Board, 

Washington, D. C., October 23, 1873. 

Sir : In reply to your circular 1 herewith send you an estimate of the probablo 
amount of space which will bo re(iuired by the Light-House Establishment at the 
exhibition to take place in Philadelphia in 1876. 

Very respectfully. 


Alfred T. Gcshopn, Esq., 
Director- Genera I United 


GEORGE H. ELLIOT, 

Alajor of Engineers, U. S. H., Engineer Secretary. 

States Diternational Exhilition, 1876, 

904 n alnut St7’eet, Philadelphia, Pa. 

















































RErORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 


21 


Date. 

Name of article. 

Space required. 

1S73. 
Oct. 23. 

Light-house apparatus, models, &c., to be furnished by the 
Light-House Board of the United States. 

900 square feet. 


GEORGE H. ELLIOTT, 

Major of Engineers, Engineer Secretary Light-House Board. 


[luclosure 8e in Appendix A.] 

Hon. Secretary of State to Mr. Goshorn. 


Department of State, 

Washington, January 26, 1874. 

Sir: I inclose LereMill), for your infoiinaiion, a copy of an Executive order of the 
:2‘Jd instant, relating to the United States Centennial Exhibition of 1876. 

I am, sir, your obedient servant, 

HAMILTON FISH. 


A. T. Goshorn, Esq., tf c., ^c., cf c., 

904 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 


By the President of the United States. 

EXECUTIVE ORDER. 

Whereas it has been brought to the notice of the President of the United Slates that 
in the International Exhibition of arts, manufactures, and products of the soil and 
mine to be held in the city of Philadelphia in the year eighteen hundred and seventy- 
six, for the purpose of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Independence 
of the United States, it is desirable that from the Executive Departments of the 
Government of the United States, in which there may be articles suitable for the pur- 
})Ose intended, there should appear such articles and materials as will, when presented 
in a collective exhibition, illustrate the functions and administrative faculties of the 
Government in time of jicace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to 
demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptations to the wants of the 
people: 

Now, for the purpose of securing a complete and harmonious arrangement of the arti¬ 
cles and materials designed to be exhibited from the Executive Departments of the 
Government, it is ordered that a board, to be composed of one person to be named by 
the head of each of the Executive Departments which may have articles and materials 
to be exhibited, and also of one person to be named in behalf of the Smithsonian 
Institution, and one to be named in behalf of the Department of Agriculture, be charged 
with the preparation, arrangement, and safe-keeping of such articles and materials as 
the heads of the several Departments and the Commissioner of Agriculture and the 
Director of the Smithsonian Institution may respectively decide shall be embraced in 
the collection. 

That one of the persons thus named, to be designated by the President, shall be 
chairman of such board, and that the board appoint from their own number such other 
officers as they may think necessary. And that the said board, when organized, be 
authorized under the direction of the President to confer with executive officers of the 
Centennial Exhibition in relation to such matters connected with the subject as may 
pertain to the respective departments having articles and materials on exhibition. 
And that the names of the persons thus selected by the heads of the several Depart¬ 
ments, the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the Director of the Smithsonian Institu¬ 
tion shall be submitted to the President for designation. 

By order of the President. 

HAMILTON FISH, 

Secretary of State. 


Washington, January 23, 1874. 


















22 


REPORT OF T?IE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


[Inclosuro 9 in Appendix A.] 

No. 4. 

GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS. 

1. The Congress of the United States of America have provided for 
the holding of an exhibition of arts, manufactures, and products of tlie 
soil and mine. A proclamation by the President, issued Jul}^ 4, 1873, 
announced the exhibition and commended it to all nations. 

2. Upon the nomiuation of the governors of the States and Territories 
of the United States the President has ap])ointed commissioners to 
represent each State and Territory in the United States Centennial 
Commission. This commission has been charged with the duty of per¬ 
fecting and carrying out the plan for holding the exhibition. 

3. Its officers are: President, Joseph E. Hawley; Vice-Presidents, 
Alfred T. Goshorn, Orestes Cleveland, William M. Byrd, John H.Creigh, 
David Atwood, Thomas H. Cold well; Director-General, Alfred T. 
Goshorn ; Secretary, John L. Campbell; Counselor and Solicitor, John 
L. Shoemaker. 

4. For the more efficient conduct and management of its affairs the 
Centennial Commission has intrusted the direction and supervision of 
the exhibition to Commissioner Alfred T. Goshorn, of the State of Ohio, 
as Director-General. 

PvULEi. The exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the 
Duration of the Qjj-y Qf Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 19th day of 
ex 1 ion. April, 187G, and closed on the 19th of October following. 

hule II. During this period, it will be open to the public daily, ex- 
Exhibitioniiours. Sundays, between the hours of 9 a. m. and 6 p. m. 

Organisation of All governments have been invited to appoint commissions 
for the purpose of organizing the exhibits to be contributed 
by their respective citizens. The appointment of such com¬ 
missions should be notified to the director-general before 
July 4, 1874. 

Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto 
must be conducted with the proper commission. 

All communications concerning the exhibition should be 
thus addressed : “ The Director-General of the International 
Exhibition of 187G, Philadelphia, Pa., United States of 
America.” 


exhibits. 


RUI.E III. 
ApplicatioE&fo 
space. 

Rule IV. 


A 11 0 1 m er.t cf Full 


space. 


diagrams 


of the 


buildings 


and grounds will be 


Rule V. 


Rule VI. 


Rule VII. 


furnished, on or before July 4, 1874, to the commissions, 
indicating the localities to be occupied by each nation, sub¬ 
ject, however, to revision and re-adjustment. 

As soon thereafter as may be, but not later than Novem¬ 
ber 1, 1874, the commissions are requested to notify the 
director-general whether they desire any increase or dimi¬ 
nution of the space offered them. 

After Alay 1, 1875, no applications for space will be re¬ 
ceived. 

By July 4, 1875, the director-general will acquaint com¬ 
mission definitely with the space it is to occupy, and the 
commission shall at once apportion it among its several ex¬ 
hibitors. 

Before October 1, 1875, the commissions must furnish the 
director-general with detailed plans of their allotted space, 
showing the place of each exhibitor, and also with lists of 
the exhibitors, and all other information necessary for the 
preparation of the official catalogue. 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 


23 


Products brought into the United States, at the port of 
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Portland, Me., 
Port Huron, New Orleans, or San Francisco, intended for 
display at the International Exhibition, will be allowed to 
go forward to the exhibition buildings, under proper super¬ 
vision of customs officers, without examination at such 
ports of original entry, and at the close of the exhibition 
Avill be allowed to go forward to the port from which they 
are to be exported. No duties will be levied upon such 
goods, unless entered for consumi^tion in the United States. 

The transportation, receiving, unpacking, and setting up 
of the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the 
exhibitor. Provision, however, will be made for storing 
the cases during the continuance of the exhibition, without 
charge to exhibitors and with as little inconvenience or delay 
as possible. 

The installation of heavy articles requiring special foun¬ 
dations or adjustment should, by special arrangement, begin 
as soon as the progress of the work upon the public build¬ 
ings will permit. The general reception of articles at the 
exhibition-buildings Avill commence on January 1,187G, and 
no articles will be admitted after March 31. 

Space not occupied on the 1st of April, 1S7G, will revert 
to the director-general for re-assignment. 

Products may be entered either for exhibition or for com¬ 
petition. If for competition, the exhibitor must so state 
before Januarj- 1, 1870; otherwise, his products will be 
admitted for exhibition only, and will not be examined 
by the international juries for the distribution of awards. 

No article can be transferred from the class for exhibition 
to that for competition, or vice versa, after January 1, 1870. 

An official catalogue will be published by the Centennial 
Commission. 

The catalogue will be printed in four distinct versions, 
viz, English, French, German, and Spanish. The boards 
and commissions must give the texts for their portions of 
the catalogue in each of these languages, and as nearly as 
possible verbally identical, before the date fixed in Buie 
YII, viz, October 1,1875. But necessary modifications or 
corrections may be made in the text as late as February 1, 
1870. 


Ctistora-h o u s e 
regulations. 


IlULE YIU. 

I) eli very and 
removal of goods. 


Rule IX. 
Reception 
goods. 


0 f 


Rule X. 

Forfeiture of 
space. 

Rule XT. 

Products for 
exhibition and for 
competition. 


Rule XII. 
Not transferable. 


Official catalogue. 


Rule XIII. 


The ten departments of the classification which vrill de¬ 
termine the section in which articles will be located in the 
exhibition, except in such collective exhibitions as may re¬ 
ceive special sanction, and also the arrangement of names 
in the catalogue, are as follows : 

I. Baw materials—mineral, vegetable, and animal. 

II. Materials and manufacture^ used for food, or in the 
arts, the result of extractive or combining processes. 

HI. Textile and felted fabrics; apparel, costumes, and 
ornaments for the person. 

IV. Furniture and manufactures of general use in con¬ 
struction and in dwellings. 

V. Tools, implements, machines, and processes. 

VI. Motors and transportation. 


24 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Rule XIV. 


Kule XV. 
Charges aud 
exemptions. 


Eule XVI. 


liUEE XVII. 


llesponsibility 
fo r safety of 
goods. 


llELE XVIII. 
Exhibitors’ 
agents. 


Eule XIX. 


Forwarding of 
goods. 


Yir. Apparatus and methods for the increase and diftii- 
sioii of knowledge. 

VIII. Engineering, public works, architecture, &c. 

IX. Plastic and graphic arts. 

X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the 
physical, intellectual, and moral condition of man. 

The subdivisions of the departments will be communi¬ 
cated to the commissions at an early day, together with ex¬ 
plicit regulations for the preparation of the catalogue. 

The right of publishing and selling the official catalogues 
is expressly reserved to the Centennial Commission. 

Exhibitors will not be charged for space. 

Steam-power and water will be supplied under rules to be 
hereafter announced. It will be necessary, in making ap¬ 
plication for either of these, for the exhibitor to state the 
quantity required, and the manner in which it is to be em¬ 
ployed. 

Exhibitors must provide, at their own cost, all show-cases, 
shelvings, counters, fittings, Ac., which they may require ; 
and all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, &c., for 
the transmission of power from the main shafts in the ma¬ 
chinery-hail. All arrangements of articles aud decorations 
must be in conformity with the general plan, and under the 
inspection of tlie director-general. 

Si)ecial constructions of. any kind, whether in the build¬ 
ings or grounds, can only be made upon the written ap¬ 
proval of the director-general. 

The Centennial Commission will take precautions for the 
safe preservation of all objects in the exhibition j but it will 
in no Avay be responsible for damage or loss, or for acci¬ 
dents by fire or otherwise, however origbiating. Exhibitors 
or commissions ma^’ insure their own goods, for which fa¬ 
vorable facilities will be arranged ; and they may employ 
agents of their own choice to guard them during the hours 
the exhibition is open to the public. But the employment 
of such agents must be subject to the approval of the di¬ 
rector-general ; aud they must observe such rules as may be 
l)rescribed for their government while on the exhibition 
premises; aud they may at an}’ time be discharged for rea¬ 
sons satisfactory to the director-general. 

The commissions, or the individual exhibitors, or such 
agents as they may designate, shall be responsible for the re¬ 
ceiving, unpacking, and arrangement of objects, as well as for 
their removal at the close of the exhibition : but no person 
shall be permitted to act as such agent until he can give to 
the director-general written evidence of his ha ving been ap¬ 
proved by the proper commission. 

In forwarding goods to the exhibition, commissions are 
desired to provide that their contributions shall arrive in 
as few consignments as possible. 

In due time each commission will be informed what color 


should be adopted for the labels upon all packages sent 
■ from its own country, as a means of facilitating the proper 
distribution of the goods and storage of cases. 

Eule XX. Each label luust be addressed To the Centennial Com¬ 
mission, for the International Exhibition of 1870, Philadel¬ 
phia, United States of America.” 


'l^EPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 


25 


nur.E xxy. 


ituLE xxyr. 


eule xxvn. 

Descriptive la- 


It must also give the followiug particulars: ( 1 ) the couu- eulexxl 
try from whicli it comes; ( 2 ) name or firm of the exhibitor ; 

(3) residence of the exhibitor; (4) group to which objects 
belong; (5) exhibitor’s number in catalogue; (C) number of 
packages sent by that exhibitor; (7) number of particular 
packages; ( 8 ) the building or i)art of the grounds where 
goods are to be deposited. 

No package shall contain objects belonging to different eule xxii. 
groups, except in the case of collective exhibitions specially 
sanctioned. 

At least two labels must be affixed to different but not eulexxiii. 
opposite sides of each case. Losses may be avoided by 
attaching further labels to the inside of all portions into 
which each case is liable to be divided. 

Within each package must be a list of all objects it con- m-i.EXxiv. 
tains. 

If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods when 
presented for delivery, they shall be removed without delay, 
and stored at the cost and risk of the commission to which 
they belong. 

Cases, whether unopened or empt^', cannot be allowed to 
incumber exhibition-spaces or i)assage-ways. Empty cases 
must be immediately removed and stored; and those which 
are not promptly unpacked will, at the otition of the director- 
general, be either removed for storage or at once opened, at 
the risk and expense of the owners. 

The exhibitor must attach to each article a label giving 
the following particulars : ( 1 ) class to which object belongs; 1 , 013 ^ 

(2) the country from which it comes; (3) name of object; (4) 
name or firm of exhibitov; (5) residence of exhibitor; (G) 
name and residence of agent for sale, (if desired ;) (7) name of 
inventor, artist, or workman, (if desired;) ( 8 ) price of object 
or words ‘‘not for sale,” (if desired;) (9) the words “ for ex¬ 
hibition” or “ for competition.” 

Exhibitors and their agents will not be permitted to invite of lx 

visitors to make purchases. But they may answer questions Mbftors!^^ ^ 
addressed to them and distribute descriptive cards, price¬ 
lists, <S:c., when asked to do so. 

Special localities will be provided for the sale by exhibitors Ruee xxix. 
to visitors, of publications relating to the exhibicion and ob¬ 
jects exhibited. But such sales shall not take place else¬ 
where in the exhibition buildings. 

Articles that are highly inflammable, or explosive, or in 
any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, ucTes^ 
nokrums, and empirical preparations whose ingredients are 
concealed, will not be admitted to the exhibition; and if 
introduced, will be immediately removed. The commission 
will, from time to time, make any particular regulations 
concerning the exhibition of such substances that may seem 
necessary. 

Objects sold can in no case be removed before the close 
of the exhibition. 

Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproductions rule xxxil 
of articles exhibited will only be allowed upon the joint 
assent of the exhibitor and the director-general. But gen- 


Eui.e XXX. 
Excluded ar- 


rule xxxr. 
Sales. 


26 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Rule XXXIII. 
Removal of 
goods. 


Rule XXXIV. 
Acknowledg¬ 
ment of rales. 


era! views of iiortions of tbe biiikliiig may be made apon the 
(lirector-generaPs sanction. 

Immediately after the closing of the exhibition, exhibit¬ 
ors shall proceed to remove all their effects, and shall com¬ 
plete such removal before December 31, 1876. All goods 
then remaining shall be restored by the director-general at 
the owner^s risk and expense. Any goods that may still 
be unredeemed on the 1st of July, 1877, shall be sold at 
public sale, and the imoceeds applied as the commission 
may hereafter determine. 

Each person who becomes au exhibitor thereby acknowl¬ 
edges and undertakes to keep the rules and regulations 
established for the government of the exhibition. 

Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibi¬ 
tion of line arts, the organization of international juries, and 
awards of prizes, and on other points not touched upon in 
these preliminary instructions. 

The Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain 
or amend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed 
necessary for the interests of the exhibition. 


A. T. GOSHOKN, 

Director- General.. 


Attest: 

John L. Campbell, 

Secretary. 


riiiLADELPHiA, February 19, 1874. 


APPENDIX B. 


Journal of the proceedings of the United States Centennial Commission — 

Fourth session. 

FIKST day’s session.* 

Parlor C, Continental Hotel, 
Fhiladelphia, Wednesday., May 7, 1873. 

A stated meeting of tbe United States Centennial Commission was 
held this day at 12 o’clock noon, in Parlor C, Continental Hotel, Phila¬ 
delphia. 

At the hour named the meeting was called to order by Hon. Joseph 
I t. Hawley, president of the commission, who said: 

Gentlemen : It gives me great pleasure to welcome 3 011 again. This 
is in reality our first annual meeting, although we have been organized 
some fourteen months. Up to within the past three or four months we 
were not sure of success, but now it is an established fact that v/e shall 
have a Centennial Exposition. It remains for us to determine as to the 
magnitude of it, and we have considerable work before us. 

The people of Pennsylvania and of Philadelphia have responded 
nobly to the call, and now we have enough to insure us against failure. 
We have something more than two and a half millions ‘‘ placed,” if not 
more. There is no necessity for- 1113 " entering into detail. They will be 
found in the reports to be heard. 

The roll was called, and the following members answered to their 
names, to wit: 

Alabama.—William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

Arizona.—Eichard C. McCormick, commissioner. 

John Wasson, alternate. 

California.—John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado.—N. C. Meeker, alternate. 

Connecticut.—Joseph E. Hawley, commissioner. 

Dakota.—George A. Batchelder, commissioner. 

District of Columbia.—James E. Dexter, commissioner. 

Lawrence A. Gobright, alternate. 

Florida.—John S. Adams, commissioner. 

J. T. Bernard, alternate. 

Georgia.—Lewis Wain Smith, alternate. 

Idaho.—Thomas Donaldson, commissioner. 

Illinois.—Frederick L. Matthews, commissioner. 

Indiana.—John L. Campbell, commissioner. 

David M. Boyd, jr., alternate. 

Iowa.—Eobert Lowry, commissioner. 

See alphabetical index at the end of this journal. 


\ 





28 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Kentucky.—Smith M. Hobbs, alternate. 

Louisiana.—Edward Penino'ton, alternate. 

Maryland.—James T. Earle, commissioner. 

Michigan.—James Birney, commissioner. 

Minnesota.—J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner. 

Missouri.—John McKeil, commissioner. 

Samuel Hays, alternate. 

Xebraska.—Henry S. Moody, commissioner. 

Nevada.—William Wirt McCoy, commissioner. 

James W. Haines, alternate. 

New Hampshire.—Ezekiel A. Straw, commissioner. 

New Jersey.—Orestes Cleveland, commissioner. 

John G. Stevens, alternate. 

New York.—John V. L. Pruyn, commissioner. 

North Carolina.—Jonathan W. Albertson, alternate. 

Ohio.—Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner. 

Oregon.—Andrew J. Dufnr, alternate. 

Pennsylvania.—Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner. 

Ehode Island.—George H. Corliss, commissioner. 

Samuel Powel, alternate. 

Tennessee.—William E. Prosser, alternate. 

Texas.—William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah.—Oscar G. Sawyer, alternate. 

Vermont.—Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner. 

Virginia.—Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

Washington Territory.—Elwood Evans, commissioner. 

West Virginia.—Alex. E. Boteler, commissioner. 

Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. 

Wisconsin.—David Atwood, commissioner. 

. W^’oming.—Robert H. Lamborn, alternate. 

The reading of the minutes of the last meeting of the commission 
was dispensed with. 

3Ir. Lom'RY, of Iowa, from the committee on credentials, submitted 
the following report: 

Philadelphia, May 7, 1873. 

To the United States Centennial Commission : 

Your committee on credentials report that the following gentlemen, 
having presented their credentials, are found to be duly constituted 
members of this commission : 

Governor E. A. Straw, commissioner from New Hampshire. 

Hon. El’WOOd Evans, commissioner from Washington Territory. 
Hon. Smith M. Hobbs, alternate from Kentucky. 

Hon. Edward Peninoton, alternate from Louisiana. 

Hon. Samuel Hays, alternate from Missouri. 

Hon. James W. Haines, alternate fmm Nevada. 

Hon. E. W. Little, commissioner from New Mexico. 

EGBERT LOWRY, 

Chairman. 

Which was read and accepted. 

^fr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, chairman of the executive commit¬ 
tee, submitted a report of tlie transactions of the committee since the 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


29 


last report, and presented therewith a copy of the minutes of the meet¬ 
ing of the stockholders of the Centennial Board of Finance, and the 
names of the gentlemen elected the first board of directors of that 
body, (Appendix Xo. 1;) which having been read, 

Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, moved that the report be accei)ted; 
which was agreed to. 

Mr. Lewis Waln Smith, of Georgia, submitted his report as tempo¬ 
rary secretary of the commission, with a full account of the expendi¬ 
tures thus far incurred in paying the expenses of the commission, and 
the expense of organizing the Centennial Board of Finance, (Appendix 
No. 2 ;) w hich was read and accepted. 

Hon. James G. Blaine, Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives of 
the United States, was introduced to the commission and spoke as fol¬ 
lows : 

Mr. President and Gentlemen: I must confess I am taken a little 
by surprise. I w as about taking a seat in what we at Washington call 
the ‘‘ lobbyAn enterprise of this kind, however, is jone which I am 
sure will require no ‘‘lobbying’^ at Washington. I have never doubted 
that the Congress of the United States, which had contributed $400,000 
to the French Exposition, ivould at the ijroper time eontrihute millions 
to our otvn exposition. I have no right to say that such a thing w ill be 
done, but I have no doubt that Congress will, in this matter, display a 
most liberal and comprehensive spirit. While I have no right to 
promise anything beyond my own vote, I feel that Congress will, at the 
proper time, give all the aid necessary, so as to make our exhibition 
transcend those of England, France, and Austria. In my own State of 
Maine a very lively interest is manifested, and I am sure that, at the 
proper time, a liberal appropriation will be made, as will be the case 
with all the other States. I have nothing further to say, other than, by 
my presence, I desire to express the great interest I have in the Cen¬ 
tennial Exhibition. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowti, moved that Mr. Blaine be invited to a seat on 
the floor; which was agreed to. After which, 

Mr. McNeil, of Missouri, moved that the commission take a recess 
for ten minutes, for the purpose of permitting the members to be sever¬ 
ally presented to Mr. Blaine; which Avas agreed to. 

The time having expired, the commission re-assembled. 

Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, chairman of the committee on plans and 
architecture, submitted a report of the action taken by the committee 
in regard to the number of buildings to be erected, preparation of the 
ground, advertising for preliminary sketches of plans for the centen¬ 
nial buildings, and other subjects, (Appendix No. 3 ;) wfliich was read 
and laid on the table for future consideration. 

Mr. Earle, of Maryland, moved that the report of the committee on 
plans and architecture be considered this afternoon at 4 o’clock, in ex¬ 
ecutive session ; w hich was agreed to. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, asked leave to offer a commission issued 
by the President to H. C. Johnson, as alternate commissioner for In¬ 
diana, which he moved to refer to the committee on credentials, with 
instructions to report to the commission w^hen in executive session this 
afternoon ; which was agreed to. 

The report of Prof. W. P. Blake, special agent of the commission 
at Vienna, Austria, transmitted to the commission among the papers 
appended to the report of the executive committee, was read. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit: 


30 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Resolved^ That the report of the executive coinmissiouer, Hou. W. P. 
Blake, be referred to the executive committee, with iustructious to 
publish so much of the same as may be deemed appropriate and useful 
to the Centennial Exhibition. 

Which was read and adopted. 

The report of the Women’s Centennial Committee of Pennsylvania, 
with a brief account of the progress made by that committee in'procur¬ 
ing subscriptions to the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, which 
was also among the papers appended to the report of the executive 
committee, was read. 

Mr. Cleveland, of IsTew Jersey, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved^ That the commission cordially accept the co-operation of the 
women of Pennsylvania, and gratefully recognize the value of the labor 
performed aud proposed, and that the organization of women’s associa¬ 
tions for co-operation in the great work, in other States, by the com¬ 
missioners in the States and Territories, respectively, is recommended. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, from the committee on classification, 
submitted the following, to wit: 

To the United States Centennial Comynission : 

The committee on classification ask to report the following changes 
in the system of notation, and recommend their adoption : 

departments. groups. classes. 


I 

10 ~ 

10 

100 — 

100 

II 

20 — 

20 

200 — 

200 

III 

30 — 

30 

300 — 

300 

IV 

40 — 

40 

400 — 

400 

V 

50 — 

50 

500 — 

500 

VI 

GO¬ 

60 

GOO — 

GOO 

VII 

TO- 

70 

700 — 

700 

VIII 

80 — 

80 

800 — 

800 

IX 

00 — 

00 

000 — 

000 

X 

100 — 

100 

1000 — 

1000 


By this notation the figures attached to the classes designate accu¬ 
rately the location of articles in departments, groups, and classes. 

KespectfullV submitted. 

JOHN L. CAMPBELL, 

FBEDERICK L. MATTHEWS. 

J. W. ALBERTSOK 

Which haviug been read, 

Mr. Pruyn, of New York, moved that the report be adopted ; which 
was agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved^ That the board of finance be cordially invited to seats with 
the commission during its session, and that the secretary communicate 
to them this resolution. 

Which was read and unanimously adopted. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the commission take a recess 
until! o’clock this afternoon ; which was agreed to. 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


31 


AFTERNOON SESSION. 

Philadelphia, Wednesday^ May 7,1873. 

The hour of 4 o’clock haviii" arrived, the commission re assembled. 

The President stated that the special order for this hour was to take 
up and consider the report of the committee on plans and architecture. 

Mr. Creioh, of California, moved that the special order be postponed 
for the purpose of permitting the committee on by-laws to make a re¬ 
port ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, thereupon, from the special committee ap¬ 
pointed ill December last, to consider the subject of amending the by¬ 
laws, submitted a report, (Appendix No. 4;) which having been read, 

Mr. Morrell, of l^ennsylvania, offered additional amendments to the 
by-laws ; which having also been read, 

Mr. Pruyn, of New York, moved that the report and additional 
amendments proposed be printed, and that the further consideration of 
the subject be postponed until to-morrow afternoon at 4 o’clock, and be 
made the special order for that hour; which was agreed to. 

The commission then resumed the consideration of the report of the 
committee on plans and architecture for the Centennial Exposition. The 
question being on adopting the report, 

Mr. Pruyn, of New York, offered the following: 

Besoliedy That the report of the committee on plans and architecture 
for the Centennial Exposition, now submitted, with the accompanying 
papers, and all other documents in possession of this commission in re¬ 
gard to jdans, be transmitted to tlie Centennial Board of Finance for 
their action ; as the initiative on this subject, in the judgment of this 
commission, rests with that corporation. 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Pru3'n, of New York, and 
seconded by Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, and were as follows: 

Yea.—M ichigan, New York—2. 

Naa:.—A labama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Dakota, 
District of Columbia, Florida, G-eorgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Ken¬ 
tucky, Louisiana, Maiyland, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, 
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Ore¬ 
gon, Pennsylvania, Rliode "island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, 
AVashington Territory, West Virginia, Wisconsin—34. 

So the resolution was not adopted. 

The report of the committee was then adopted. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, from the executive comniittee, sub¬ 
mitted the report of a joint committee appointed by the executive com¬ 
mittee and by the Centennial Board of Finance, defining the rights and 
duties of each body under the actsDf Congress, (Appendix No. 5;) which 
having been read, he offered the following : 

Besolvcd, That the commission accepts the report of the committee of 
conference with the Centennial Board of Finance, as expressing in gen¬ 
eral the opinions of this commission upon the duties of the two corpo¬ 
rations and the sentiment which should govern their relations. 

The resolution was read and adoptetl. 

Mr. Adams, of Florida, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, That by the law creating the Centennial Commission it is 
made the duty of the commission to examine all iffans submitted for 
buildings for the National Ex[)Osition of 187G, and to approve and adopt 
such plans as to their judgment seem best adapted to the uses of such 
Exposition; but that, in consideration of the intimate co-relation sub¬ 
sisting between the Centennial Commission and the Centennial Board 


32 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


of FiDcance, the Centennial Commission do not deem it wise, nor will 
they willingly consent to the adoption of any such plan without the 
cordial concurrence therein of the Centennial Board of Finance. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be referred to the 
executive committee; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved^ That the executive committee and officers of this commis¬ 
sion be authorized and directed to deliver to the Centennial Board of 
Finance, organized under the act of Congress approved June 1,1872, all 
stock-subscription books and all papers and records pertaining to the 
same. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. Birney moved that when the commission adjourns it will adjourn 
to meet to-morrow morning at ten o’clock, in this room; which was- 
agreed to. 

On motion the commission adjourned. 


SECOND DAY. 

Philadelphia, Thursday, Jlay 8,1813. 

The commission met, pursuant to adjournment, at 10 o’clock a. m., 
this day, Hon. Jos. R. Hawley, president, in the chair. 

The roll was called, and the following members answered to their 
names: 

Alabama.—William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

Arizona.—Richard C. McCormick, commissioner. 

John Wasson, alternate. 

California.—John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado.—K. C. Meeker, alternate. 

Connecticut.—Joseph R. Hawley, commissioner. 

Delaware.—John H. Rodney, commissioner. 

District of Columbia.—Lawrence A. Gobright, alternate. 

Florida.—John S. Adams, commissioner. 

J. T. Bernard, alternate. 

Georgia.—Lewis Wain Smith, alternate. 

Idaho.—Thomas Donaldson, commissioner. 

Illinois.—Frederick L. Matthews, commissioner. 

Lawrence W'eldon, alternate. 

Indiana.—John L. Campbell, commissioner. 

David M. Boyd, jr., alternate. 

Iowa.—Robert Lowry, commissioner. 

Kentucky.—Smith M. Hobbs, alternate. 

Louisiana.—John Lynch, commissioner. 

Edward Benington, alternate. 

Maine.—Charles P. Kimball, alternate. 

Maryland.—James T. Earle, commissioner. 

Michigan.—James Birney, commissioner. 

Minnesota.—J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner. 

Missouri.—John McKeil, commissioner. 

Samuel Hays, alternate. 

Nebraska.—Henry S. Moody, commissioner. 

Nevada.—William Wirt McCoy, commissioner. 

James W. Haines, alternate. 



JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


33 


New Hampshire.—Ezekiel A. Straw, commissioner. 

New Jersey.—Orestes Cleveland, commissioner. 

John G. Stevens, alternate. 

New jMexico.—Eldrid^e W. Little, commissioner. 

New York.—John V. L. Prnyn, commiSvSioner. 

North Carolina.—Jonathan W. Albertson, alternate. 

Ohio.—Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner. 

Wilson VV. Griffith, alternate. 

Oregon.—Andrew J. Dafur, alternate. 

Pennsylvania.—Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner. 

Asa Packer, alternate. 

Phode Island.—George H. Corliss, commissioner. 

Samuel Powel, alternate. 

Tennessee.—William F. Prosser, alternate. 

Texas.—William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah.—Oscar G. Sawyer, alternate. 

Vermont.—Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner. 

Virginia.—Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

Washington Territory.—El wood Evans, commissioner. 

West Virginia.—Alexander P. Boteler, commissioner. 

Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. 

Wisconsin.—David Atwood, commissioner. 

Wyoming.—Robert H. Lamborn, alternate. 

The minutes of yesterday^s session were read and api)roved. 

IMr. Pruyn, of New York, offered the following: 

liesolvedj That iu view of the authority conferred by Congress on the 
Centennial Board of Finance, which has just entered upon its duties, to 
secure subscriptions to its capital stock, to be used in aid of the objects 
of the exhibition, this commission, from the information its members 
have obtained while in the discharge of their trust, deem it to be their 
duty very respectfully to urge upon that board the necessity of imme¬ 
diate and most energetic measures to secure, without delay, very large 
additional subscriptions in aid of the exhibition, not only for the erec¬ 
tion of buildings, but also for the various general purposes for which funds 
will soon be urgently required; and that a failure to accomplisli this 
will, iu the judgment of this commission, seriously impair the character, 
the usefulness, and the results of the exhibition. 

Resolved^ That the chair appoint a committee to communicate the 
above resolution to the board of finance, when in session, and infor¬ 
mally to interchange views on the subject wuth the members of that 
board, should they desire to do so. 

Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, second vice-president, w^as called to the chair, 
and President Hawley took the floor. After the discussion, 

Mr. Meeker, of Colorado, seconded by Mr. Smith, of Georgia, 
moved to lay the resolution on the table; which was agreed to. 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Pruyn, of New York, and 
seconded by Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, and were as follows: 

Y^ea.—A rizona, California, Colorado,. Connecticut, Dakota, Delaware, 
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New" Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Phode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, 
Washington Territory, West Virginia, Wisconsin—36. 

Nay.—N ew Mexico, New York, North Carolina—3. 

The resolution Avas not adopted. 

Mr. Rodney, of Delaware, announced the death of William T. Read, 
S. Ex. 30-3 



34 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


commissioner from tliat State, aiul offered the following preamble and 
resolutions: 

Whereas the Hon. William T. Eead, Centennial Commissioner from 
Delaware, departed this lite on the 27th day of January, A. D. 1873, 
in the eighty-flrst year of his age : 

Resolved^ That tliis commission has heard Avith regret of the death of 
our departed associate, the Hon. William T. Eead, of DelaAA'are, and la¬ 
ment that we shall be deprived of the aid which his extensive knowl¬ 
edge of the past history of our country would have enabled him to im¬ 
part, and of his judgment and advice in the promotion of the success of 
the Centennial Exhibition. 

Resolved^ That these proceedings be placed upon the minutes of this 
commission. 

Which were unanimously adopted. *’ 

Mr. Eodney, of Delaware, presented to the commission a copy of the 
Life and Correspondence of George Eead, of Delaware ; which was ac¬ 
cepted and ordered to be placed in the library of the commission. 

Mr. Gobright, of the District of Colhmbia, presented a communica¬ 
tion from the Director of the United States Mint, the Hon. H. E. Lin- 
derman, stating that the space on the coins was all occupied, and not 
adapted for the purpose of commemorating great events as medals were, 
because coins were money, and he would suggest the ])reparation of a 
medal, at a A'alue to be reached 1)3^ all, so that it might be preserved as 
a memento of the event; Avhich being read, Avas ordered to be filed. 

Mr. Albertson, of North Carolina, offered the following: 

Resolved^ That a committee be appointed to express the sense of the 
loss the country and this commission have sustained in the death of 
Hon. James L. Orr, of South Carolina, a member of this bod 3 ^, and the 
minister of the United States to the Court of St. Petersburgh. 

Which was read and adopted. 

The Chair appointed the following committee: Mr. Albertson, of 
North Carolina, Mr. Adams, of Florida, Mr. Kimball, of Maine. 

Mr. Morrell, of Penns 3 dvania, asked leave to amend, before final 
publication of the report of the executive committee, by inserting 
therein the names of the following States and Territories: Oregon, Ari¬ 
zona, Washington, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New Jersey, Dela¬ 
ware, Virginia, Michigan ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Gobright, of the District of Columbia, offered the following: 

Resolved^ That the subject of a commemorative medal be referred to 
-for further action in the premises. 

Mr. Lynch, of Louisiana, moved that the blank be filled b 3 " inserting 
the following words: “The committee on legislation,” and that they 
report their action to the executiA^e committee. 

The resolution offered by Mr. Gobright was then adopted. 

The secretary laid the following communication from the board of 
finance before the commission : 

Philadelphia, May 1, 1873. 

lo the President and Members of'the United States Centennial Commission: 

Gentlemen : I am directed to inform the commission that the di¬ 
rectors of the Centennial Board of Finance, chosen by the stockholders 
at the annual election held on the 22d day of xApril, 1873, assembled on 
the 1st day of May, 1873, at 12 o’clock noon, at the rooms of the United 
States Centennial Commission, No. 904 Walnut street, in the city of 
Philadelphia, and orgauized, in accordance with law, by the election of 
John Welsh, of Pennsylvania, president; William Sellers, of Pennsyl- 



JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


35 


vaiiia, first vice-president; William H. Appleton, of [New York, second 
vice-president, and the appointment of Thomas Cochran, of Pennsyl¬ 
vania, as temporary secretary; and that the board of directors are now 
ready to receive any communication, and to enter upon the perform¬ 
ance of the duties devolving upon them by the act of incorporation, ap¬ 
proved June 1, 1872. 

THOMAS COCHRAN. 

Secretary pro tern. 


Which was read and ordered to be filed. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that the board of finance, to¬ 
gether with the members of the board of State supervisors of Penn¬ 
sylvania, be invited to meet the commission now in session; which 
was agreed to. « 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, moved that a committee of three be appointed 
to wait on the members of the board of finance and board of supervisors, 
and inform them of the action of the commission ; which was agreed to. 

The Chair appointed Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, Mr. Straw, of New Hamp¬ 
shire, Mr. Lynch, of Louisiana, as the committee. 

Mr. Williams, of Minnesota, presented a communication from Frank¬ 
lin B. Hough, of New York, relative to a history of the progress made 
by the United States during the past century j which being read, 

Mr. Pruyn, of New Y^ork, moved that it be referred to the proper 
committee, when appointed ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, presented a communication and pe¬ 
tition recommending the appointment of Col. L. M. Montgomery as a 
special agent of the commission at London ] which was read and re¬ 
ferred to the committee on foreign aftairs. 

Also, a communication from Mr. S. S. Jones, relative to the contribu¬ 
tion to the exhibition of a machine for the manufacture of wool j which 
was read and referred to the committee on classification. 

Mr. Moody, of Nebraska, moved that a recess be taken until 12.30 
this afternoon ; which was agreed to. 


Philadelphia, May 8,1873. 

At the hour of 12.30 the commission re-assembled. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, chairman of the committee appointed to wait 
on the directors of the Centennial Board of Finance, reported that they 
had performed that duty, and the directors would be i)leased to meet 
the coTumission at 1.30 o’clock this afternoon. 

Mr. Charles P. Kimball, of Maine, not having presented his cre¬ 
dentials, Mr. Pruyn, of New York, moved that Mr. Kimball, alternate 
commissioner from Maine, be recognized as a member of this body, the 
commission having already been notified o-f his appointment ^ which 
was agreed to. 

Mr. Earle, of Maryland, moved that the vote by which the consid¬ 
eration of the report of the committee on credentials was fixed for 
executive session be reconsidered. Not agreed to. 

Mr. Lynch, of Louisiana, asked leave to attach his name to the re¬ 
port of the executive committee, not having been present at the time 
the report was presented and read to the commission j which was 
agreed to. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, chairman of the committee on credentials, 
submitted the following report: 


36 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


To the President and Members of the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen: Your committee, to whom were referred the credentials 
of Franklin C. Johnson, esq., as alternate commissioner from Indiana, 
respectfully report: 

That they have given the subject a very careful consideration, and 
find that the credentials appear to be authentic, and would entitle Mr. 
Johnson to membership in the commission if there were a vacancy from 
that State. 

They also find that, under and by authority of the act of March 3, 
1871, David M. Boyd, jr., esq., was nominated by the governor of In¬ 
diana, and duly appointed and conimissioiied by the President of the 
United States alternate commissioner for that State, his commission 
bearing date previous to March 3, 1871^ j that he duly presented the 
same at the first meeting and organization of the commission, and that 
it was referred to your committee on credentials, and by the committee 
reported upon favorably March 5, 1872, when Mr. Boyd duly took his 
seat as a member and commissioner alternate to represent Indiana; 
and as such has since continued to represent that State, having been 
present at every session, actively engaged in the work thereof, and, as 
a member of some of the most important committees, rendering val¬ 
uable services. 

Although Mr. Boyd is a native of the State of Indiana, it appears 
that at the time of his appointment he resided in Philadelphia as one 
of the officers of the Pennsylvania Pailroad. 

The committee have also examined the accompanying letter of Gov¬ 
ernor Hendricks, of Indiana, to the President, asking for the appoint¬ 
ment of Mr. Johnson to fill a vacancy wffiich he “ supposed to exist by 
reason of the non-residence of Mr. Boyd within the State; and the 
committee fail to concur with him in the interpretation of the act of 
June 1,1872, under which the ‘^supposed” authority to appoint is 
claimed. 

Neither the act of March 3, 1871, nor that of June 1, 1872, especially 
j)rovides how a vacancy shall be ascertained ; and in the absence of any 
such express provision, the committee think that (except it be in the case 
of death, personal resignation, or perhaps under judicial proceedings,) 
the commission itself should alone have the power to ascertain such 
vacancies; and by it only can the question of membership be inquired 
into and determined. 

This view seems to be fully sustained in Cushing’s Law and Practice, 
which is the recognized parliamentary law of the country, and has been 
adopted in our by-laws as the authority which may be appealed to by 
the commission in deciding questions coming within the scope of that 
work. 

The act of March 3, 187i, under which Mr. Boyd was appointed, does 
not define residence or citizenship of the State to be represented as a 
qualification, but does specifically declare, in regard to the commission 
therein provided, that its “ functions shall continue until the close of the 
ex])osition.” 

it is well known to the commission that Mr. Boyd was, and has con¬ 
tinued since to be, a member of the commission constituted under said 
act. 

Several of the governors, by authority of said act, saw proper to 
nominate as alternates to represent their respective States or Territories, 
gentlemen residing at a locality convenient to the work of the commis¬ 
sion, who were non-residents of the States they represented, and who 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


37 


have since continued members of the commission; and the question now 
under consideration could not have arisen previously to the passage of 
the act of eJune 1, 1872. But, with a full knowledge of the facts and 
circumstances under which that act was framed and passed, together 
with a careful examination of the act itself, your committee are con¬ 
vinced that it was not intended to affect the status of the commissioners 
as then appointed and acting; and that it does not effect the removal of 
any of the members of the commission as it was then constituted. The 
eleventh section thereof, on the contrary, actually creates the com¬ 
mission, as then constituted, a body-politic, or corporation, thus virtually 
ratifying and confirming the same. 

AVhere an act is not entirely free from doubt, the fiicts and circum¬ 
stances under which it was framed and passed, and the objects to be 
attained, can frequently be adduced with advantage as aids in construing 
its true intent and meaning. 

The act of June 1, 1872, was framed by this commission, (through its 
committee,) and passed without any change being made, so far, at least, 
as to affect the point in question. 

The object having been to obtain such legislation as would enable the 
commission to practically proceed with the objects of their appointment, 
(not to prevent any of them from so doing,) two of the most imi^ortant 
purposes being— 

1. A general financial scheme; 

2. To create the commission, as then constituted, a body-politic. 

It was believed at the time that the power of the governors to nomi¬ 
nate expired with the year designated as the limitation in act of March 
3, 1871; and as one or two of the commissioners had been nominated 
and appointed a few da 3 ;s after the year had expired, the twelfth sec¬ 
tion confirms all appointments made since March 3, 1872. 

Moreover, as various States and Territories had made no nominations 
at all, in consequence of which several vacancies then existed; and the 
act of March 3, 1871, contained no provision to fill vacancies caused 
either by death, resignation, removal from the country, or otherwise, 
the same section provides that “ all vacancies existing, or which may 
hereafter exists whether by death, resignation, removal from the State or 
Territory, or otherwise, shall be filled at any time hereafter.’^ 

This certainly cannot, with any degree of fairness, be construed to 
apply to any of the members then constituting the commission, and 
whose places of abode were then, and have since continued to be, the 
same as when they were appointed. However it may be considered to 
affect a commissioner who may since have actually removed from his 
State, one who has not changed his residence since his appointment a 
year previously cannot be compelled to lose his right of membership by 
reason of removal from State of residence, When no such removal has 
occurred, as is the fact in the case of Mr. Boyd. 

It should be borne in mind that some of the members of the commis¬ 
sion who framed this act were, at the time, non-residents of the State 
they represented, and it would be too great an inconsistency to believe 
they had any thought, much less an intention, of thereby causing a 
vacancy in their own cases. 

The question at issue, then, is, whether in the case of a commissioner 
or alternate nominated and appointed before March 2, 1872, duly com¬ 
missioned by the President of the United States, and since admitted to, 
and regularly acting in, the commission as a member thereof, who still 
holds his commission unrecalled and uncanceled; who has neither died 
nor resigned, nor had his seat declared vacant by the commission, and 


38 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


who is an active member in good standing, as your journal of this very 
session shows Mr. Boyd to be, a vacancy exists which another person 
could be entitled to till; and your committee, in view of the facts and 
circumstances presented in this report, can arrive at no other conclusion 
than the following, to wit, that in such a case no vacancy exists. 

Your committee therefore respectfully report that, as there is no 
vacancy in the commission from the State of Indiana, Mr. Johnson is 
not entitled to be admitted as a member of the commission. 

Eespectfully submitted. 

' EOBEET LOWEY. 

OEESTES CLEVELAND. 

D. J. MOEEELL. 

JOSHUA NYE. 

W. H. PAESONS. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, offered the following: 

Resolved^ That the report of the committee on credentials be adopted, 
and that, in accordance with the recommendation therein contained, Mr. 
Franklin C. Johnson is not entitled to membership in this body as alter¬ 
nate commissioner from the State of Indiana, as there exists no vacancy 
from that State. 

Pending the consideration of the resolution the directors of the Cen¬ 
tennial Board of Finance and Board of State supervisors were announced 
and introduced to the commission by Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, chairman of 
the committee, who said: 

That he was glad to introduce the members of the Centennial Board 
of Finance and the members of the State board of supervisors. 

The gentlemen composing the board of finance were then introduced. 
The members of the board are as follows: Mr. John Welsh, Mr. .1. Edgar 
Thomson, Mr. W.Y. McKean, Mr. D. M. Fox, Mr. E. H. Fitler, Mr. Thos. 
Cochran, Mr. K. Parker Shortridge, Mr. E. T. Steele, Air. C. W. Cooper, 
Air. Jos. Patterson, Air. AVm. Sellers, Air. Sami. AI. Felton, Air. Clement 
AI. Biddle, Mr. Jas. AI. Eobb, Air. John Wanamaker, and Air. John Price 
Wetherill, Pennsylvania; Mr. Eobt. AI. Patterson, Alabama; Air. Benj. 
F. Allen, Iowa; Mr. John Cummings, Alassachusetts; Air. A. S. Hewitt, 
Kew Jersey; Air. John L. Barbour, Virginia; Air. C. C. Wasliburne, 
AVisconsin; Air. AVm. H. Appleton, New York; Air. A. D. Bullock, Ohio ; 
Air. John Gorham, Ehode Island. 

Of the board of supervisors: Ex-Governor Bigler, Air. Alex. Henry, 
Air. John O. James, Air. H. Ewing, Air. G. E. Alessersmith. 

President Hawley, of Connecticut, said that the commission were 
glad to receive the gentlemen of these two important bodies, and that 
they would be glad to give them anj^ information, or receive any from 
them. 

Air. John Welsh, president of the Centennial Board of Finance, ac¬ 
knowledged the courtesy of their recetffion, and said that manyimi)ortant 
matters were before the board, and they would persevere in pushing 
them to a successful termination. 

Ex-Governor AVilliam Bigler, of the State board of supervisors, was 
then introduced, and spoke as follows: 

Gentlemen : Tliis is not the occasion to present reasons in favor 
of the American centennial celebration, and a world’s exhibition in 1876, 
in this city; these have been settled. The celebration and exhibition 
is to come off*. But it is an occasion to exchange mutual congratulations 
that this noble work has been undertaken, and undertaken with sur- 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


39 


rouiuliogs so auspicious. There is enough in this presence to inspire 
confidence, if not to insure success. The presence of men from widely 
separa ted sections of our .immense country is significant of a fixed pur¬ 
pose and lively zeal in the work which admits of no failure. I see men 
here from the East, whence the tide of population commenced to flow 
over our vast country. I see them from the far-off regions of the South j 
from every State on the Pacific slope, and from nearly all the interme¬ 
diate Territories and States. 

Why, gentlemen, Pennsylvania is equal in herself, if need be, to that 
work on a grand scale; but the celebration must be national in order 
to come up to the full measure of its significance. The nation, through 
Congress, has put down the land-marks for this work and signified its 
good-will. The nation, through Congress, if needs be, will furnish 
something far more substantial than good-wull. But, gentlemen, those 
who have undertaken this w’ork must not suppose that they are on a 
bed of roses ; they will find thorns, and plenty of them. The way will 
not be entirely smooth; obstacles may present themselves, but you 
have the brains and the courage to surmount them all. Wliat we w itness 
at Vienna just now is significant of the dangers of delay in the work,' 
and the experience of nations is full of useful lessons for us. 

Some allow themselves to think they see trouble or delay because 
some difficulty has arisen as to the form of the State appropriation. 
There is no sufficient ground for apprehension on this subject. It is not 
at all certain that the institutions upon wEom was assessed a tax for a 
portion of the sum appropriated will fall into the grave error of setting 
themselves up against the law"; but, be that as it may, the State of Penn¬ 
sylvania has signified her purpose to invest a million of dollars in that 
])artofthe building which she is to ow"n, and I shall no more doubt 
that she will do this in good faith than I shall doubt the performance 
of any other obligation she has ever made. 

The celebration is to be national, and the exposition must be on 
a scale equal if not in advance of anything of the kind the world has 
ever witnessed. The interests it will awaken and the lessons it will 
teach w"ill remain fresh for generations. Gentlemen, the earth will 
never again be entirely covered with a tiood; but I venture to predict 
that this beautiful city in the year 1876 will be literally submerged by 
a mass of humanity, which will come dovvn upon it from all parts of the 
globe. 

President Hawley, of Connecticut, said that he wanted all the Phila¬ 
delphians present to give their views on the great end before the com¬ 
mission, and he called on Mr. Welsh, the president of the board of finance, 
to suggest speakers. 

Hon. D. M. Eox, of the board of finance, being called upon, said 
that, as the greatest republic that ever existed under the sun is soon to 
celebrate its one hundredMi birthday, he had no doubt whatever of its 
great success, and the responses w"hich had come up from all parts of 
the country confirmed him in his belief* 

Mr. Parsons, of Texas, said that money composed the sinews of war, 
and as he saw before him the representative men of Pennsylvania and the 
country, w^ho were pledged to the raising of funds for the carrying on 
of the w’ork of the commission, he felt sure of the ultimate success of the 
affair. He disclaimed the idea that this is a ‘‘Fourth of July celebra¬ 
tion for Philadelphia,*^ and said that the great United States are pledged 
now to the result. They have said that this is to be an exhibition of 
the industries of this country, and now", in the w^ords of Eichelieu, 
“ There is no such word as fail.’^ 


40 


EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Mr. Joseph Patterson, of the board of fiuance, said that he believed 
that the success of the exposition is now assured. He spoke of the great 
results to be attained by this celebration, and the tremendous influx of 
visitors, and declared that there must be “no such thing as fail,” and 
one of the most important matters to be considered is the fact that peo¬ 
ple from all i:)arts of the world will be here to see the workings of a re¬ 
publican government. 

Mr. Dufur, of Oregon, stated that he had not the slightest doubt 
that the States of the Pacific coast would take all the stock of the board 
of finance assigned to them, and would show that they realized the fact 
that they are citizens of this great common country. 

Mr. Ewing, of the State board of supervisors, called the attention of 
the commissioners to the fact that they are now on the very soil where 
the Declaration of Jndedendence was promulgated, and urged them to 
be inspired by the spirit which inspired their Kevolutionary predeces¬ 
sors. 

Mr. Straw, of New Hampshire, who was introduced as the head of 
the greatest cotton-manufacturing establishment in the United States, 
said that his State has already taken the initiative in appointing a com¬ 
mission, and iiroviding for the exhibition of her products in the exposi¬ 
tion, and he had no doubt that when the time came there would be no 
delay in making the necessary pecuniary appropriation. 

Mr. John Edgar Thomson, of the board of finance, being called on, 
said that he was not one who believed in making speeches, but in action. 

General Hawley then called upon Mr. W. Y. McKean, of the board 
of finance, who expressed his gratification at so full a meeting of the 
Centennial Commission, also at meeting the Pennsylvania supervisors 
under the million appropriation bill, and was particularly pleased to 
hear so strong an expression of confidence from Governor Bigler, that 
the State would do her full duty by the exposition, as no one understood 
better than the governor the patriotic feeling of the people of the Com¬ 
monwealth. The Centennial Board of Finance was organized and at 
work, and would expect the commission to inform them without delay 
how many acres of buildings the exposition would need, how much 
money the buildings would cost, and how much money the other ex¬ 
penses would require—and then the board of finance would exert itself 
with all the industry, energy, and influence it could command to raise 
the money. And their ettbrt to raise it would not be confined within 
the limits of Philadelphia, or Pennsylvania, but they would go actively 
and confidently to the people of the whole country. They had never 
permitted themselves to believe that the other prosperous communities 
of the United States would do less than Philadelphia and Pennsylvania 
had tried to do. There were some communities not in a condition to 
furnish money, but there are many more that can. The prosperous and 
wealthy portions of the country they would appeal to with all their force. 
They would askNew York City, in full confideuce that the great metropolis 
of the nation would do her full share in making the nation’s anniver¬ 
sary exposition what it should be. That city is too great, too high in 
rank, importance, and dignity to do less than is worthy of her high 
place. Boston has just been swept by fire, but the board of finance 
have the strongest belief that neither she nor Massachusetts will forget 
the days of the “Boston Port Bill,” and of “General Warrants.” The 
same with Cincinnati, Saint Louis, Chicago, and the great West, and 
all other portions of the country. 

The board feel strong in the conviction that the lack of subscriptions 
to the stock in other States arises, in some of them, jiartly from the fact 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


41 


that the people of this country are difficult to move about any event that 
is not immediately at liand^ and partly because no effective means had 
been used to place the exposition before the distant x)ublic in its true 
importance and dignity as a national event of the grandest character. 
The most active efforts will now be made, and the board will not be con¬ 
vinced that the American i)eople at large will not respond ns Philadel¬ 
phia and Pennsylvania have done until these efforts have failed; and 
they do not regard failure in an appeal to the country as within reason¬ 
able probabilities on such an occasion. 

New York was then called on, and Mr. Pruyn, commissioner from 
that State, rose to resx)ond. He said that unless he believed in the 
aims, objects, and success of this matter he would not be here. He was 
of opinion that the work demands energetic, active, and thorough action. 
He had no doubt that when New York is properly appealed to and 
thoroughly canvassed, a large sum of money can be secured; but it 
must be recollected by all that it had been said by Pennsylvania Rej)re- 
sentatives in Congress that Philadelphia and Pennsylvania would be 
responsible for the finances of the exx)osition. He was of the ox:)iniou 
that Congress ought to make a liberal appropriation for the affair, but 
this had not been done, and the middle of 1874 will be too late to make 
the pecuniary arrangements, and it is necessary to go to work at once 
to raise the necessary funds. 

Hon. Samuel Hand all said that he hoped to have an opportunity, 
at no distant time, to work and vote in Congress for the success of the 
enterprise. He represented in Congress the district in which is situated 
Independence Hall. He said that the commission have the unlimited 
confidence of the people of Pennsylvania and of the United States. 

Mr. John Welsh, x^resident of the Centennial Board of Finance, re¬ 
turned thanks for the encouragement received by the addresses he had 
lieard, and exx)ressed his own j^erfect confidence in the final success of 
the enterprise. 

The conference having terminated, on motion of Mr. Byrd, of Ala¬ 
bama, the commission adjourned until 4 o’clock j). m. 


Philadelphia, May 8,1873—4 p. m. 

The commission met pursuant to adjournment. 

President Hawley, of Connecticut, in the chair. 

The roll being called, the following members answered to their names : 
Alabama.—William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

Arizona.—Richard C. McCormick, commissioner. 

John Wasson, alternate. 

California.—John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado.—N. C. Meeker, alternate. 

Connecticut.—Joseph R. Hawley, commissioner. 

Dakota.—George A. Batchelder, commissioner. 

Delaware.—John H. Rodney, commissioner. 

District of Columbia.—Lawrence A. Gobright, alternate. 

Florida.—John S. Adams, commissioner. 

J. T. Bernard, alternate. 

Georgia.—Thomas Hardeman, jr., commissioner. 

Illinois.—Frederick L. Matthews, commissioner. 

Indiana.—John L. Campbell, commissioner. 

Iowa.—Robert Lowry, commissioner. 



42 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Kentucky.—SDiith M. Hobbs, alternate. 

Louisiana.—John Lynch, commissioner. 

Edward Penington, alternate. 

Maryland.—James T. Earle, commissioner. 

Michigan.—James Birney, commissioner. 

IMinnesota.—J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner. / 

Missouri.—John McKeil, commissioner. 

Nebraska.—Henry S. Moody, commissioner. 

Nevada.—William Wirt McCoy, commissioner, 
e aines W. Haines, alternalie. 

New Hampshire.—Ezekial A. Straw, commissiouer. 

New Jersey.—Orestes Cleveland, commissioner. 

John G. Stevens, alternate. 

New Mexico.—Eldridge W.Little, commissioner. 

New York.—John V. L. Pruyn, commissioner. 

North Carolina.—Jonathan W. Albertson, alternate. 

Ohio.—Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner. 

Wilson W. Griffith, alternate. 

Oregon.—James W. Virtue, commissioner. 

Pennsylvania.—Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner. 

Asa Packer, alternate. 

Ehode Island.—George H. Corliss, commissioner. 

Samuel Powel, alternate. 

Tennessee.—Thomas H. Coldwell, commissioner. 

William F. Prosser, alternate. 

Texas.—William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah.—Oscar G. Sawyer, alternate. 

Vermont.—Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner. 

Virginia.—Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

Washington Territory.—Elwood Evans, commissioner. 

West Virginia.—Alex. K. Boteler, commissioner. 

Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. 

Wisconsin.—David Atwood, commissioner. 

Wyoming.—Kobert H. Lamborn, alternate. 

The regular order of business, which provided for the consideration 
■of the by-laws, was, on motion of Mr. Prujm, suspended, and the consid¬ 
eration of the report of the committee on credentials was resumed, the 
resolution of Mr. Sawyer being before the commission. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, moved that the report be referred back to the 
committee on credentials; which was not agreed to. 

Mr. Pruyn, of New York, then offered as a substitute for Mr. Sawyer’s 
resolution the following: 

Resolved^ That it does not belong to this commission to determine 
whether or not a vacancy exists in the delegation from any State, and 
that this commission has no right to refuse to receive as one of its mem¬ 
bers a person holding a commission in due form from the President of 
the United States, issued pursuant to the act of Congress under which 
this commission is organized. 

The resolution was not adopted. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved to suspend further consideration of 
the subject in order to give Mr. F. 0. Johnson, the claimant to a seat as 
alternate commissioner from Indiana, an opportunity to be heard in per¬ 
son, and that’ Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, be requested to inform him of 
this action of the commission ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, reported his inability to find Mr. Johnson 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 43 


iu tlie biiildiii", and requested to be excused from voting on tbe resolu¬ 
tion before tbe commission ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd then offered the following as a substitute for Mr. Sawyer’s 
motion : 

Resolved, That the commission postpone a decision upon the admis¬ 
sion of r. C. Johnson as the alternate commissioner from Indiana, and 
directs that a statement of the questions involved be immediately sub¬ 
mitted to the President of the United States, asking special attention 
to the second section of the act of March 3,1871, respectfully requesting 
a reconsideration of the subject, and that copies of the communications 
addressed to the President be sent to the governor of Indiana; which 
having been read, and the question being on the adoption of the resolu¬ 
tion. 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, and sec¬ 
onded by Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, and were as follows: 

Yea. —Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Colum¬ 
bia, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Kew Jersey, New Mexico, Bhode 
Island—11. 

Kay. —California. Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, 
Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Kebraska, Nevada, 
New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, 
Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington Territory, West Virginia, 
Wisconsin, and Wyoming—28. 

The resolution offered by JMr. Byrd was not adopted. 

The question recurring on the adoption of the original motion offered 
by Mr. Sawyer, 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, and sec¬ 
onded by Mr. Pruyn, of New York, and were as follows: 

Yea. —Arizona, California, Colorado, Dakota, Delaware, Florida, 
Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Caro¬ 
lina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, 
Vermont, Virginia, Washington Territory, AVest Virginia, AViscousin, 
and AVyoming—33. 

Nay. —Alabama, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Nevada, and New 


Y"ork— 5. 

The resolution offered by Mr. Sawyer was finally adopted. 

Mr. McCormick, of Arizona, offered the following resolution : 

Resolved^ That the secretary of the commission be, and is hereby, 
instructed respectfully to inform the President of the United States and 
governor of Indiana that in the judgment of the commission there is, 
under the acts of Congress, no vacancy in the office of alternate commis¬ 
sioner from the State of Indiana, and that therefore it is not in the 
power of the commission to admit to a seat Mr. F. C. Johnson, commis¬ 
sioned as alternate from Indiana under date of February 1, 1873; and 
that a copy of the report of the committee on credentials be forwarded, 
together with the said communication. 

^Ir. Adams, of Florida, moved to amend by inserting the word solici¬ 
tor,” so as to read “secretary and solicitor;” which was not agreed 


to. 

The question being on the adoption of the resolution offered by Mr. 
McCormick, the yeas and nays were required by Mr. Pruyn, of New 
York, and seconded by Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, and were as follows : 

Yea.— Arizona, Colorado, Dakota, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, 
Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, JMichigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, 


44 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington Territory, West Virginia, 
Wisconsin, and Wyoming—28. 

NfAY. —Alabama, California, District of Columbia, Kentuck}^, Maine^ 
Nevada, New York, Oregon, and Virginia—9. 

The resolution offered by Mr. McCormick was adopted. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, moved to adjourn until the following day at 
10 o’clock ; which was not agreed to. 

Mr. Hobbs, of Kentucky, offered the following resolution : 

Whereas the American Medical Association is now in session at 
Saint Louis, Mo.; and 

Whereas that body is composed of men of learning and standing, 
living in every State, county, and almost in every neighborhood in the 
Union, and who are capable of exercising vast inffuence in advancing the 
cause of the Centennial Exposition to be held in Philadelphia in 1876, 
and also in furnishing data and facts that will be of great interest and 
to mankind : Therefore, be it 

Resolved^ That a committee be appointed by the Cliair to correspond 
with that body and ask it to co-operate with this commission in its pro¬ 
jected exposition. 

Which was adopted. 

The President announced that, under the resolution just adopted, 
he had appointed as the committee: 

Mr. Hobbs, of Kentucky, Mr. Dufur, of Oregon, Mr. Kimball, of 
Maine. 

Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, then moved that the commission adjourn 
until to-morrow morning at 10 o’clock; which was agreed to. 


T H I R D D A Y. 

Parlor C, Continental Hotel, 

Philadelphia, Friday, May 9, 1873. 

The commission met at 10 o’clock this morning, pursuant to adjourn¬ 
ment, President Hawley in the chair. 

The roll was called, and the following members answered to their 
names: 

Alabama.—William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

Arizona.—Eichard C. McCormick, commissioner. 

California.—John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado.—J. Marshall Paul, commissioner. 

N. C. Meeker, alternate. 

Connecticut.—Joseph E. Hawley, commissioner. 

Dakota.—George A. Batchelder, commissioner. 

District of Columbia.—Lawrence A. Gobright, alternate. 

Florida.—John S. Adams, commissioner. 

J. T. Bernard, alternate. 

Georgia.—Lewis Wain Smith, alternate. 

Idaho.—Thomas Donaldson, commissioner. 

Illinois.—Frederick L. Matthews, commissioner. 

Indiana.—John L. Campbell, commissioner. 

Iowa.—Eobert Lowry, commissioner. 

Kansas.—George A. Crawford, alternate. 

Kentucky".—Smith M. Hobbs, alternate. 



JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


45 


Louisiana.—John Lynch, commissioner. 

Edward Penington, alternate. 

Blaine.—Charles P. Kimball, alternate. 

Maryland.—James T. Earle, commissioner. 

Michigan.—James Birney, commissioner. 

Minnesota.—J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner. 

Missouri.—Samuiel Hays, alternate. 

Nebraska.—Henry S. Moody, commissioner. 

Nevada.—William Wirt McCoy, commissioner. 

James W. Haines, alternate. 

New Jersey.—Orestes Cleveland, commissioner. 

New Mexico.—Eldridge W. Little, commissioner. 

New York.—John Y. L. Pruyn, commissioner. 

North Carolina.—Jonathan W. Albertson, alternate. 

Ohio.—Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner. 

Oregon.—Andrew J. Dufur, alternate. 

Pennsylvania.—Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner. 

Ebode Island.—George H. Corliss, commissioner. 

Samuel Powell, alternate. 

Tennessee.—Thomas H. Coldwell, commissioner. 

William F. Prosser, alternate. 

Texas.—William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah.—Oscar G. Sawyer, alternate. 

Vermont.—Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner. 

Y'irginia..—Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

Washington Territory.—Elwood Evans, commissioner. 

W^est Virginia.—Alexander E. Boteler, commissioner. 

Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. 

Wisconsin.—David Atwood, commissioner. 

Wyoming.—Robert H. Lamborn, alternate. 

The minutes of yesterday’s session were read and adopted. 

Ylr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following: 

Resolved^ That the members of the board of supervisors of the State 
of Pennsylvania be invited to seats in the commission during its sessions, 
and that the secretary communicate this resolution to the said board. 

Which was read and unanimously adopted. 

Mr. Coldwell, of Tennessee, moved that the election of the officers 
of the commission be made the special order for to-morrow morning at 11 
o’clock; which was agreed to. 

The President submitted a communication from the Women’s Cen¬ 
tennial Executive Committee of Pennsylvania, soliciting the commission 
to meet with their organization at some time and place to be designated 
by the commission, and informing the commission that their body is 
now in session at No. 904 Walnut street, where any communication 
would be received. 

The communication was read. 

Mr. Coldwell, of Tennessee, moved that a committee of five be ap¬ 
pointed to wait on the ladies’ committee and extend to them the thanks 
of the commission for their patriotic services in procuring subscriptions 
In aid of the cause; which was agreed to. 

The President appointed Messrs. Sweeney, of West Virginia, Pros- 
•ser, of Tennessee, Meeker, of Colorado, Penington, of Louisiana, and 
Bernard, of Florida, the committee. 

The President stated that action upon the report of the committee on 
by-laws being in order, that subject would be now considered in execu- 
itive session, pursuant to the order of the commission. 


46 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the vote directing’ the considera¬ 
tion of this subject in executive session be reconsidered; which was not 
agreed to. 

The commission thereupon went into executive session, and proceeded 
to the consideration of the report of the committee on by-laws. 

The first clause of the by-laws, as recjommended by the committee, 
was read; and the question being on its adoption, 

Mr. Corliss, of Ehode Island, moved that the proposed by-laws now 
under consideration be laid upon the table; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Earle, of Maryland, moved that we do now proceed to the con¬ 
sideration of the by-laws now existing, and that they be separately read 
and re-adopted or amended, as the commission may determine; which 
was agreed to. 

Article I was then read and re-adopted. 

Article II was read; and the question being on its re-adoption, 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, moved that the article be amended by 
striking out the word “ thirteen,’^ and inserting in place thereof the 
words “a majority of the;’^ which was agreed to. 

The article, as amended, was adopted. 

Article III was then read; and the question being on its re-adoption, 

Mr. Kimball, of Maine, moved that the article be amended by strik¬ 
ing out the words “ may participate in the debates and serve on com¬ 
mittees and inserting, in idace thereof, the words ‘‘ shall have all the 
l)Owers of a commissioner;*’ which was agreed to. 

The article, as amended, was then adopted. 

Article IV was then read; and the question being on its adoption, 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the article be amended b^' 
striking out the words “ they shall be elected at the first stated meet¬ 
ing. The terms of the officers then elected shall expire on the first 
Wednesday of May, 1873; after which time the officers elected shall 
hold for one year;” and inserting, in place thereof, the words, “ Elec¬ 
tions shall be by ballot, and shall be held during the annual session of the 
commission in May, on such day of the session as the commission shall 
during its session designate, notice of which shall be given in open 
session at least one day preceding the holding the election;” which was 
agreed to. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved to further amend by inserting 
after the words “ vice-presidents” the words “ and secretary,” and by 
striking out the word “ anW' immediately preceding the word “ vice- 
presidents ;” which was agreed to. 

Mr. Morrell moved further to amend the article by striking out the 
words “ all of whom shall be chosen from among the members of this 
commission ;” which was agreed to. 

Mr. CoLDWELL, of Tennessee, moved to further amend the article by 
striking out the words “ five vice-presidents,” and inserting, in place 
thereof, the words‘‘six vice-presidents;” which was agreed to. 

The article, as finally amended, was agreed to. 

Article V was read. 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, moved that Article Y be stricken out; which 
was agreed to. 

Article VI was read. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that Article VI be stricken 
out; which was agreed to. 

Article VII was tlien read; and the question being on its re-adoption, 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


47 


Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the article be stricken out, and 
that the following be adopted as the first clause of a new article, to wit: 

An executive committee, to consist of thirteen members, shall be elected at the reg¬ 
ular annual meeting of the commission, who shall hold their offices one year, and until 
their successors are elected. 

Mr. CoLDWELL, of Tennessee, moved to amend the substitute by 
striking out the word ‘‘thirteen,” and inserting, in place thereof, the 
word “nine;” which was not agreed to. 

The motion was then agreed to. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved to add to the article just adopted 
the following: 

When duly convened, seven members shall constitute a quorum for business; it shall 
elect its own chairman, appoint its own clerk, and such agents and employes as it shall 
deem neceessary, and define their duties. 

Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, moved to amend by striking out the word 
“seven,” and inserting, in place thereof, the word “five;” which was 
agreed to. 

The motion, as amended, was then agreed to. 

The question still being on the article as amended, 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the article be further amended 
by adding the words: 

The committee shall cause to be kept a journal of all its proceedings, transactions, 
and votes, shall have power to make such rules and reglations for its own government 
as it may deem proper, shall act without delay on ail matters referred to it by the com¬ 
mission, and make report thereon to the commission when in open session, shall have 
during the recess of the commission all the executive and administrative authority of 
this commission, which can be delegated to such committee in preparing for the con¬ 
ducting, regulating, and managing the exhibition to be held in 1876. All which pro¬ 
ceedings, transactions, rulings, and journal shall be reported fully to the commission 
at the commencement of each sessiou; also, when requested so to do by the commission, 
for its inspection and approval. 

Mr. Pruyn, of Kew York, moved to amend the amendment by striking 
out all after the words “open sessiou” in the fifth line, and inserting, in 
place thereof, the following: 

During the sessions of the commission, the committee shall have all the powers usu¬ 
ally exercised by the executive committees of corporate bodies; and in the recess of the 
commission, shall have all the powers and authority of this commission which can-be 
delegated to such committee of its own body. In case of a vacancy in the committee 
during the recess of the commission, the same shall be filled by the president until action 
shall be taken thereon by the commission. 

Which was agreed to unanimously. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved to further amend the article by 
adding the following: 

The rulings of the commission on any subject connected with said exhibition shall 
be followed and carried out by the executive committee, and all acts and transactions 
of said committee shall be subject to review and approval by the commission, as pro¬ 
vided by acts of Congress of March 3, 1871, and June, 1872. 

Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, moved to amend the amendment by strik¬ 
ing out all after the words “ excutive committee;” which was agreed to. 

The amendment, as amended, was agreed to. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved to further amend the article by 
adding the words: 

The papers, books, and journal of its proceedings shall at all times be subject to ex¬ 
amination by the commission or by any member of the commission. 

The standing and other comniittees shall report to the executive committee, when 
so requested, (provided that it is not during the sessiou of the commission,) the pro¬ 
gress of the work of such committee. 

The president of the executive committee is authorized to refer to any committee 
such matters as may come before it, and which should appropriately have been, or 
ought to be, referred to a committee, during the recess of the commission. 


48 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Which was agreed to. 

Mr. Oreigii, of California, moved to farther amend by adding the 
words— 

The President shall not he a nieinber of any committee except the executive com¬ 
mittee. 

]\[r. Camfrell, of Indiana, moved to amend the amendment by strik¬ 
ing out all after the words'‘‘ the president shall,” and inserting, in place 
thereof, the words, “ be ex-ofli(ao a member of the executive committee j” 
which was agreed to. 

]\Ir. Creigii, of California, moved further to amend the article by add¬ 
ing the following words: 

The executive committee shall, at the beginning of each session of the commission, 
make full report of the proceedings of the committee. 

Which was agreed to. 

The article, as finally amended, was adopted. 

Mr. Sweeney, from the committee appointed by the commission to 
confer with the Women’s Centennial Committee of Pennsylvania, sub¬ 
mitted a verbal report, and recommended the adoption of the following 
j)reamble and resolutions: 

Whereas it is desirable to secure the co-operation of the women of 
the United States in the great work of celebrating the one hundredth 
anniversary of American Independence, by an international exhibi¬ 
tion and other ceremonies, in the year 1876 : Therefore, be it 

Ihcsolved^ That the following persons and their associates are hereby 
authorized and constituted, by this commission, as the ‘‘ Women’s branch 
of the United States Centennial Commission,” with jiower to appoint as¬ 
sistants and agents throughout the several States and Territories for the 
purpose of securing subscriptions of stock, and otherwise aiding in the 
work of carrying out the national and patriotic purposes contemplated 
by this International Exhibition: Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, Mrs. John Sanders, 
Mrs. J. Edgar Thomson, Mrs. Aubrey H. Smith, Miss McHenry, Mrs. 
Charles J. Stille, Miss Elizabeth Gratz, Mrs. John W. Forney, Mrs. 
Emily It. Buckman, Mrs. Itichard P. White, Mrs. Henry Cohen, Mrs. 
Matthew Simpson, Mrs. Huldah Justice. v 

Itesolved, That a co])y of this preamble and resolution be furnished 
to the persons above named, and that the members of this commission 
will afford such aid and assistance to the “ Women’s branch of the Cen¬ 
tennial Commission” as may be in their power in their several States and 
Territories. 

A. J. SWEENEY. 

WM. PROSSEK. 

N. C. MEEKER. 

EDWARD PENINGTON. 

J. T. BERNARD. 


Which were read ; and the question being on their adoption, 

Mr. CoLDWELL, of Tennessee, moved that the further consideration 
of the resolutions be postponed, and that they be made the special order 
for 12 o’clock noon to-morrow; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the invitation to the commis¬ 
sion to meet the ladies’committee on Monday afternoon next at 4 o’clock 
be accepted; which was agreed to. 


Mr. Cold WELL, ot Tennessee, moved that when the commission 
adjourn it will adjourn to meet this afternoon at o’clock. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved to lix the time at 5 o’cl 


o’clock. 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 49 

The President put the question on fixing’ the hour for re-asseiu 
bliiig at 5 o’clock; and it was not agreed to. 

The motion to fix the time for re-assembling at 4;} o’clock this after¬ 
noon, was agreed to. 

On motion, the commission adjourned. 

AFTERNOON SESSION. 

Philadelphia, May 9, 1873. 
The hour of o’clock having arrived, the commission re-assembled. 
The roll was called and the following members answered to their 
names: 

Alabama.—William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

Arizona.—Eichard 0. McCormicU, commissioner. 

John Wasson, alternate. 

California.—John Dunbar Greigh, commissioner. 

Colorado.—J. Marshall Paul, commissioner. 

E. C. Meeker, alternate. 

Connecticut.—Joseph E. Hawley, commissioner. 

Dakota.—George A. Batchelder, commissioner. 

District of Columbia.—James E. Dexter, commissioner. 

Florida.—John S. Adams, commissioner. 

J. T. Bernard, alternate. 

Georgia.—Lewis Wain Smith, alternate. 

Idaho.—Thomas Donaldson, commissioner. 

Illinois.—Frederick L. Matthews, commissioner. 

Indiana.—John L. Campbell, commissioner. 

Iowa.—Eobert Low'rv, commissioner. 

Kansas.—George A. Crawford, alternate. 

Kentucky.—Smith M. Hobbs, alternate. 

Louisiana.—John Lynch, commissioner.' 

Edward Penington, alternate. 

Maryland.—James T. Earle, commissioner. 

Michigan.—James Birney, commissioner. 

Minnesota.—J. Fletcher W^illiams, commissioner. 

Missouri.—John McNeil, commissioner. 

Samuel Hays, alternate. 

Nebraska.—Henry S. Moody, commissioner. 

Nevada.—William Wirt McCoy, commissioner. 

James W. Haines, alternate. 

New Jersey.—John G. Stevens, alternate. 

New York.—John V. L. Pruyn, commissioner. 

North Carolina.—Jonathan W. Albertson, alternate. 

Ohio,—Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner. 

Oregon.—Andrew J. Dufur, alternate. 

Pennsylvania.—Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner. 

Ehode Island.—George H. Corliss, commissioner. 

Samuel Powel, alternate. 

Tennessee.—Thomas H. Coldwell, commissioner. 

William F. Prosser, alternate. 

Texas.—William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah.—Oscar G. Sawyer, alternate. 

Vermont.—Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner. 

W'ashington Territory.—Elwood Evans, commissioner. 

West Virginia.—Alexander E. Boteler, commissioner. 

Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. 

4 


S. Ex. 30 



50 


EEPORT OF THE CENTETOIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Wisconsin.—David Atwood, commissioner. 

Wyoming.—Eobert H. Lamborn, alternate. 

Mr. Smith, of Georgia, moved that the privilege of the floor be ex¬ 
tended to Hon. Wm. D. Kelley, and that he be invited to address the 
commission ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Kelley was thereupon introduced, and briefly addressed the 
commission. 

The President then stated that the commission would now resume 
consideration of the by-laws. 

Article VIII was read. 

Mr. Oreigh, of California, moved that the following be adopted as a 
substitute for that article: 

Article VIII. The president shall preside at all meetings of the 
commission, shall have all the authority and power of the presiding offi¬ 
cer of a legislative body, shall appoint all committees (except the exec¬ 
utive committee) unless otherwise ordered, shall call special meetings 
of the commission on his own motion or on the request of the executive 
committee, or at the request in writing of at least thirteen commission¬ 
ers, of which meetings not less than thirty days’ notice shall be given 
to each member by mail or telegraph. He shall be exempt from serving 
on all committees. 

Which having been read, Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, moved that 
the further consideration of the article be postponed for the present; 
wiiich was agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, third vice-president, was called to the chair. 

Mr. Earle, of Maryland, offered the following as an additional arti¬ 
cle : 

For the more efficient conduct and management of the business of the commission, 
the executive committee shall elect one of its own members as its chairman, who shall 
be known and recognized as director-general. He shall reside in Philadelphia, and 
give his entire time and attention'to the business of the commission, and in ai<i of the 
operations of the Centennial Board of Finance, for which he shall receive an annual sal¬ 
ary to be fixed by the executive committee; 

Which having been read, Mr. McCoy, of Kevada, moved to ameud 
by adding the following: 

Provided^ That whenever, in the opinion of the executive committee, 
the director-general fails to discharge his duties, or proves incompetent 
to the discharge of his duties, he maj^ be superseded b^^ said commit¬ 
tee, and his place supplied by another. 

The amendment was accepted, and the question thereupon being on 
the article as amended, the yeas and nays were required by Mr. Smith, 
of Georgia, and seconded by Mr. Batchelder, of Dakota, and were as 
follows: 

Yea. —Alabama, Arizona, Calfornia, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illi¬ 
nois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, Texas, Utah, Vermont, 
Washington Territory—15. 

Nay. —Colorado, Dakota, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, 
Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, Is'^orth Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Ehode Island, Tennessee, VA’est Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wy¬ 
oming—18. 

So the article was not agreed to. 

The consideration of Article VIII was then resumed ; and the ques¬ 
tion being on the amendment offered by Mr. Creigh, of California, 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved to substitute in place thereof 
the following, to wit: 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


51 


DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT. 

The president of the commission shall reside in Philadelphia, and give his time and 
attention to the business of the commission, and in aid of the operations of the board 
of linance, and for which he shall receive an annual salary, to be fixed by the executive 
committee. He will preside at all meetings of the commission and appoint all com¬ 
mittees, unless otherwise ordered. He shall, at the request of the board of direction, 
or of any ten members of the commission, when made to him in writing, call a s^iecial 
meeting of the commission, giving not less than thirty days’ notice to each member. 
He shall be ex-officio chairman of the executive committee and a member of all standing 
committees. ^ 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, and 
seconded by Mr. Batchelder, of Dakota, and were as follows: 

Yea. —District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, 
New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wyoming—9. 

Nay.— Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Idaho, 
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, North 
Carolina, Oregon, Ehode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington 
Territory, West Virginia, and Wisconsin—23. 

So the motion was not agreed to. 

The question still being on the amendment offered by Mr. Creigh, of 
California, Mr. Creigh, by unanimous consent, withdrew his amend¬ 
ment. 

Mr. Paul, of Colorado, moved that the vote by which the article 
authorizing the election of a director-general was not agreed to, be re¬ 
considered. 

On this question the yeas and nays were required by Mr. Albertson, 
of North Carolina, and seconded by Mr. Smith, of Georgia, and were 
as follows: 

Yea. —Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indi¬ 
ana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, 
Ehode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington Territory, West Vir¬ 
ginia, and Wisconsin—21. 

Nay. —Dakota, District of Columbia, Georgia, Kentucky, Minnesota, 
New Jersey, North Carolina, Chio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee 
and Wyoming—12. 

So the motion was agreed to. 

Tlie question then recurring upon the article authorizing the election 
of a director-general, as amended, 

Mr. McCoy, of Nevada, by unanimous consent, withdrew the amend¬ 
ment offered by himselfj and the question thereupon being upon the 
article, 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, moved that the article be amended by 
striking out the “ and for which he shall receive an annual salary, to be 
fixed by the executive committeewhich was agreed to. 

Mr. Lamborn, of Wyoming, moved that the commission do now ad¬ 
journ until to-morrow morning at 9 o’clock j which was not agreed to. 

The question being on the'section, as amended, 

Mr. Corliss, of Ehode Island, moved to further amend by striking 
out the word ‘‘shall,” and inserting in place thereof the word “ may;” 
which was not agreed to. 

The question still being on agreeing to the section, as amended, 

Mr. Lewis Waln Smith, of Georgia, moved to further amend the 
section by striking out the words “the executive committee shall elect,” 
and inserting in place thereof the words “the United States Centennial 
Commission shall elect.” 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Adams, of Florida, and sec¬ 
onded by Mr. Peningtou, of Louisiana, and were as follows: 


52 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Yea.— Alabama, Dakota, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louis¬ 
iana, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, 
Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia, Wyoming—17. 

Nay. —Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, Ehode Island, Texas, Utah, 
Vermont, Washington Territory, and Wisconsin—17. 

So the motion was not agreed to. 

Tlie article, as amended, was then agreed to. 

Mr. Batchelder, of Dakota, moved that the commission do now ad¬ 
journ until to-morrow morning at 10 o’clock; which was agreed to. 

LEWIS WALN SMITH, 

Temporary Secretary. 


POTJRTH DAY. 

Parlor C, Continental Hotel, 

Philadelphia., Saturday, May 10, 1873. 

The commission met this day at 10 o’clock a. m., pursuant to adjourn¬ 
ment. 

The roll was called and the following members answered to their names: 
Alabama.—William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

Arizona.—Eichard C. McCormick, commissioner. 

John W^asson, alternate. 

California.—John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado.—N. C. Meeker, alternate. 

Connecticut.—Joseph E. Hawley, commissioner. 

Dakota.—George A. Batchelder, commissioner. 

District of Columbia.—James E. Dexter, commissioner. 

Florida.—John S. Adams, commissioner. 

J. T. Bernard, alternate. 

Georgia.—Lewis Wain Smith, alternate. 

Idaho.—Thomas Donaldson, commissioner. 

Illinois.—Frederick L. Matthews, commissioner. 

Indiana.—John L. Campbell, commissioner. 

' Iowa.—Eobert Lowry, commissibner. 

■ Kansas.—George A. Crawford, alternate. 

Kentucky.—Smith M. Hobbs, alternate. 

Louisiana.—John Lynch, commissioner. 

Edward Penington, alternate. 

Maine.—Charles P. Kimball, alternate. 

Maryland.—James T. Earle, commissioner. 

Michigan.—James Birney, commissioner. 

Minnesota.—J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner. 

Missouri.—John McNeil, commissioner. 

Samuel Hays, alternate. 

Nevada.—William Wirt McCoy, commissioner. 

James W. Haines, alternate. 

New Jersey.—John G. Stevens, alternate. 

North Carolina.—Jonathan W. Albertson, alternate. 

Ohio.—Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner. 

Wilson W. Griffith, alternate. 

Oregon.—Andrew J. Dufur, alternate. 

Pennsylvania.—Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner, 
i Ehode Island.—George H. Corliss, commissioner, 

Samuel Powel, alternate. 



JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


53 


Tennessee.—Thomas H. Cold well, commissioner. 

William F. Prosser, alternate. 

Texas.—William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah.—Oscar G. Sawver, alternate. 

Vermont.—Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner. 

Virginia.—Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

Washington Territory.—El wood Evans, commissioner. 

West Virginia.—Alexander K. Boteler, commissioner. 

Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. 

Wisconsin.—David Atwood, commissioner. 

The minutes of yesterday’s session were read and approved. 

A number of communications were read and referred to the various 
committees. 

Mr. Albertson, of Korth Carolina, announcing the death of the 
Hon. James L. Orr, late commissioner from South Carolina and minis¬ 
ter plenipotentiary to the court of St. Petersburg, offered the follow¬ 
ing preamble and resolutions: 

Whereas the sad intelligence of the death of Hon. James L. Orr, of 
South Carolina, the minister of the United States to the court of St. 
Petersburg, and a member of the Centennial Commission having been 
received by us, it is 

Resolved^ That in the death of our distinguished associate this com¬ 
mission recognizes the loss of a valued member. 

Resolved, That we join in the feeling of bereavement which the nation 
shares in common at the loss of an eminent and virtuous citizen. 

Resolved^ That we tender to the stricken family of the deceased the 
sympathy of this body in their great loss. 

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the family of 
the deceased by the secretary of this body. 

Which were read and unanimously adopted. 

Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, gave a detailed statement of the progress 
of the centennial in Tennessee, and of the growth of the desire for its 
success in that State. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, then moved that the thanks of the 
commission be tendered to the commissioners from Tennessee for the 
interest manifested in the consummation of the great event j which was 
agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved to proceed to the consideration of the 
by-laws. Agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the hour of 10.30 on Monday 
morning be fixed as the time for the hearing of the reports from the 
various States j which was agreed to. 

Mr. Dufur, of Oregon, moved to reconsider the vote by which the 
executive committee were authorized to create the office of director-gen¬ 
eral ; which was not agreed to. 

The consideration of the by-laws was then resumed, and the proposed 
article defining the duties of the president was again taken up. 

It was moved by Mr. Smith, of Georgia, that the article be amended by 
inserting after the word “all” the word “special,” and striking out the 
words “except the'executive committee,” so as to read as follows: 

The president shall preside at all meetings of the commission, shall have all the 
authority and power of the presiding officer of a legislative body, shall appoint all 
special committees, unless otherwise ordered ; shall call special meetings of the com¬ 
mission on his own motion or on the request of the executive committee, or at the 
request, iu writing, of at least thirteen commissioners, of which meetings not less than 
thirty days’ notice shall be given to each member by mail or telegraph. 


54 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Mr. CoLDWELL, of Teonessee, moved that the article, as read, be 
adopted; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Lewis Waln Smith, of Georgia, moved to amend by adding “ He 
shall be ex-officio member of all committees; which was agreed to. 

Article X was then read 5 and the question being on its re-adoption, 
Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, moved to amend by adding after the words “ of 
the commission,” the words and perform such duties as are incidental 
to the office of treasurer 5 ” which was agreed to. 

Mr. Lynch, of Louisiana, moved to strike out Article XI j which was 
agreed to. 

Article XII was read and re-adopted. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, moved that Article IV be amended by 
adding after the word “ secretary” the words “ and solicitor f which was 
agreed to. 

The article relating to standing committees was then considered and 
read, as follows: 

There shall be appointed at each annual meeting (after the election of officers) the 
following-named committees, who shall serve for the ensuing year and until their suc¬ 
cessors are appointed: 

1. A committee on finance and accounts. 

2. A committee on plans and architecture. 

3. A committee on tarifis and transportation. 

4. A committee on classification. " 

5. A committee on foreign affairs. 

6. A committee on opening ceremonies. 

7. A committee on arts and sciences. 

8. A committee on manufactures. 

9. A committee on mining. 

10. A committee on history, literature, and poimlar education. 

11. A committee on commerce and fislieries. 

12. A committee on products of the soil. 

13. A committee on legislation. ^ 

Each committee shall consist of seven commissioners. Each committee shall elect its 
own chairman and report to the secretary. 

The article, as read, was adopted. 

]\Ir. Lowry, of Iowa, moved to aineud Article XIV by striking out 
the word ‘‘ first” and inserting the word third which was agreed to. 

Article XV was read and re-tidopted. 

Article XVI was read and re-adopted. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution creating the office 
of executive commissioner, adopted May 28, 1872, be repealed; which 
was agreed to. 

Mr. Smith, of Georgia, moved that the resolution relating to special 
meetings, adopted December 0,1872, be repealed ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Evans, of Washington Territory, moved that* the resolution 
adopted December 9, 1872, relative to the “ limitation of time of occu- 
l)ying the floor,” be added as a by law 5 which was agreed to. 

Mr. Evans, of Washington Territory, moved that the resolution 
adopted December 9, 1872, relative to the ‘‘committee on nomination 
of secretaries of departments,” be also .added to the by-laws; which 
was agreed to. 

j\Ir. Campbell, of Indiana, moved to strikeout in the article relating 
to director-general the word “ may,” and insert “ shall 5 ” which was not 
agreed to. 

The regular business, the election of officers, now being in order, the 
))resident, IMr. Hawley, vacated the chair, and called Mr. Lowry, of 
Iowa, fifth vice-president, to preside. 

Mr. Greigh, of California, then moved that a recess of ten minutes 
be taken 5 which was not agreed to. 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 55 

Mr. Kimball, of Maine, moved that the commission proceed to the 
election of officers; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, moved that the election he hy ballot, and that 
two tellers be appointed; the motion was agreed to. 

Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, moved that the election be conducted in 
open session 5 which was agreed to. 

The president appointed as tellers to conduct the election, Mr. Kim¬ 
ball, of Maine, and Mr. (3rawford, of Kansas. 

The commission then proceeded to ballot for president, and the tellers 
reported the Hon. Jos. E. Hawley, of Connecticnt, duly elected. 

Mr. Smith, of Georgia, then moved that a committee of two be ap¬ 
pointed to conduct the president-elect to the chair. 

The Chair appointed Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, and Mr. Goshorn, 
of Ohio, tbe committee. 

Mr. McCoy, of Nevada, then moved that the election of Mr. Hawley 
be declared nnanimons; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, vacating the chair. General Hawley said : 

I know you are anxious to j)roceed to further business. You have heard 
a great many speeches from me, as well as others, and I shall confine 
myself simply to giving expression to my very sincere and hearty thanks 
for this compliment. It is not my own choice. I came here tfiis session 
with other theories and other ideas—theories that would have made 
necessary the choice of some other man for president—and expecting, 
indeed I had no doubt, but that those theories would be generally ac¬ 
cepted. The commission generally seem to differ, and have made such 
arrangements as make it possible for me to accept the position. I will 
do the utmost I can; I think I can attend to the duties more faithfully 
than last year, during which time I was obliged to be abroad and in 
Congress. Although I shall have much the same duties to perform, I 
shall be better able to attend this year the meetings of the commission 
and the executiv'e committee. I am sure I shall do the very best I can, 
and I am very much obliged for the compliment, not only for my own 
sake, but for the sake of Connecticut. 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, moved to proceed to the election of vice-iiresi- 
dents; which was agreed to. 

The tellers reported Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, duly elected first vice- 
president. 

A committee composed of Messrs. McKean, Cochran, and Steel were 
then introduced, and xiresented an invitation from the board of finance 
to the commission to visit the park at such time as might be convenient 
to the commissioners; whereuxion, 

Tuesday, the 13th instant, was designated as the day for the visit. 

Mr. Kimball, of Maine, then moved that a committee of five be ap- 
X)ointed to report the names of the five vice-presidents to be elected; 
which was not agreed to. 

The vice-presidents declared to be duly elected were as follows : 

Second vice-president, Orestes Cleveland, New Jersey. 

Third vice-president, William M. B^u’d, Alabama. 

Fourth vice-president, John D. Creigh, California. 

Fifth vice-xiresident, David zVtwood, Wisconsin. 

Sixth vice-president, Thomas H. Coldwell, Tennessee. 

On motion, the commission xiroceeded to the election of a secretary. 
Mr. Lewis W^aln Smith, of Georgia, nominated Mr. John L. Camp¬ 
bell, of Indiana; 

Mr. Batchelder, of Dakota, nominated Mr. Lewis Wain Smith of 
Georgia; 


56 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Mr. Smith declined: 

A ballot being taken resulted in the election of Mr. Caini)bell, of 
Indiana. 

Mr. John L. Shoemaker, of Philadelphia, was unanimously re-elected 
solicitor, the teller, Mr. Kimball, of Maine, upon motion of Mr. Little, 
of KeTv Mexico, being instructed to cast one ballot therefor as the vote 
of the commission; whereupon Mr. Kimball cast a ballot for Mr. Shoe¬ 
maker, who was declared unanimously elected the solicitor of the com¬ 
mission. 

A recess was then taken until 3 o’clock. 


At the hour of 3 o’clock the commission resumed its session. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that the commission now pro¬ 
ceed to vote for members of the executive committee by general ticket, 
those receiving a majority of votes on the first ballot to be declared 
elected, the others to be voted for subsequently ; which was agreed to. 

The commission then proceeded to ballot for members of the executive 
committee. 

The tellers reported the following-named gentlemen elected on the 
first ballot: 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania; Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio; Mr. AYood, of 
Virginia; Mr. Loring, of Massachusetts; Mr. Marshall, of Kew York; 
Mr. Earle, of Maryland ; Mr. Corliss, of Rhode Island; Mr. Stevens, of 
Kew Jersey; Mr. Boteler, of West Virginia; Mr. McCormick, of Ari¬ 
zona; Mr. Parsons, of Texas. 

On second ballot Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, of Georgia, was declared 
elected. 

On fourth ballot Mr. Lynch, of Louisiana, was declared elected. 

The special order of business relating to the Women’s Centennial 
Executive Committee was then called up, and it was moved by Mr. Earle, 
of Maryland, that the report be referred to the executive committee, and 
the thanks of the commission be tendered to the committee for its kind 
offices ; which was agreed to. 

The special order of business was now resumed ; President Hawley 
vacated the chair; and Mr. Coldwell, of Tennessee, presided. 

Mr. Hawley, of Connecticut, then ofi'ered the following resolution : 

Resolved^ That the Centennial Commission gratefully acknowledge the 
very successful exertions of the Women’s Centennial Executive Com¬ 
mittee, of Philadelphia, Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, chairman, and most cor¬ 
dially commend their example to the patriotic women of other States. 

Resolved^ That the commissioners and alternates be requested to au¬ 
thorize the formation of similar associations in their several States and 
Territories. 


Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. jMorrell, of Pennsylvania, offered the following : 

Resolved^ That the secretary of this commission be, and he is hereby, 
directed to notify the governor of any State or Territory when a vacancy 
exists in this commission, whether of commissioner or alternate com¬ 
missioner, from such State or Territory, of such vacancy. 

Which was adopted. 

Mr. Morrell then submitted a report and drawings received from Mr. 
Pettit, special agent of the commission at Vienna. Part of the report 
was read and referred to the executive committee. 

• On motion, adjourned until 10 o’clock Monday, the 12th instant. 

LEWIS^ WALK SMITH, 

Temporary Secretary. 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


57 


FIFTH DAY. 

Parlor 0, Continental Hotel, 

Philadelphia^ Monday^ May 12, 1873. 

The commission met at 10 o’clock a. m., pursuant to adjournment. 
Vice-President Atwood, of Wisconsin, in the chair. 

The roll was called and the following members answered to their 
names: 

Alabama.—William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

Arizona.—John Wasson, alternate. 

California.—John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado.—J. Marshall Paul, commissioner; ^7. C. Meeker, alternate. 
Dakota.—Geo. A. Batchelder, commissioner. 

Delaware.—John H. Eodney, commissioner. 

District of Columbia.—James E. Dexter, commissioner. 

Elorida.—John S. Adams, commissioner; J. T. Bernard, alternate. 
Georgia.—Lewis Wain Smith, alternate. 

Indiana.—John L. Campbell, commissioner; David M. Boyd,jr., alter¬ 
nate. 

Iowa.—Eobert Lowry, commissioner. 

Kansas.—George A. Crawford, alternate. 

Louisiana.—Edward Peniugton, alternate. 

Michigan.—James Birney, commissioner. 

Aliiiuesota.—J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner. 

Mississippi.—O. C. French, commissioner. 

Missouri.—John McNeil, commissioner. 

Nevada.—William Wirt McCoy, commissioner; James W. Haines, 
alternate. 

New Jersey.—Orestes Cleveland, commissioner; John G. Stevens, 
alternate. 

New Mexico.—Eldridge W. Little, commissioner. 

New York.—Charles H. Marshall, alternate. 

North Carolina.—Jonathan W. Albertson, alternate. 

Ohio.—Wilson W. Griffith, alternate. 

Oregon.—Andrew J. Dufur, alternate. 

Pennsylvania.—Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner. 

Ehode Island.—George H. Corliss, commissioner; Samuel Powell, 
alternate. 

Tennessee.—Thomas H. Coldwell, commissioner; William F. Prosser, 
alternate. 

Texas.—William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Virginia.—Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

Washington Territory.—Elwood Evans, commissioner. 

West Virginia.—Alexander E. Boteler, commissioner. 

Wisconsin.—David Atwood, commissioner. 

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. 

A communication from the secretary of state of New Hampshire was 
read and referred to the executive committee. 

Also, communications from Messrs. McDonald and Gantt, of Arkansas, 
regretting their inability to be present at this session. 

Mr. Adams presented a communication from the Women’s Association, 
which, having been read, on motion of Mr. Coldwell, of Tennessee, 
was referred to the executive committee. 


58 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Mr. L. A. GobriGtHT, District of Columbia, offered tbe following res* 
olutiou: ^ 

Resolved, That each of the commissioners and alternate commissioners 
be requested to furnish to the secretary of the United States Centennial 
Commission his full name, place and date of birth, and length of resi¬ 
dence in the State, District, or Territory represented by him at the time 
of his appointment; also, his business or profession; which information 
shall be entered upon the records of this commission, in a separate book 
kept for the purpose. 

Resolved, That the secretary is hereby directed to obtain and preserve 
similar information in relation to deceased commissioners. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. ‘Goldsmith, of Vermont, offered the following: 

Resolved, That the committee on classification be, and is hereby, di¬ 
rected to give, in the system of classification, that specific and separated 
prominence to the great industrial interests of the country which is 
liroportionate to the extent and practical value of each. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that the resolution offered by 
Mr. Holton, of Wisconsin, and adopted at the session held in December, 
1S72, (page 193, Journal,) be recommitted to the executive committee 
for future action. 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, moved to amend by referring it to the commit¬ 
tee on history and literature; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, made an explanatory statement before 
assuming the duties of secretary of the commission, and moved that 
Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, the temporary secretary, be continued in the 
control of the office until he could make arrangements to leave his home 
in Indiana; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Wood, of Virginia, moved that the special order of business, 
‘‘The reports of the various States,” be indefinitely postponed; which 
was agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution relative to the of¬ 
fice of executive commissioner adopted at the session held in May, 1S72, 
(page 14G, Journal,) be repealed; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Dufur, of Oregon, offered the following: 

Resolved, That the committee on tariffs and transportation be in¬ 
structed to make arrangements with railway and steamship companies 
and other companies in regard to running trains and making trips at 
reasonable rates from different parts of the States and Territories of the 
United States to Philadelphia during the exhibition, especially for the 
transporting of all the people of the United States who desire to attend 
the exhibition, and for their return to their respective homes; to fur¬ 
nish them with full information through the agency of competent per¬ 
sons appointed for that purpose, that when visitors arrive they will 
know where proper apartments for lodging and boarding can be obtained; 
to make arrangements for the travel of visitors to the exhibition, so 
that at their starting they can procure certificates allowing them full 
advantages offered by the commission; and for these purposes may ap¬ 
point an agency in each county and city in the several States and Ter¬ 
ritories to give such information, and may make rules to govern each 
visitor while traveling to and from the exhibition. 

Which was adopted. 

Mr. Crawford, of Kansas, offered the following: 

Resolved, That the thanks of this commission are hereby tendered to 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 59 

Professor W. P. Blake, for liis faithful services as executive com mis¬ 
sion er. 

Which was adopted. 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, then moved that the commission proceed to 
the special order of business, the adoption of the by-laws as amended; 
which was agreed to. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the by-laws be taken uj) in 
order; which was agreed to. 

Article I. Official title .—This body shall be known as The United 
States Centennial Commission,” as provided for by the act of Congress 
approved March 3, 1871, and the celebration for the conduct of which 
the commission is appointed shall be known as The International Ex¬ 
hibition of 1876.” 

Bead and adopted. 

Article II. Quorum. — A quorum for the transaction of business shall 
consist of the commissioners representing not less than a majority of 
the States and Territories. 

Bead and adopted. 

Article III. Power of Alternate Commissioner.—An alternate com¬ 
missioner shall have all the powers of a commissioner when the com¬ 
missioner is not present at any meeting. When the commissioner is 
l^resent, the alternate shall have all the powers of a commissioner, but 
shall have no vote. 

Bead and adopted. 

Article IV. Officers of the Commission .—The officers of the commis¬ 
sion shall consist of a president, six vice-presidents, a secretary, and 
solicitor. Elections shall be by ballot, and shall be held during the 
annual session of the commission in May, on such day of the session as 
the commission shall, during its session, designate; notice of which 
shall be given in open session, at least one day preceding the holding 
the election. In case of a failure to elect at the time specified, the 
officers then serving shall continue until the choice of their successors. 

Bead and adopted. 

Article Y. Executive Committee .—An executive committee, to con¬ 
sist of thirteen members, shall be elected at the regular annual meeting of 
the commission, who shall hold their offices one year, and until their 
successors are elected. 

• When duly convened, five members shall constitute a quorum for 
business. It shall elect its own chairman, appoint its own clerk, and 
such agents and employes as it shall deem necessaiy, and define their 
duties. 

The committee shalbcause to be kept a journal of all its proceedings, 
transactions, and votes j shall have power to make such rules and reg¬ 
ulations for its own government as it may deem proper 5 shall act with¬ 
out delay on all matters referred to it by the commission, and make re¬ 
port thereon to the commission when in open session. 

During the sessions of the commission the committee shall have all 
the powers usually exercised by the executive committees of corpo¬ 
rate bodies, and in the recess of the commission shall have all the 
powers and authority of this commission. In case of a vacancy in the 
committee during the recess of the commission, the same shall be 
filled by the president until action shall be taken thereon by the com¬ 
mission. 

The rulings of the commission on any subject connected with the 
exhibition shall be followed and carried out by the executive com¬ 
mittee. 


60 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The papers, books, and journal of its proceedings shall at all times 
be subject to examination by the commission or by any member 
thereof. 

The standing and other committees shall report to the executive 
committee, when so requested, (provided that it is not during the 
sesssion of the commission,) the progress of the work of such commit¬ 
tee. 

The chairman of the executive committee is authorized to refer to 
any committee such matters as may come before it, and which should 
ai)propriately have been, or ought to be, referred to a committee, during 
the recess of the commission. 

The executive committee shall, at the beginning of each session of 
the commission, make full report of the proceedings of the committee. 

Bead and adopted. 

Article VI. Director-General. —For the more efficient conduct and 
management of the business of the commission, the executive com- 
mitttee shall elect one of its own members as its chairman, who shall 
be known and recognized as Director-General; he shall reside in Phil¬ 
adelphia, and give his entire time and attention to the business of the 
commission, and in aid of the operations of the Centennial Board of 
Finance ; which was read, and Mr. Corliss, of Bhode Island, offered 
the following as a substitute : 

The executive committee shall have authority to elect one of its 
own members, who shall be known and recognized as Director-General, 
whose office shall be at the headquarters of the commission in Philadel¬ 
phia, and whose duties, i)owers, and com^iensation shall be fixed by the 
said committee. 

Mr. Crawford, of Kansas, moved to amend by adding the words 
“ who shall reside’^ in Philadelphia; which was not agreed to. 

The question recurring on the substitute offered by Mr. Corliss, the 
yeas and n;»ys were required by Mr. Dufur, of Oregon, and seconded 
by Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, and were as follows: 

Yea. —Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, 
Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, 
Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New Y^ork, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
Bhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington Territory, West 
Virginia, Wisconsin—25. 

Nay. —California, Dakota, Idaho, Oregon, Utah—5. 

The question being taken on adopting the substitute offered by Mr. 
Corliss as Article VI of the by-laws, it was agreed to. 

Article VII. Duties of the President. —The president shall preside 
at all meetings of the commission; shall have *a 11 the authority and 
power of the presiding officer of a legislative body; shall appoint all 
committees, unless otherwise ordered; shall call special meetings of the 
commission on his own motion, or on the request of the executive com¬ 
mittee, or on the request in writing of at least thirteen commissioners, 
of which meetings not less than thirty days’ notice shall be given to 
each member, by mail or telegraph; he shall be ex-offieio member of 
all committees. 

Bead and adojded. 

Article VIII. Duties of the Vice-Presidents. —A vice president shall, 
in the absence of the president, perform his duties, each taking prece¬ 
dence in accordance with the order of his election. 

Bead and adopted. 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


61 


Article IX. Duties of Secretary. —The secretary shall conduct all 
correspondence of the coinmissioD, and perforin such duties as are in¬ 
cidental to the office of treasurer; he shall receive and carefully file 
all documents relative to the business of the commission ; he shall be 
present at the office of the commission, in the city of Philadelphia, 
and carry out any orders of the commission or the executive com¬ 
mittee ; he shall keep minutes of all transactions, and at each meet¬ 
ing', or when required, report all matters of interest to the commission 
and the executive committee. All books, documents, and papers in 
his possession shall, at all times, be open to the inspection of any 
member. 

Read and adopted. 

Article X. Payment of Moneys. —No money shall be drawn from 
the treasury of the commission except on specific appropriations made 
by the commission or the executive committee, and under such rules ‘ 
and restrictions as the executive committee shall prescribe; 

Was read; 

Mr. GreiGtH, of California, moved that Article X be stricken out; 
which was not agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, mo'ved to strike out the word ^^and” after 
the word ^‘committee;” which was agreed to. 

Article X, as amended, was adopted. 

Article XI. Standing Committees. —There shall be appointed at 
each annual meeting, after the election of officers, the following-named 
committees, who shall serve for the ensuing year, and until their suc¬ 
cessors are appointed: 

1. A committee on finance and accounts. 

2. A committee on plans and architecture. 

3. A committee on tariffs and transportation. 

4. A committee on classification. 

5. A committee on foreign affairs. 

G. A committee on opening ceremonies. 

7. A committee on arts and sciences. 

8 . A committee on manufactures. 

9. A committee on mining. 

10. A committee on histor 3 ^, literature, and popular education. 

11. A committee on commerce. 

12. A committee on products of the soil. 

13. A committee on legislation. 

Each committee shall consist of seven members, and shall elect its 
own chairman, of which notice shall be given to the secretary. 

Wliich having been read, 

Mr. Evans, of Washington Territory, moved to strike out the words 
“ for the ensuing year, and; ” which was agreed to. 

The article, as amended, was then adopted. 

Article XII. Stated Meetings.—Tlie stated annual meeting of the 
commission shall be held on the third Wednesday" of May, of each year, 
after 1873. 

Read and adopted. 

Article XIII. Amendments to By laics. —Amendments to the by-laws 
shall only be made at a meeting of the commission, as provided for in 
the fifth section of the act of Congress. 

Read and adopted. 

Article XIV. Committee on Nomination of Secretaries of Divisions .— 
Suitable persons shall be selected from time to time, as the necessities 
of the exhibition shall require, to act as secretaries of the various divis- 


62 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


ions of the exhibition, according to the classification ; and a standing , 
coininittee of five, to be selected by the Chair, shall be constituted, by 
which such secretaries shall be nominated, subject to confirmation by 
ihe executive committee. 

jMr. Evans, of Washington Territory, moved that the resolution 
adopted December 9, 1872, be added as a by-law. 

Mr. Oreigh, of California, moved to amend, that the resolution be 
made an article by itself; which was agreed to. 

Article XIV, as read, was then adopted. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved to amend the name of the 
eleventh committee so as to read ‘‘ commerce and navigation.’^ Which 
was agreed to. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that a committee on fisheries 
and fish-culture be appointed ; which was agreed to. 

Article XV. Limitation of time for occupying the floor .—At the 
meetings of the commission no member shall occupy the floor longer 
than ten minutes, unless by unanimous consent. 

Mr. Creigii, of California, moved that the resolution relative to “ lim¬ 
itation of time,” be made an article of the by-laws; which was agreed 
to. 

Article XV was read and adopted. 

Mr. Cold WELL, of Tennessee, moved that the by-laws, as a whole, be 
adopted; which was unanimously agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, oflered the following resolution: 

Ref^olrcd, That an international congress be opened on the first Mon¬ 
day in June, 1870, in the city of Philadelphia, to be constituted of two 
members of each nation represented at the Centennial Exhibition, the 
members to be appointed by each government in such mode as each 
may deem proper; the congress to be organized by the members 
thereof, and its ])roceedings shall be conducted under rules adopted by 
it after its organization. The congress shall have authority to consider 
all questions of international and maritime law, and to whom all mat¬ 
ters of premiums oflered for treatises on such subjects shall be referred 
and by it decided, which shall be final. That the committee on foreign 
affairs communicate this resolution to all foreign governments, and 
to the President of the United States. 

Which was read and referred to the committee on foreign affairs. 

Mr. Adams, of Florida., oflered the following resolution: 

Resolved., That the Centennial Commission hereby express to the 
Centennial Board of Finance, and to the board of supervisors of the 
centennial fund of the State of Pennsylvania, the profound gratifica¬ 
tion of the commission at the promptness and alacrity with which their 
respective organizations have been completed; their full appreciatiou 
of the warm cordiality with which the full co-operation of the respective 
boards has been tendered; and the active confidence felt by the com¬ 
mission, that by the joint efforts and harmonious action of the commis¬ 
sion and assisting associations, the International Exposition cannot fail 
to be attended with decided success. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, offered the following resolution: 

Resolved., That the executive committee be requested to take such 
active measures as may be necessary to secure a thorough representa¬ 
tion of the industry, products,- and civilization of Japan, China, and 
other oriental nations. 

Which was read and adopted. 


JOimNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


63 


Mr. Goldsmith, of Yermont, offered tbe following: 

Resolved., That the committee on foreign affairs tender to the Ameri¬ 
can Medical Association such co-operation as may be necessary, iu 
reference to any international congress to entertain questions pertain¬ 
ing to medical matters, which they may have inaugurated or may here¬ 
after i n au gura te. 

Which was read and referred to the committee on foreign affairs. 

The following communication was then read: 

May 12, 1873. 

To the President mid Members of the United. States Centennial Commission: 

Gentlemen: I feel greatly hone red by your renewed expression of 
confidence in re-electing me your solicitor, and desire to thank you. 

Y^hatever service 1 may be able to render in aid of the great work 
you have in charge shall be done to the very best of my ability. 

Very respectfully, 

JNO. L. SHOEMAKER. 

A report from Mr. Win. P. Blake, giving detailed information of the 
Vienna Exposition, was also read and referred to the executive com¬ 
mittee. 

A recess until 3 o’clock was then agreed to. . 

The hour of 3 o’clock having arrived, the commission re-assembled, 
Mr. Hawley presiding. 

The president announced the appointment of the following commit¬ 
tees. 


LIST OF COMMITTEES NAMED BY THE PBESIDENT, MAY 12. 

1. Plans and architecture. —Messrs. Goshorn, of Ohio • Parsons, of 
Texas; Cleveland, of Kew Jersey j Packer, of Pennsylvania; Straw, 
of New Hampshire 3 Dexter, of the District of Columbia 5 Lamborn, of 
Wyoming. 

2. Tariff and transportation. —Messrs. Erench, of Mississippi; Boyd, 
of Indiana 5 Earle, of Maryland; Nye, of Maine; Prosser, of Tennessee; 
Wickizer, of Utah; Cate, of New Hampshire. 

3. Finance. —Messrs. Packer, of Pennsylvania ; Birney, of Michigan ; 
Davis, of Maryland; Byrd, of Alabama ; Adams, of Florida; Matthews, 
of Illinois ; Paul, of Colorado. 

4 . Foreign affairs. —Messrs. Campbell, of Indiana; Stevens, of New 
Jersey ; Smith, of Georgia ; Kimball, of Maine ; Lamborn, of Wyoming; 
Sweeney, of West Virginia; McCormick, of Arizona. 

5. Opening services. —Messrs. Powel, of Rhode Island ; McNeil, of Mis¬ 
souri ; Clarkson, of Iowa ; Matthews, of Illinois ; Latham, of Wyoming ; 
Moody, of Nebraska; Batchelder, of Dakota. 

G. Legislation. —Messrs. McCormick, of Arizona; Atwood, of AViscon- 
sin; Prosser, of Tennessee; Boteler, of West Virginia; Donaldson, of 
Idaho ; Gantt, of Arkansas. 

7. Clas.sification. —Messrs. Blake, of Connecticut; Hays, of Missouri; 
Albertson, of North Carolina; Martin, of Kansas; Rodney, of Delaware; 
Holton, of Wisconsin; Penington, of Louisiana. 

8 . Nomination of secretaries. —Messrs. Albertson, of North Carolina; 
Goldsmith, of Vermont; Creigh, of California; Davis, of Maryland; 
Corliss, of Rhode Island. 

9. Arts and sciences.— Loring, of Massachusetts; Birney, of 
Michigan; Goldsmith, of Vermont; Hobbs, of Kentucky; Sawyer, of 
Utah; Bernard, of Florida; Gobright, of the District of Columbia. 


64 


EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


10. Mamifactures. —Messrs. Morrell, of Pennsylvauia; Straw, of i!^ew 
Hampshire; Spooner, of Massachusetts; Griffith, of Ohio j Davis, of 
Maryland; Crawford, of Kansas; Haines, of Nevada. 

J1. History^ literature^ and'popular education. —Messrs. Boteler, of West 
Virginia; Prnyn, of New York; Lynch, of Louisiana; Atwood, of Wis¬ 
consin ; Williams, of Minnesota; Evans, of Washington Territory; 
Ooldwell, of Tennessee. 

12 . Commerce. —Messrs. Marshall, of New Y^ork; Kimball, of Maine ; 
Wood, of Virginia; Grant, of Michigan; Cooper, of Alabama; Dufur, 
of Oregon ; McNeil, of Missouri. 

13. Agricidture and live-stoclc. —Messrs. Lowry, of Iowa; Dufur, of 
Oregon; Meeker, of Colorado; Mallory, of Kentucky; Little, of New 
Mexico; Weldon, of Illinois; Cameron, of South Carolina. 

14. Mines and Mining. —Messrs. McCoy, of Nevada; Donaldson, of 
Idaho; Creigh, of California; Wasson, of Arizona; Paul, of Colorado; 
Hays, of Missouri; Clagett, of Montana. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, desired to be excused from serving 
on the committee on plans and architecture; which was not agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that when the commission adjourn, 
it adjourns until 9 o’clock to-morrow; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Marshall, of New Y^ork, desired to be excused from serving on 
the committee on foreign affairs; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, offered the following resolution : 

Resolved.! That the committee on arts and sciences be authorized to 
enlist the co-operation of the National Academy of Design in prepar¬ 
ing the plans for the gallery of art, and in carrying out to a success¬ 
ful issue the objects of this department of the exhibition. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, offered the following resolution : 

Resolved., That the thanks of this commission are hereby tendered to 
the Hon. Lewis Wain Smith for the invaluable services gnituitously per¬ 
formed by him, as temporary secretary since the organization, March 
4, 1872, to the present time. The ability and zeal he has manifested 
command our highest commendation, and we desire to place upon rec¬ 
ord our cordial indorsement of his acts as secretary of the commission. 

Which was read and unanimously adopted. 

Mr. McNeil, of Missouri, offered the following: 

Resolved., That the thanks of this commission are cordially tendered 
to Col. Bailey Peyton, and to the Hon. Henry S. Foote, for their speeches 
before the legislatures of the States of Kentucky and Tennessee in be¬ 
half of the objects of this commission. 

Which was adopted. 

Mr. Evans, of Washington Territory, offered the following: 

Resolved., That the liberal contributions of Pennsylvania, Tennessee, 
and Oregon are accepted by this commission as the guarantee of the 
success of the International Exposition of 1876. That the example set 
by the States above named is worthy of our imitation, and should stim¬ 
ulate each commissioner of each State and Territory to renewed effort 
to secure appropriate legislative recognition and assistance, and the 
full subscription allotted to each State and Territory. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. Stevens, of New Jersey, offered the following resolutions : 

Resolved, That we congratulate the country upon the appointment to 
the board of finance of men widely known for their spotless integrity and 
great administrative ability and experience. 

Resolved, That with a view to economize time as far as possible, the 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


65 


executive committee is hereby instructed to have issued a circular, no¬ 
tifying those proposing to exhibit that they should prepare at an early 
day an estimate of their requirements of s[)ace, so tliat when called for 
by further notice these estimates can be promptly furnished. 

Which were read and adopted. 

Mr. CoLDWELL, of Tennessee, moved that a special committee on hor¬ 
ticulture be appointed; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Williams, of Minnesota, offered the following resolution : 

Resolved^ That the commissioners from the respective States and Ter¬ 
ritories communicate with the board of finance on the subject of future 
siibscriptions to the stock of the Centennial Anniversary, and suggest 
such measures to said board as, in their judgment, will best promote 

the success of the Centennial Anniversary. 

•/ 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. McCoy, ot Nevada, offered the following: 

Resolved^ That the time for the return of the books for subscriptions 
to the centennial fund be extended to the next meeting of the centen¬ 
nial commissioiKus. 

Which was not agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, then moved that the commission adjourn until 
9 o’clock to-morrow 5 which was agreed to, and the commission ad¬ 
journed. 


SIXTH DAY. 

Parlor C, Continental Hotel, 
Philadelphia^ Tuesday^ May 13, 1873. 

The commission met this morning at 9 o’clock, pursuant to adjourn¬ 
ment, President Hawley, of Connecticut, in the chair. 

Tlie roll was called, and the following members answered to their 
names : 

Alabama.—William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

Arizona.—Richard C. McCormick, commissioner. 

John Wasson, alternate. 

California.—John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado.—J. Marshall Paul, commissioner. 

N. C. Meeker, alternate. 

Connecticut.—Joseph R. Hawley, commissioner. 

District of Columbia.—James E. Dexter, commissioner. 

Florida.—John S. Adams, commissioner. 

J. T. Bernard, alternate. 
lUalio.—Thomas Donaldson, commissioner. 

Indiana.—John L. Campbell, commissioner. 

Iowa.—Robert Lowry, commissioner. 

Kansas.—George A. Crawford, alternate. 

Louisiana.—John Lynch, commissioner. 

Edward Penington, alternate. 

Michigan.—Janies Birney, commissioner. 

Minnesota.—J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner. 

Mississippi.—O. C. French, commissioner. 

Missouri.—John McNerl, commissioner. 

Samuel Hays, alternate. 

Nevada.—William Wirt McCoy, commissioner. 

James W. Haines, alternate. 

New Mexico.—Eldridge W. Little, commissioner. 

New York.—Charles H. Marshall, alternate. 

S. Ex. 30-5 




66 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


York.—Charles H. Marshall, alternate. 

Ohio.—Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner. 

Wilson W. Griffith, alternate. 

Oregon.—Andrew J. Dufur, alternate. 

Pennsylvania.—Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner. 

Rhode Island.—Samuel Powel, alternate. 

Tennessee.—Thomas H. Coldwell, commissioner. 

William F. Prosser, alternate. 

Texas.—William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah.—Oscar G. Sawyer, alternate. 

Vermont.—Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner. 

Virginia.—Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

Washington Territory.—Elwood Ev'ans, commissioner. 

W^est Virginia.—Alexander R. Boteler, commissioner. 

Wisconsin.—David Atwood, commissioner. 

Mr. Little, of New Mexico, moved that the reading of yesterday’s 
minutes be dispensed with; which was agreed to. 

Mr. McCormick, of Arizona, mov^ed that the committee on horticul¬ 
ture, created yesterday, be made a permanent committee, under the 
title of the committee on horticulture and floriculture, and have a mem¬ 
bership of seven. 

In the absence of a quorum no action was taken on the motion, and 
the secretary was instructed to call the roll of committees, in order to 
ascertain the officers elected by each committee. The following were 
announced : 

Tariffs and transportation. —O. C. French, of Mississippi, chairman; 
D. i\l. Boyd, jr., of Indiana, secretai\y. 

Finance. —Asa Packer, of Pennsylvania, chairman; J. M. Paul, of 
Colorado, secnetary. 

Opening services. —F. L. Matthews, of Illinois, chairman. 

Legislation .—R. C. McCormick, of Arizona, chairman. 

Manufactures. —E. A. Straw, ot New Hamx^shire, chairman; George 
A. (’rawford, of Kansas, secretary. 

Education. —D. Atwood, of Wisconsin, chairman ; J. F. Williams, of 
Minnesota, secretary. 


Frcducts of the soil .—Robert Lowry, of Iowa, chairman. 

The roll by States was again called, and a quorum responding, the 
question rei-urred on the motion of Mr. McCormick, of Arizona; and 
being again read, the motion was agreed to. 

Mr. McCormkuv, of Arizona, moved that the title of the permanent 
committee on t)roducts of the soil be changed to that of the committee 
on agriculture and live-stock. 

Mr. Eowel, of Rhode Island, moved to amend by inserting the term 
domestic animals instead of live-stock; which was not agreed to. 

The motion of Mr. McCormick was then agreed to. 

Mr. Adams, of Florida, offered the following: 

Resolved.^ That the executive committee is hereby requested to prepare 
and issue, in cheap form, the two addresses to the people of the United 
States lieretofore adopted by the commission, with such other additional 
matter as, in their opinion, will further commend the centennial cele¬ 
bration to the sympathy and patriotic interest of the people in every 
State and Territory ; and that such publication be distributed mffi, 
and forward to the commissioners of each State for distribution. 

AVhich was read and adopted. 


President Haavley announced the following additional committees: 
Committee 07i Im'-ticulture and floriculUire. —Mr. Coldwell, of Tennes- 


JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION. 


67 


see; Mr. Haines, of Nevada; Mr. Penin^ton, of Louisana; Mr. Gantt, 
of Arkansas; Mr. Kimball, of Maine; Air. Furnas, of Nebraska; Mr. 
Bernard, of Florida. 

Committee on fisheries and, fish-culture. —Mr. Goldsinitb, of Vermont; 
Air. Evans, of Washington Territory; Air. Wickizer, of Utah; Air. Hol¬ 
ton, of Wisconsin; Air. Dexter, of the District of Columba ; Air. Adams, 
of Florida ; Mr. Parsons, of Texas. 

To till vacancies, Mr. L. A. Gobright, of the District of Columbia, was 
placed on tlie committee on legislation; and Air. AIcCorraick, of Ari¬ 
zona, was placed on the committee of foreign affairs. 

Air. AIorrell, of Pennsylvania, chairman of the executive commit¬ 
tee, reported that the executive committee had elected Air. Alfred T. 
Goshorn, of Ohio, to the office of director-general, and Mr. B. H. Haines 
secretary of the executive committee. 

Air. Byrd, of Alabama, moved to unanimously indorse the selection 
made for director-general by the executive committee; which was 
agreed to. 

Air. Donaldson, of Idaho, moved that the commission take a recess 
until 3 o’clock this afternoon ; which was agreed to. 

AFTERNOON SESSION. 

AIAY 13. 

• The commission re-assembled at 4 o’clock, A^ice-President J. D. 
GreiGtH, of California, in the chair. 

Air. Wasson, of Arizona, moved that the thanks of the commission be 
tendered to the representatives of the press for their courtesy during 
the session of the commission ; which was agreed to. 

The name of Air. Sawyer, of Utah, was substituted on the committee 
on mines and mining, in place of Mr. Oreigh, of California. 

Air. Lewis Waln Smith, of Georgia, presented a communication from 
the board of finance, regarding the relative rights and duties of the 
board and the commission; which was read and referretl to the proper 
committee. 

Air. French, of Mississippi, then ofiered the following resolution: 

Resolved., That a committee of five be appointed to attend the con¬ 
vention of governors which meets in Atlanta, Georgia, on the 25th in¬ 
stant, for the purpose of presenting to the same the objects of the com¬ 
mission, with a view to obtaining the co operation of the same. 

Which was read and adopted. 

The Chair appointed Air. French, of Mississippi, Air. Byrd, of Ala¬ 
bama, Air. Coldwell, of Tennessee, Mr. McNeil, of Missouri, Air. Gantt, 
of Arkansas, as the committee. 

The committee on commerce reported that they had organized, and 
selected Col. W. W. Wood, of Virginia, for president, and Air. C. H. 
Marshall, of New York, as secretary. 

The motion to adjourn was then agreed to. 

LEWIS WALN SAIITH, 

Temporary Secretary. 


68 


KEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


fInclosure 1 in Appendix B.J 

Appendix No. 1. 

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE TO THE UNITED STATES CEN¬ 
TENNIAL COMMISSION. 

To the honorable the United States Centennial Commission : 

At the close of the sessions of the conmiissiou in December last, the work of organ¬ 
izing the Centennial Board of Finance had made very little progress, and the executive 
committee again found itself charged with conducting to a successful issue this all- 
important matter. 

The express words of the act of Congress—that “the United States shall not be liable 
for any expenses attending such exhibition”—compelled us to look to other sources 
for the requisite funds to conduct the celebration. The prospects were very dis¬ 
couraging. Gentlemen of large experience regarded our success as problematical, 
some even declaring that it was impossible. 

Your committee, however, determined to appeal to the people for the means to carry 
on the great undertaking, and ])roceeded to organize committees of citizens of Phila¬ 
delphia, for the purpose of obtaining subscriptions to the stock of the Centennial Board 
of Finance Committees were formed of every trade, occupation, profession, and in¬ 
terest, and the issue of their labors has been most gratifying. All the committees were 
under the general supervision of the Citizens’ Centennial Finance Committee of Phila¬ 
delphia. A report and biaef account of their formation has been received and placed 
among the records of the commission as an official recognition of their valuable 
services. 

Your committee have had conferences with the park commission, the joint committee 
of the councils of Philadelphia, and the executive committee of the Citizens’ Centen¬ 
nial Finance Committee of Philadelphia, and with the Pennsylvania State centennial, 
commission. 

Your committee early conceived it of the first importance that the municipality of 
Philadelphia should step forward, and by a liberal donation assist in giving the enter¬ 
prise a solid recognition. We presented these views to the joint committee of the 
city councils, and in a very short time thereafter the city mostgracefully responded 
to our suggestions, and appropriated a half million of dollars toward the centennial 
buildings. 


THE GRAND MASS-MEETING. 

Your committee, impressed with the importance of holding a mass-convention in the 
city of Philadelphia, made arrangements for an imposing public meeting, to beheld 
on the 22d day of February last. The meeting was in every respect a success. Prom¬ 
inent speakers from different parts of the country were present, and participated in 
the proceedings; the newspapers published full reports, and the announcement of the 
grand total of the subscriptions made up to that time was received with the most 
unbounded favor and applause. 

The meeting produced beneficial effects throughout the whole nation. A brief and 
succinct account has been given of this meeting, which has been placed on file in the 
oftice of the commission, and is well worth historical preservation. 

Your committee visited Harrisburg, and impressed upon the governor and legislature 
of Pennsylvania the necessity of giving the cause financial aid, suggesting the sum of ‘ 
one million dollars as the proper amount for the purpose. 

Your committee had the honor of meeting the senate and house of representatives 
in joint session, in the hall of the house of representatives, on the evening of Janu¬ 
ary 28, 1873, and, assisted by the Hon. E. K. Price, of the jiark commission, and other 
gentlemen, submitted for the consideration of those bodies the advantages to be con¬ 
ferred by the exhibition upon the State and the nation at large. A bill was immedi¬ 
ately introduced into the house of representatives by the Hon. John I. Mitchell, 
chairman of the committee of ways and means of that body, making an appropriation 
of one million dollars toward the erection of the centennial buildings; and, after un¬ 
dergoing amendment, it was finally passed by the legislature, and was immediately 
approved by the governor. 

The thanks of the commission are due to His Excellency John F. Hartranft, the 
governor of the State of Pennsylvania, for the constant and earnest support and en¬ 
couragement given by him in this essential matter. 

In his inaugural address, delivered but a few mouths ago, his stirring words in favor 
of the centennial celebration are worthy of the warmest commendation. 

His immediate predecessor in office, John W. Geary, now deceased, in his last annual 
message, and almost in the last words of his life, expressed his great interest in this 
celebration, and recommended it to the earnest support of the American people. 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


69 


CO-OPERATION OF OTHER STATES. 

Your committee have also taken measures calling the attention of the legislatures of 
the (lilferent States to the subject of tlie centennial, and inviting- their co-operation. 

The legislatures of Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, and Kentucky have passed 
resolutions commending the celebration, and promising their hearty co-operation. 
Copies of which are hereto annexed, (marked Exhibit A.) 

The grateful acknowledgments of this commission are due to these States for their 
patriotic action in this respect. 


THE PUBLIC PRESS. 


Pursuant to the direction of the commission, your committee invited a conference 
with the editors and proprietors of the newspapers of Philadelphia and vicinity. All 
the leading newspapers were represented at the conference, an.d the gentlemen who 
were present, with great nnanimity, expressed their interest in the enterprise, and 
promised their warmest support. 

Your committee desire to place upon record their acknowledgment of the courtesies 
generally received from the newspaper press, and of the great services they have ren¬ 
dered. 

The committee have made an amendment to the rules for the organization of the 
board of hnance, which was deemed necessary for the purpose of giving notice that 
the time of payment of the further installments upon the stock would be specified by 
the board of finance, when organized. These amendments are hereto appended, 
(marked Exhibit B.) 

Since the meeting of the commission, circular addresses have been pi’inted by direc¬ 
tion of the executive committee, and distributed iu large numbers throughout the 
country, as follows: 

An address to the people of the United States, [Form 29.] 

An address to the clergy and religious associations of the United States, [Form 82.] 

An address to the officers and teachers in the universities, colleges, and schools of 
the United States, [ Form 33.] 

An address to the officers of the General Government, and of the government of the 
several States, [Form 39.] 

An address to the scientific, industrial, and commercial organizations in the United 
States, [Form 34,] copies of which are hereto severally appended, [marked Exhibit C.] 

Also, a circular address to the authorized agents of the commission, requesting the 
active co-operation of all, [Form 30.] 

Also, a circular inviting designs for an engraving on steel of a form of certificate of 
stock of the Centennial Board of Finance [Form 38] was issued and distributed, a copy 
of which is hereto appended, [marked Exhibit D.] 

The committee also, through their chairman, transmitted to the governor of Penn¬ 
sylvania a letter relative to the dnty of the State of Pennsylvania to aid in securihg 
the success of the centennial celebration by making a sufficient appropriation for that 
purpose. A copy of this letter is appemled, [marked Exhibit E.] This letter was 
largely circulated throughout the State, and contributed toward the enlightenment of 
the j>eople and popnlarizing the proposed appropriation by the Commonwealth. 

Since the last meeting of the commission, the executive comtnittee have been strongly 
impressed with the importance of having early and thorongh knowledge concerning 
the organization of the Vienna Exposition, and ot obtaining, if possible, fall working 
plans of the bnildings, grounds, &c. As the classification of objects to be exhibited 
must to a certain extent govern the arrangements of the bnildings, &c., the committee 
concluded, after full consultation, to send abroad at once the executive commissioner. 
Professor Blake, who has been in-incipally charged with the work of classification, with 
instructions, a copy of which is on file in the office of the commission. 

Under the rei)ort of the special committee, appointed to consider what officers are / 
necessary for the commission, which was read and approved December 10, 1872, the 
office of the executive commissioner w'as continued at the discretion of the executive 
committee to the present session of the commission the executive committee were 
authorized to define his duties and assume direction of his labors. 

The action of the executive committee in sending him abroad is deemed to be within 
their powers, and the best employment which could be found for his official talents and 
culture. His salary, which has been approved by the commission, was not changed, 
but it was deemed right to make him an allowance for expenses which would not have 
been incurred in the discharge of his ordinary duties. 

Before going abroad, Mr. Blake had prepared a partial report of his labors, which 
has been completed by Mr. Pratt, and contains many valuable suggestions and recom¬ 
mendations. 

In also sending abroad as a special agent a distinguished engineer, Henry 1 ettit, 
sq., who consented to give his services gratuitously, with an allowance of actual ex- 


70 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS 


]>cnses only, the executive committee feel that they have exercised a wise discretion 
in a matter requirin'^ instant action. 

By resolution adoi)ted December 10, 1872, it was declared to be the especial duty of 
the executive committee, during the recess of the commission, to use all their efforts to 
inform the people of the intention and purposes of this commission, and to call upon 
them for their faithful co-operation. In discharging this duty, the committee has been 
obliged to create and em])loy numerous agencies and to incur considerable expense. 
This is fully justified by the general and increasing interest taken on the subject in 
manv States of the Union, by the action of the city of Philadelphia and thq State of 
Pennsylvania, in making large appro])riations in aid of the exhibition, and in the large 
aggregate of subscriptions to the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance. In pur¬ 
suing this work the committee has been led to the recognition of an agency which it 
is thought will be permanent in its character and greatlj^ inffuential in promoting 
the success of the work. The citizens’ centennial executive committee of Phila¬ 
delphia, which rendered most important and effective service in procuring subscrip¬ 
tions, and in other ways, preliminary to the organization of the board of finance, con¬ 
ceived the ha^ipy idea of enlisting patriotic women in the cause, and appointed an ex¬ 
ecutive commitee for Pennsylvania, consisting of thirteen women, residents of Phila¬ 
delphia, who prpceeded to effect a general and thorough organization. 

Recognizing at once the great value of this organization, the executive committee 
gave it official recognition on February 24, 1873, and the Womeu’s Centennial Com¬ 
mittee of Pennsylvania, of which Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, of this city, is president, is now 
actively engaged in the work and demonstrating its usefulness. 

It is hoped that similar organizations will be effected in the other States and Terri¬ 
tories, and the subject is commended to the several commissioners with the view of 
securing the active cooperation of the worneu of their respective States and Territo¬ 
ries. 

In accordance with the authority conferred upon us by resolution of the commission 
of December 5, 1872, one hundred stockholders of the Centennial Board of Finance 
were nominated, from whom a board of directors were chosen by the members of that 
corporation, at a meeting of the corporators and subscribers to the stock held in Phil- 
adel]»hia the 22d day of April, 1878, pursuant to the call of said meeting, published as 
reejuired by the act of Congress. A copy of the proceedings of the meeting, including 
said call, and a list of the gentlemen elected directors of said corporation, are hereto 
appended, [marked Exhibit F.] 

With this we enter upon a new and most promising stage of the enterprise, involv¬ 
ing, to a certain extent, new relations, and a change of duties and resxjousibilities. 

The organization of the Centennial Board of Finance puts the national exposition 
upon a business footing, and insures prompt and vigorous action. 

Its officers and directors, being being men of large practical experience and conceded 
integrity and ability, will enjoy the confidence of the country, and give assurance that 
the work will be prosecuted with vigor and success. The board of tiuance enters upon 
its duties with such a fund under its control as will enable it to begin the work of 
preparation uiiou a scale commensurate with the importance of the enterprise, and 
large enough to be a guarantee of success. It is, in some respects, the executive arm 
of the national commission, an agency which must henceforth practically manage the 
business matters involving the receipt and expenditure of moneys, subject to the over¬ 
sight and approval of the national commission, and aided by its authority and inllu- 
ence. 

The act of Congress creating it, and empowering it to procure stock subscriptions to 
the amount of ten millions of dollars, provides that the proceeds of said stock, 
together with the receipts from all other sources, shall housed by the said corporation, 
(the board of finance,) for the erection of suitable buildings with their appropriate 
fixtures and appurtenances, and for all other expenditures required in carrying out 
the objects of the act of Congress of March 3,1871, and which may be incident thereto. 
The said act of Congress of June 1, 1872, reserves to the United States Centennial Com¬ 
mission the adoption of plans for the grounds and buildings, the establishment of rules 
and regulations governing rates for entrance and admission fees, and otherwise affect¬ 
ing the rights and jiriyileges of exhibitors or of the public, and no grant or privilege 
connected with the buildings or grounds, or relating to the exhibition or celebratio7i, 
shall be given or made without the consent of this commission; and that this com¬ 
mission shall appoint all judges and examiners, and award all premiums. 

It may be well to consider if any reorganization of the commission is needed to 
enable it to operate harmoniously in conjunction with the board of finance. While 
the laws, in general terms, make it the duty of one corporation to plan and of the 
other to execute, there should be harmonious co operation, and the financial corpora¬ 
tion should have the most perfect freedom of action consistent with the great national 
purposes ot the exhibition. It is evident that the advisory and supervisory powers of 
the commission must be lodged either in one or more officers of the commission, who 
will permanently reside in Philadelphia, and who will give their whole time and 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


71 


attentioD to the work. This delegation of authority will enahle the commission to 
attend more ])romptly and thoroughly to the matters in which it must assume the 
initiative, and over which it retains exclusive control. 

THE EXPENSES OF THE COMMISSION. 

The operations of the commission cannot he made ^iroperlj’^ etfective vothout the use 
of funds, which should he supplied by the National Government. When the business 
of the board of finance shall be organized and progressing favorably, and the sphere 
of operations of the commission shall be well defined and its uses and needs ascertained, 
Congress should and will make further recognition of the national character of the 
commission, by appropriating money for its expenses. Until this is done, the board of 
tinance will, doubtless, make such provision for the actual expenses of the commis¬ 
sion as will enable it to perform its duties. There would seem to bo no impropriety in 
requesting the several States, in default of prompt action by the National Government, 
to imitate the example of Pennsylvania, niakiug either general or special appropria¬ 
tions of money in aid of the national commission, or of their own representatives in 
the commission. 

The board of finance is clothed with large powers, and can obtain suflicent funds to 
prepare and conduct the exhibition to a successful issue, yet it is important that the 
efficiency of the commission shall be maintained and increased. It gives the stamp of 
nationality to the enterprise. It represents the nation, and will be the medium of all 
business communications with foreign countries. 

In so far as the exhibition and attendant ceremonies have a memorial character, the 
commission will have exclusive control, representing their resjiective States and Terri¬ 
tories, as well as the Federal Government. The members of the commission should 
assume the duty of promoting every form of organization within their States which 
may be needed to secure adequate representation in the exhibition, and in other ways 
should render aid to the board of finance. 

The important matter of the award of premiums having been reserv^od to the com¬ 
mission, it is suggested that the United States Government should assume the expense 
attendant upon this part of the business. The Government may also be asked to detail, 
for the purpose of the commission, such a representative body of national soldiery as 
will serve to guard the grounds and buildings, and assure protection to persons and 
property. The apparent apathy of Congress when heretofore appealed to for action 
should not discourage the friends of the exhibition. 

It is a work of time to arouse the people thoroughly; but day by day the feeling 
will grow, and the enthusiasm of the nation will yet mount to the high point which 
we have seen it reach in Philadelphia, and inspire every American citizen to labor for 
its success. 

The constitution of the commission by the appointment of its members from every 
State and Territory, who were obliged to meet for deliberation and action in the city 
of Philadelphia, rendered the transaction of business extremely difficult, and involved 
sacriiices on the part of the commissioners which few of those who are most directly 
benefited by their labors will fully appreciate. 

The first'meeting of the commission was held on March 4, 1872, and it remained in 
session nine days; there was a general representation of States and Territories, by 
gentlemen who made long journeys for the purpose. 

The second meeting was held on May 22, 1872, and the commission remained in ses¬ 
sion seven days. At this meeting the representatives of thirty States aud Territories 
were in attendance. 

The third meeting of the commission was held December 4, 1872, and the session 
continued during eight days, the commissioners of thirty-five States and Territories 
being present. 

Extensive powers were necessarily delegated by the commission to the executive 
committee, the members of which are largely engaged in business, and some of them 
are residents in distant States ; yet they have found time to attend the sessions of the 
committee held in New York and Philadelphia, and the business of the commission has 
pursued them to their homes and exacted continuous labor and care. The funds under 
the control of the executive committee have been expended in such ways as seemed 
most likely to aid aud strengthen the board of finance and insure the success of the 
exhibition. 

The executive committee refer to their former reports and the minutes of the com¬ 
mittee as showing the extent and results of their labors, aud beg to say in relation to 
the ai)proi)riation of fifty thousand dollars, generously made by the city of Philadel¬ 
phia for the |)reliminary exi)ense8 of the commission, that it has been scrupulously 
<Tuarded, and no expenses incurred excepting those deemed requisite and necessary. 

The statement of the expenses of the commission and executive committee, on file, 
will it is believed, show that no enterprise of such magnitude as this was ever carried 
forward to the point which it has attained at less cost or with more careful economy. 


72 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


When it was discovered that larger powers most be obtained to secure and administer 
the funds needed to prepare and conduct the exhibition, it was at once suggested that 
the United States Centennial Commission should be converted into a stock company 
by the act of Congress. The commission refused to favor such a course, but, on the 
contrary, recommeuded the incorporation of “The Centennial Board of Finance,” a 
distinct body, upon which is devolved the entire control and management of the 
linances necessary for the erection of the buildings and all the other expenses of con¬ 
ducting the exhibition. Thus the commission, having relieved itself of all the details 
relating to finance, is enabled to devote its energies to those matters of organization 
and direction which will promote the success and splendor of the exhibition. 

Inspired from the first with patriotic motives, it will maintain the purity of the na¬ 
tional trust committed to it, and in return for its services and labors, and to the end 
that its efforts may be more effective, it asks the generous support and confidence of 
the American people. 

DANIEL J. MORRELL, Chairman. 
JAMES T. EARLE, 

ALFRED T. GOSHORN, 

GEORGE H. CORLISS, 

WALTER W. WOOD, 

GEORGE B. LORING, 

, ' JOHN G. STEVENS, 

JOHN LYNCH, 

JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, 

Committee. 


Exhibit A. 

STATE OF TENNESSEE. 

Whereas the Congress of the United States,'by act approved March 3, 1871, has pro¬ 
vided for celebrating the one-hundredth anniversary of American Independence by an 
international exhibition of American and foreign arts, products, and manufactures, to 
be held under the auspices of the Government of the United States, in the city of 
Philadelphia, commencing in April, and ending in October, of the year 1876; and 

Whereas by a subsequent act, approved June 1, 1872, an act of iucori)oration was 
passed by Congress, looking to the formation of a joint-stock company, with a capital 
stock of ten millions of dollars, whereby to provide means adequate for said exhibi¬ 
tion ; and 

Whereas the apportionment of stock for Tennessee under said act of incorporation is 
much larger than the financial condition of our people may justify them in subscribing; 
and 

Whereas the mode of raising funds for celebrating the hundredth anniversary of 
American Independence by joint-stock subscription necessarily tends to convert a 
great national occasion into a mere money-getting speculation, is inconsistent with 
the patriotic memories it is intended to commemorate, and utterly unworthy of the 
people whose liberty it is designed to fittingly immortalize: Therefore be it 

Resolved by the (jeneral assembly of the State of Tennessee, That our Senators be in¬ 
structed, and )ur Representatives requested, to propose, advocate, and sustain by their 
votes, such an appropriation by Congress for said Centennial Exhibition as may be 
necessary to make said proposed celebration thoroughly national and international, 
and worthy alike of the Government and people of tlie United States; provided that 
said appropriation shall not be given in aid of any corporation for that purjiose. 

Resolved, That a copy of the foregoing joint resolution, duly certified, be forwarded 
to our Senators and Representatives in Congress, with the least avoidable delay. 

A. T. LALLY, 

Speaker of the Senate. 

Adopted February 25, 1873. 

U. S. McGAUGHEY, 

Speaker of the House. 

Approved March 8, 1873. 

JNO. C. BROWN, 

Govei'iior. 

I, C. N. Gibbs, secretary of state of the State of Tennessee, do certify that the fore¬ 
going is a cojiy of a joint resolution of the general assembly of the State of Tennessee, 
adopted February 25, 1873, the original of which is now of record in my office. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my official signature, and, by order 
of the governor, affixed the great seal of the State of Tennessee, at the department, 
in the city of Nashville, this 24th day of March, A. D. 1873. 

[SEAL.] CHAS. N. GIBBS, 

Secretary of State. 



REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


73 


STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 

Expxutive Departmp:nt, State of North Carolina, 

Raleigh, March 5, 1873. 

Dear Sir; In response to yonr favor of the 13th ultimo, I inclose lierewith resolu¬ 
tions of the general assembly of North Carolina, touching the Centennial Exhibi¬ 
tion. 

I am, very truly, yours, 

TOD R. CALDWELL, 
Governor North Carolina. 


Hon. Lewis Waln Smith, 

Secretarij of U. S. Centennial Commission, 904 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 

JOLNT RESOLUTION of the general assembly in regard to the Centennial International Exhibition 

in the city of Philadelphia in the year 1876. 

Whereas the Congress of the United States, by an act approved March 3, 1871, en- 
' titled “An act to provide for celebrating the one-hundredth anniversary of American 
Independence, by holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, and pro¬ 
ducts of the soil and mines, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in 
the year 1876,” did provide for the promotion and control of the exhibition of the na¬ 
tional resources and the useful arts, and for the proper commemoration of the Declara¬ 
tion of American Independence, on the 4th day of July, A. D. 1776; and 

Whereas the mode adopted by Congress as above recited, by exhibiting tc mankind 
the wonderful results of a century’s growth of the nation, will most strikingly demon¬ 
strate the wisdom of onr ancestors in risking their all for the attainment of self-gov¬ 
ernment ; and 

Whereas the exhibition, if successfully carried out, will be of eminent practical 
beuetit in disseminating among civilized nations information concerning the products 
of our forests and helds, minerals and ores still undeveloped, while our citizens will 
be enlightened by studying the processes and fabrics of the most advanced nations of 
the world; and 

Whereas it is eminently proper that the people of North Carolina, who, by the 
Mecklenbnrgh Declaration of May 20, 1775, were foremost in suggesting the Declara¬ 
tion of 1776, which, with conspicuous fortitude, they defended and maintained, should 
take part in the commemoration of its hundredth anniversary : 

1st. The general assembly of North Carolina do resolve, That this general assembly 
cordially approve the ydan and objects of the Centennial International Exhibition, to 
be held in the city of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1876. 

2d. That the yieople of North Carolina be earnestly recommended to heartily co¬ 
operate with the officers of said exhibition, in order to carry out its design to the 
fullest measure of success, in order to bring before capitalists and men of culture fair 
specimens of the natural and artificial products of the nation. 

3d. That our Senators and Representatives in Congress be requested to promote all 
measures requisite for making said International Exhibition a truthful exponent of the 
progress of the nation. 

4th. That the governor be requested to forward copies of this preamble and resolu¬ 
tions to all said Senators and Representatives. 

Passed by the general assembly and ratified this 26th day of February, A. D. 1873. 

J. L. ROBINSON, 

Speaker of the House. 

C. H. BROGDEN, 

President of the Senate. 

State of North Carolina, Office Secretary of State, 

Raleigh, February 26, 1873. 

I, William H. Howerton, secretary of state, hereby certify that the foregoing is a true 
copv^ from the original resolution on file in this office. 

[seal.] WM. H. HOWERTON, 

Secretary. 


STATE OF VIRGINIA. 

JOINT RESOLUTIONS submitted by Mr. Cochran, in regard to the Centennial Celebration and In¬ 
ternational Exhibition. 

Whereas the Congress of the United States, by an act approved the 3d of March, 
1871, and entitled “An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary 



74 


EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


of American Independence, by holding an International Exhibition of arts, manufac¬ 
tures, and products of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia and State of 
Pennsylvania, in the year 1876,” did require the appointment of commissioners from 
each State and Territory of the United States, with powers to promote, provide for, 
and exclusively control the exhibition therein authorized and given the national sanc¬ 
tion ; and 

Whereas the general assembly of Virginia, by joint resolution approved the 23d of 
March, 1871, did heartily approve of the selection of the city of Philadelphia as the ap¬ 
propriate place to hold an exhibition commemorative of the hapi)iest events of the Revo¬ 
lution, and of the virtues and achievements of the patriots and statesmen thereof, of 
whom so many of the most illustrious were sons of Virginia, whose descendants now 
people her borders, and are not less renowned for patriotism than her honored 
sires; and, 

Whereas the occasion affords the people and government of the State an uuequaled 
opportunity to exhibit in the most attractive light, before the aggregated capitalists 
and skilled laborers of our own and all other civilized countries, the great and varied 
though only partially-developed mineral resources, and the immense manufacturing 
and agricultural advantages of Virginia, which said resources and advantages, we be¬ 
lieve, surpass those of any equal area of territory on this continent; and 

Whereas the United States Centennial Commission, a body duly constituted under 
the said act of Congress of the 3d of March, 1871, has, since 4ts organization, been dili- 
gen ly engaged in preparing and maturing plans for the proper holding of an exhibi¬ 
tion, which it is designed to make the best yet seen, of the men and the works of the 
world; and 

Whereas the members of this general assembly believe that the grandest result of the 
said exhibition will be the burial of all animosities because of section ; the healing of 
all jealousies and heart-burning because of the past; and the restoration, in fact, of 
the friendly and fraternal relations which should exist between all the people of a com¬ 
mon country ; and 

Whereas this general assembly is informed that the preparations for the in’oposed 
exhibition have been brought to that'stage where, to insure its holding and the conse¬ 
quent accomplishment of the objects sought to be obtained thereby, it should receive 
the cordial commendation of the people and governments of the States and of the na¬ 
tion : Now, therefore, be it 

Besolved hy the yeneral assembly of Virginia, That the time and place of holding the 
said centennial exhibition are hereby again indorsed. 

BesoHed, That the said centennial exhibition is warmly commended to the people as 
a means of restoring prosperity to Virginia, and sincere good-feeling between all the 
people of the United States. 

Resolved, That our Senators and Representatives in Congress be, and they are hereby, 
instructed to promote, by their votes and influence, all measures of national legislation 
necessary and requisite to make said centennial exhibition a success worthy of the na¬ 
tion, and of the great men and events it is designed to commemorate. 

Resolved, That the governor is hereby requested to cause copies of this preamble and 
resolutions to be sent to each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress. 


STATE OF KENTUCKY. 

JOINT KESOLUTIONS F, in relation to the one hundredth anniversary of the Independence of the 
United Colonies of North America. Presented by Hon. A. Gr. Talbott, of Boyle County, Kentucky. 

Whereas the Congress of the United States, by an act of March 3, 1871, the State of 
Virginia, by a joint resolution approved ^larch the 23d, 1871, and various other States 
by previous action, have made provision for an international exhibition of arts, manu¬ 
factures, and products of the soils and mines of this country, in celebration of the one 
hundredth anniversary of American Indey)endence, and designating the city of Phila- 
del]fliia, in the State of Pennsylvania, as the point at which this commemorative event 
shall transpire; and 

Whereas the State of Virginia, by special expression, has invoked such States as 
were once a part of her territory, and are still bound to her by ties of blood, sympa¬ 
thy, and interest, to a free and full co-operation in this patriotic measure ; and 
Whereas Kentucky being first-born to the Mother of States, and holding with jealous 
enthusiasm the knowledge of her parentage, proud in her heritage of blood, and rich 
in the endowments which nature has lavished upon her, knowing her vast resources of 
agricultural, mineral, and intellectual wealth, always anxious for its development, and 
willing to contribute abundantly to the world’s commerce and the republic’s nro8T)er- 
ity: Therefore, be it 



REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


75 


liesolved hy the general asseynhly of the Commomvealth of KentucJcy, That we heartily in¬ 
dorse the aetiou of Congress, and the sev^eral States acting independently in the iire- 
mises, and commend to the people of our sister States of the territory of Virginia the 
propriety of like expression. 

liesolved, That we believe the successful holding of this convention at the point 
specilied will not only operate favorably in the development of our State and national 
resources, but do much toward cementing the ties of our federative compact. 

liesolved, That we also commend to the people of Kentucky the necessity of prepar¬ 
ing for this event, and urge upon them the ]n’opriety of being fully represented in all 
their resources of wealth, industry, and intelligence. 

liesolved. That our senators and representatives in Congress are herebj^ requested to 
consider favorably all measures of national legislation necessary to make the exhibi¬ 
tion worthy of the occasion and a credit to the American people. 

Resolved, That the governor is hereby requested to cause copies of this preamble and 
resolutions to be sent to each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress, 


Exhibit B. 

Rule 1. Books of subscription for stock of the centennial board of finance will be 
provided by the commission, containing blank subscription certihcates, forms of sub¬ 
scription, and marginal record, as follows; 






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REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


77 


Rule 8. Payments upon the stock may be made in full at the time of subscription, 
or as follows: Twenty per cent, on subscription; the balance on the call of the 
board of finance, in installments of 20 per cent, each, at dates not earlier than the first 
Monday of May, July, September, and November, 1873. [This rule modifies Rule 1.] 
The other rules remain as heretofore published. 


Exhibit C. 

[Form 29.] 

1776. UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 1876. 

To the People of the United States : 

Congress, recognizing and responding to the patriotic wishes of the people, provided 
by acts approved March 3, 1871, and June 1, 1872, respectively, that in tlie year 1876 
the centennial anniversary of the Independence oJ' the United States of America shall 
be celebrated at the city of Philadelphia by an international and universal exhibition 
of the grandest and most comprehensive character. 

The first of those acts ])rovided for the appointment of the United States Centennial 
Commission, consisting of two members from each State and Territory, to organize and 
conduct the exhibition. That commission has been duly constituted, and has actively 
entered upon its duties. 

By the second act, in order to secure the money necessary for the expenses of this 
exhibition and celebration, Congress incorporated the Centennial Board of Finance as 
auxiliary to the Centennial Commission, and provided for the issue of stock to the 
amount of ten millions of dollars, in one million shares of ten dollars each ; an amount 
which, if assessed equall}^ among the jieople, would not require more than twenty-five 
cents from each person. 

In creating the Centennial Board of Finance, Congress had also in view the general 
distribution of the stock among the people of the States and Territories in the ratio of 
their population. The people, in accordance with the provisions of the act, now have 
the opportunity to become owners of the stock, and to share in the management in pro¬ 
portion to the amount they subscribe. 

Books will remain open in the hands of the agents until the 1st day of March next, when 
the stockholders who have then subscribed will be notified of the time for the election 
of the board of directors, which will be after thirty days’ notice. At the time of sub¬ 
scribing to the stock an installment of two dollars per share must be paid to the agent; 
after the organization of the board of finance, the balance due will be payable when 
called for by them, in installments of two dollars per share, w’hich will not be earlier 
than May, July, September, and November of 1873 ; or the whole amount may be paid 
at the time of subscribing. After the organization, the agents of the board of finance 
will receive subscriptions without regard to the quota allotted to each State. 

An undertaking so patriotic in its conception, so vast in its proportions, and so use¬ 
ful in its results, commends itself to the hearty sympathy andsupportof an intelligent 
people. Patriotism, as well as an appreciation of the beneficial influences of well-or¬ 
ganized exhibitions, should impel all citizens to lend a helping hand. It is the duty of 
the commission to prepare the way and open the doors, but the people, in their sover¬ 
eign right and strength, must make the exhibition. By their aid alone can it be made 
a just and comprehensive display of the industrial, intellectual, and moral development 
of the nation during the first century of its existence. 

Each subscriber will receive, after the organization of the board, a large engraved 
certificate of stock executed in the Treasury Department of the United States in the 
best style of the engraver’s art, bearing designs illustrating our national progress, and 
commemorative of the centennial exhibition. 

It is hoped that there will be no pecuniary loss to any subscriber; but should there be, 
the certificate wdll, in value, go far toward compensating for any such loss, not only as 
a beautiful work of art, but as an heir-loom to be handed down from generation to 
generation, doing perpetual honor to the patriotism of the subscriber. The names of 
the subscribers will also appear in the printed records of this great national cele¬ 
bration. 

By an early subscription you will be identified with the grand industrial monument 
which the willing and patriotic hands of American citizens will rear to testify their 



78 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


veiieratiou for their self-sacrificing ancestors, and to mark the progress made in a cen¬ 
tury under the operations of a free government. 

DANIEL J. MORRELL, Pennsylvania, 

Chairman. 

JOHN V. L. PRUYN, Neiv York, 

JAMES T. EARLE, Maryland, 

GEORGE H. CORLISS, Rhode Island, 

JOHN LYNCH, Louisiana, 

JOHN G. STEVENS, New Jersey, 

WALTER W. WOOD, Virginia, 

GEORGE B. LORING, Massaehusetts, 
ALFRED T GOSHORN, Ohio, 

Exeeuiive Committee. 


[Form 32.] 

1776. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 1876 

Office of TUf. United States Centennlvl Commission, 

No. 904 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., February, 1873. 

To the Clergy and Religious Assoeiations of the United States : 

The clergy of all denominations in the United States are well aware that the centen¬ 
nial anniversary of onr independence as a nation is to he celebrated at the city of Phil¬ 
adelphia in 1876, in accordance with the terms of the act of Congress, by an exhibition 
of the art and industry of all the nations of the earth. That exhibition will not be 
merely a gigantic “ W'orld’s Fair,” devoted exclusively to the material world, but it is 
designed to be a complete epitome of human progress, appealing to the profonndest 
sentiments of the devout and philanthropic; calling for their prayers, their labors, 
their hearty, prompt, and active co-operation, and that of every citizen interested in 
the welfare of mankind. 

Occupying a prominent place in the grandest classification of obiects and subjects 
ever adopted for any exhibition, is Group 9.5, comprehending the general subject of 
“ Religions Organizations and Systems,” and subdivided as follows : 

Class 941.—Origin, nature, growth, and extent of various religious systems and 
sects. Statistical and historical facts. 

Class 942.—Religious orders and societies, and their objects. 

Class 943.—Societies and organizations for the propagation of systems of religion 
by missionary effort. 

Class 944.—Spreading the knowledge of religious systems by publication—a class 
designed to include such publication as those of the Bible and Tract Societies, togeth¬ 
er with statistics of their origin, growth, and progress. 

Class 94.5.—Systems and methods of religious instruction and training for the young. 
Apparatus and appliances for teaching in the family : Sabbath-school furniture and 
apparatus, &c. 

This group in the classification is subject to revision and enlargement, should neces¬ 
sity or expediency require it. The solemn duty devolves upon all who are actively 
engaged or interested in the cause of religion, of co-operating and laboring with zeal 
toward making the representation under each of the classes such as shall do justice to 
the great organizations and systems which extend throughout our land, and constitute 
our claim to a fellowship among the Christian nations. This group affords the broad¬ 
est basis for religious representation. It is not limited in its scope or range. It is de¬ 
signed to receive any visible or tangible representation of the condition and progress 
of any faith, creed, denomination, or sect. 

Let us consider, with all reverence and awe, of what this great exhibition is com¬ 
memorative. It marks our estimate of a political event of more momentous import in 
universal history than any which had occurred before, or any which has succeeded it, 
in its bearing upon the destinies of the human race; especially in establishing upon 
indestructible foundations that freedom of conscience in matters of religious faith 
which is so fully enjoyed throughout our wide domain. It is commemorative of the 
birth of a nation whose progress is absolutely without auy parallel in the world’s 
experience. 

The commemoration of the birthday of our nation, after a century of such prosper¬ 
ity, expansion, and progress, and after such a development of the material resources 
of this mighty continent! What should it be, to make it worthy of the people so 
blessed ? 

If we are the Christian nation we are reputed to be, yon cannot, if you would divest 
it of its character as an oblation to the Most High, and as a crucial test before Him 



REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


79 


and mankind of our estimate of the blessings we enjoy ; of the sincerity of our patriot¬ 
ism ; of our appreciation of civil and reIi<^ious liberty; and of our sense of duty as a 
member of the ^reat community of nations. It must be either ail this or nothing—in 
its moral import. It must, by its magnitude, its thoroughness of representation, and 
its moral and intellectual grandeur, manifest, in the presence of the thronging mil¬ 
lions of our countrymen, and before the'assembled delegations of all countries, so far as 
possible, our gratitude to God, the source of our prosperity and happiness as a people. 

Presenting a review of the past in every sphere of useful industry, art, or mental 
activity, as an inspiring and suggestive guide for the future, it should form a starting- 
point from which we may enter, by a new and elevated vantage-ground, upon the 
course of improvement which is open to us in the coming century. It is a great na¬ 
tional festival, in which the prominence and influence of the religious element in our 
life as a peoi)le shonld not bo ignored. They will depend for their illustration upon 
the part taken by the clergy and religious associations of all denominations in the 
movement. The clergy should awaken their congregations by carefully considered 
and earnest representat/ions of the manifold advantages of the complete success of the 
celebration to religion and in every other re 8 [) 0 ct. The profound and far-reaching re¬ 
ligious influences which, through this mighty agency, may be made to mold and 
guide the religions character aud'sentiment of the age upon higher and higher stand¬ 
ards of conduct of life and earnestness of faith, shonld be clearly set forth. 

The whole moral and religious tone and effect of this stupendous presentation of the 
varied agencies and instrumentalities represented by the comprehensive word‘‘pro¬ 
gress,’^ may be controlled by the great and influential body to whom the people look 
for religious instruction in such a manner as to confer inestimable blessings upon the 
generations who are so soon to fill our places in the ranks of life. Neglect of this golden 
opportunity may. on the other hand, prove an irreparable misfortune to the cause of 
religious advancement, by the surrender of the great temple of art and industrj^ to 
the spirit of materialism, deprived, in a great measure, of the hallowing inflnence which 
should consecrate material blessings as gifts for the use and benefit of man, designed, 
in promoting his comfort and happiness, to inspire in his heart a grateful recognition 
of the power and love of the Divine source from which they emanate. 

So grand a subject, one so closely connected with the spiritual welfare of the race, 
may well become the theme of Heaven-ins[»ired eloquence from every pulpit in the 
laud—not in mere }»assing reference, but in exhaustive presentation of the endless cat¬ 
alogue of reasons in ffivor of carrying out the duly-enrolled fiat of the national will, 
as expressed through the acts of Congress. 

The nation stands committed to the project before the world. Retraction now would 
be a ludicrous and disgraceful failure of the great republic, which assumes to lead the 
vanguaid of progress, to do what England, France, Germany, and other powers have 
done, and what Austria is just about to do for the instruction and entertainment of 
mankind, and that, too, after having declared our purpose to do it, arid to do it on a 
grander scale than any of our predecessors. We believe that no thought of failure is 
tolerated in any ]uitriotic mind, or in any heart that has a spark of national pride. 
Yet many are displaying an apathy and procrastination which, if not corrected, would 
prove fatal to that supremo success which alone will comport with the prestige and 
dignity of the nation. It is simply because they have no correct idea of the impor¬ 
tance of time as the first essential of success. 

The success or failure of this undertaking is before the people, dependent entirely 
upon the deliberative decision which their action in regard to subscriptions will con¬ 


stitute. 

The national commission, selected by the governors and appointed and confirmed by 
the General Government, are powerless to proceed further than they have done, until 
the voice of the people proclaims to them, through the subscri})tion books, that the 
necessary capital is sufficiently assured to warrant them in erecting the buildings and 
perfecting the arrangements for inviting foreign exhibitors. 

Here it is that the importance of time for preparation after the decision of the peo¬ 
ple is known becomes apparent. It is no less essential than money. 

Foreign nations must have time to consider and act upon the invitation, and, in 
many cases, to wait the action of the legislative assemblies before deciding, organiz¬ 
ing their commissions, and making the necessary appropriations; and if they do not 
have ample time, they cannot be expected to accept. 

Tiit\y cannot be invited or notified by the President of the United States until, ac¬ 
cording to the terms of the act of Congress, the governor of the State of Pennsyl¬ 
vania shall liave informed him tliat provision has been made for the erection of suitable 


buildings for the purposes of the exhibition. 

Foreign countries and our own country have to be canvassed, and the people informed 
of the nature of the exhibition. Careful selections must be made from articles repre¬ 
senting every industry and resource. Ample time will be required for the production 
of w'orksof art and large machinery, and many other articles which impart splendor 
and instructiveness to such exhibitions. 


80 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Besides the consumption of time in the transportation of articles from abroad, 
will be consumed in the erection of the vast buildin<>'8, and the arrangement oi the 

goods in them. _ • x- -f n 

The inclosed printed papers contain information as to the organization ot the Cen¬ 
tennial Board ot Finance, and the general jiurposes of theexhibitio n. • -x i 

Your attention to the subject, in all its bearings upon the temporal and spintual 
welfare of the people, is most respectfully invited. . • • 

Bv order of the executive committee of the United States Centennial Commission. 

WILLIAM P. BLAKE, 

Executive Cornmis^ionei'. 
DANIEL J. MORRELL, Etnnaijlvania. 

Chairman. 

JOHN V. L. PRUYN, New York, 

GEORGE H. CORLISS, Rhode Island, 

JOHN G. STEVENS, New Jersey, 

GEORGE B. LORING, Massachusetts, 

Jx4MES T. EARLE, Maryland, 

JOHN LYNCH, Louisiana, 

WALTER W.. WOOD, Viryinia, 

ALFRED T. GOSHORN, Ohio. 

Executive Cominittee. 


[Form 33.] 


1776. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 1876. 

^ * Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

No. 904 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., February, 187.3. 

To the Officers and Teachers in the Universities, Colleges, and Schools of the United States ; 

Tlie United States Centennial Commissioners, in the execution of the trust committed 
to them, desire to direct the attention of officers and teachers in universities, colleges, 
and schools to the relations which the proposed international exhibition must sustain 
to the educational interests of our country. 

The plan adopted embraces the presentation of the arts and industries of the world 
in such a way that the best facilities will be afforded for careful analysis and general¬ 
ization. These simultaneous views of the condition of the whole globe as to material 
arts” are useful beyond computation, not only to industrial development, but also to 
scientific and literary progress. 

The classification embraces ten departments : 

I. Raw materials—mineral, vegetable, and animal. 

H. Materials and manufactures used for food, or in the arts, the result of extractive 
or combining processes. 

III. Textile and felted fabrics; apparel, costumes, and ornaments for the person. 

IV. Furniture and manufactures of general use in construction and in dwellings. 

V. Tools, implements, machines, and processes. 

VI. Motors and transportation. 

VII. Apparatus and methods for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. 

VIII. Engineering, public works, architecture, &c. 

IX. Plastic and graphic arts. 

X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the physical, intellectual, and 
moral couditon of man. 

The departments will b6 divided into groups and classes, to facilitate the arrange¬ 
ment and display of the various articles placed on exhibition. 

If the ideal be in any degree realized, tlie attractions of the place will bring together 
learned and scientific men from all parts of the world, and not the least of the good 
results of the exhibition will be the interchange of thought. 

Dr. WiiEWELL characterized the London Exhibition as “ the great university of 1851.” 

Sir David Brewster said, in speaking on the same subject: ‘‘I am persuaded that 
the exhibition will exercise the most salutary influence, in so far as it will turn the at¬ 
tention of the influential classes of society to the vast national importance of encour¬ 
aging science and the arts, by placing the men who advance them in a better position 
than they have hitherto occupied in this country.” 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


81 


The Centennial Commission makes a special appeal to our citizens of liberal culture 
to assist in making the International Exhibition of 1876 more successful than any of the 
previous expositions of the world. 

As opportunity may oiler, we ask that, by lectures and correspondence, you will as¬ 
sist in commending the great enterprise as worthy of conlidence and support. 

In behalf of the United States Centennial Commission. 

JOS. R. HAWLEY, 

Preskletd of the United States Centennial Commission. 

Lewis Waln Smith, 

Temporary Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission. 


1776. 


[Form 39.] 

INTERNATIOXAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 


1876. 


1873. 


United States Centennial Commission, 

No. 904 Walnut Street, Philadeljphia, April 5, 

To the Officers of the General Government, and of the Governments of the several States: 

Gentlemen : You are doubtless aware that the United States Centennial Commis¬ 
sion has been organized, in obedience to the national will, as declared in acts of Con¬ 
gress, for the purpose of rendering the celebration of the one-hundredth anniversary 
of American Independence, which is to be held at Philadelphia in 1876, a celebration 
that will live in history as the grandest and most sublime commemoration the world 
has ever witnessed. 

That this occasion might afford to every nation the fullest and most comprehensive 
manifestation of what our republic has achieved in developing civilization, and extend¬ 
ing its sway. Congress adopted a plan by which all the products of the globe that 
minister to human wants, all the results of industry, the choicest specimens of every 
art, the triumphs of genius in every field of intellectual activity—whatevei', indeed, 
affects the moral and physical condition of the race, are to be brought together at the 
birthplace of the nation, in an international exhibition, wherein the sj'stem of arrange¬ 
ment and classification shall be such as to afford a comparative view of each country’s 
share in the movement of progress. 

This plan was conceived, and will be carried out, in the highest interests of philan¬ 
thropy and peace. Unity and concord among our own people, and between this and 
other nations, stand foremost among the sentiments that inspired the project. To 
acknowledge the true dignity of labor, to develop the best interests of capital, to rep¬ 
resent in this colossal compendium of civilization the fruits of the creative power, both 
of the hand and of the brain, are some of the grounds upon which this national 
movement appeals to the patriotism of our countrymen for a support that shall make 
its success triumphant and complete. Such support we confidently look for at your 
hands. 

A celebration, the great object of which is to promote the national glory, and to 
prove the beneficence of the institutions under which we live, should receive peculiar 
sympathy and support from those who have been selected to act as the official repre¬ 
sentatives of that system of government, the success of which the “ Centennial” is to 
celebrate. Whether by the direct vote of the people, or by official appointment, you 
hold representative positions, and consequently your obligations on such occasions as 
the present are greater than those of the private citizen, and your example must sen¬ 
sibly influence the action of your townsmen and neighbors. Hence we do not hesitate 
to ask your most active aid in promoting an object so eminently deserving the zealous 
co-operation of every American. 

Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia, her great manufacturing metropolis, have led the 
way in furnishing their proportion of capital with noble generosity, through subscrip¬ 
tions by her citizens, and appropriations by the State and city governments, which 
amount already to more than three times the quota of stock apportioned to the State, 
and are still increasing their contributions. The commission now awaits the response 
from other quarters to this worthy example. It feels assured that with a correct under¬ 
standing of the objects in view, every public officer will feel it both a duty and a 
pleasure, by subscription and co-operation, to exert himself to the utmost to hasten 
the success of an exposition that must prove so great a benefit to every section of our 
common country. 

JOS. R. HAWLEY, 

Uresident. 

Lewis Waln Smith, 

Secretary. 

S. Ex. 30 —6 




82 KEPORT OE THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


[Form 34.] 

1776. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 1876. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

riiiladeljihia, Fa., 1873. 


To the Scientific, ludiistrial, and Commercial Organizations in the United States: 

The anniversary of the Independence of the United States, in the year 1876, is to he 
celebrated by an exhibition of the products, arts, and industries ot the country, and ot 
the world. This is in accordance with an act of Congress approved March 3, 1871. 
By this act the task of preparing and superintending the exhibition was imposed upon 
the United States Centennial Commission, consisting of two members from each of the 
States and Territories. The commissioners have three times met in general session, a 
permanent organization has been effected, and the chief outlines of the plan tor the 
exhibition have been agree<l upon. 

This exhibition is to be international and universal—international inasmuch as all 
nations will be invited to j)articipate in it; and universal because it will include a 
representation of all natural and artificial products, all arts, industries, and manu¬ 
factures, and all the varied results of human skill, thought, and imagination. 

The outlines of a simple, yet comprehensive classification, have been adopted. There 
will be ten departments, each subdivided in ten groups, and these again into classes. 
The details of this classification are now being elaborated, and will be published in 
due season, together with such rules and regulations as may be found necessary for the 
proper conduct and management of the exhibition. 

It is intended that ample space shall be assigned to each State, Territory, and foreign 
country, for a just and proiier display of their products. It is believed that not less 
than fifty square acres of fioor space, under roof, will be required for this purpose. A 
site combining the advantages of a sufficient extent of level ground, with picturesque 
and cultivated surroundings, easy of access by rail, water, and by ordinary roads, has 
been assigned for the buildings and grounds at Fairmount Park, in the city of Phila¬ 
delphia. The exhibition will open in April, and close in October. 

Each State of the Union will be expected to send its peculiar products, illustrating 
its resources, both developed and undeveloped. A complete exhibition of this kind by 
all the States will afford the means of comparing their industrial condition and capa¬ 
bilities. The products of mining and of agriculture will occupy a large portion of the 
space allotted to each State, and will receive their just share of attention in this uni¬ 
versal display. 

An undertaking so patriotic in its conception, so vast in its proportions, and so useful 
in its results, commends itself to the hearty sympathy and support of an intelligent 
people. Patriotism, as well as an appreciation of the industrial, educational, and 
moral influences of well-organized exhibitions, should impel all citizens to lend a help¬ 
ing hand. It is the duty of the commission to prepare the way and open the doors, 
but the people, in their sovereign right and strength, must make, the exhibition. By 
their aid, alone, can it be made a just and comprehensive display of the industrial, 
intellectual, and moral development of the nation during the first century of its exist¬ 
ence. 

The commission not only relies with confidence upon the aid of the people in general, 
but it hopes to receive the co-operation of the scientific, industrial, and commercial 
organizations of the country, and particularly of those which have aided in directing 
and realizing the popular demand for agricultural and industrial exhibitions. 

Attention is invited to the annexed schedule of the ten departments of the classifi¬ 
cation. 


Lewis Waln Smith, 

Temporary Secretary. 


JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, 

President of the Commission. 


Schedule of the ten dejjartments of the classification. 

I. Raw materials: Mineral, vegetable, and animal. 

II. Materials and manufactures used for food, or in the arts, the result of extractive 
or combining processes. 

III. Textile and felted fabrics, apparel, costumes, and ornaments for the person. 

IV. Furniture and manufactures of general use in construction, and in d\\ellin<'>-s. 

V. Tools, implements, machines, and x>rocesses. ^ 

VI. Motors and transportation. 

VII. Apparatus and methods for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. 

VIII. Engineering, public works, architecture, &c. 

IX. Plastic and graphic arts. 

X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the physical, intellectual and 
moral condition of man. ’ 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


83 


P^XIIIBIT D. 

IForm 30.] 

1776. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. ’ 1876. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

Fhiladelpkia, January, 1873. 

Sir : I inclose you, herewith, a copy of the amended rules, adopted by the executive 
committee of the United States Centennial Commission, in reference to the subscrip¬ 
tions to the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, together with a number of copies 
of a prospectus to he circulated freely among the people. In accordance with the rules, 
you will please forward, on the first day of March next; to this office, a transcript of the 
subscriptions received by you, but will hold the originals, subject to the orders of the 
hoard of finance, when organized. It has also been decided to require only the payment of 
the first installment of two dollars per share, at the time of subscription, and leave all 
other installments to he payable at the call of the board of finance, but not sooner than 
May, July, September, and November, of 1873. To insure the success of so great and 
patriotic an enterprise as the centennial celebration of the birth of our nation, it is not 
too much to ask the earnest co-operation of every citizen of our laud. By a little en¬ 
ergy, each section can be made to furnish its share of the necessary funds, and I would 
earnestly ask of you as active an aid as you can lend to promote the end in view. 

Verv respectfullv, 

DANIEL J. MORRELL, 
Chairman of Executive Committee. 


[Form 38.] 

1776. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 1876 

United States Centennial Commission, 

No. 904 Walnut Street, rhiladeJphia, -, 187—. 

Desiring to elicit competent artistic talent and skill in the production of a design for 
an engraving on steel of a form of certificate of stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, 
the United States Centennial Commission invite a fair competition of those designers 
and artists who may be disposed to make the efibrt to gain the honor and reward which 
wfill be accorded to the successful competitor. 

The sum of |500 in currency will be paid to the person whose design may be accepted. 
Those who are not successful will have no claim to compensation for their labor, but 
honorable mention will be made of those designs according to the order of merit which 
they exhibit. Should any part of a design, the whole of which is not taken, be desired 
for use, a special proposal will be made to the designer, giving the terms upon which 
such part will be taken. 

The selection and decision will be made by the executive committee of this commis¬ 
sion during the month of May, 1873. 

The outside dimensions of the design, exclusive of margin, will he sixteen by eleven 
inches. It may be freely sketched in India-iuk, or pencil, or in pen-drawing. The 
latter is considered preferable. If that form is adopted, it would be preferred that the 
desi^m should be drawn on a larger scale, preserving the same relative dimensions, so 
that^the work may be reproduced by the heliotype or some other photo-engraving 
process, in which process the reduction may be made photographically. 

No colors should be used in the design, and if reproduction by photographic engrav¬ 
ing is to be adopted, all shadings should be made by lines or etching and not by tints. 

The designs should be illustrative of the progress of the United States in the peace¬ 
ful arts and sciences—agriculture, manufacture, commerce—the development of the 
country during the century; and those triumphs of physical science which enable man 
to master and use the forces of nature. They should also symbolize the freedom and 
representative character of our institutions. 

Open space must be left amounting to about one-fourth of the area to be covered by 
the design, for the insettiou of the wording of the certificate, and the signatures of 
the president and secretary of the Centennial Board of h inauce. The letteiing will, 
however, be subordinated as much as possible to the artistic requirements of the design. 

The designs should be forwarded to the office of United States Centennial Commis¬ 
sion, No. 904 Walnut street, Philadelphia, as early as the 1st of May next. 

JOS. R. HAWLEY, 

Freeident. 

Lewis Waln Smith, 

Secretary. 



84 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Exhibit E. 

Letter sent by the Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, United States Centennial Commissioner for Penn¬ 
sylvania, to his excellency the governor, and by the governor communicated to the senate and 

house of representatives of Pennsylvania, on Friday, February 7, 1873. 

Johnstown, February 4, 1873. 

Deab Sik : Personally, and on belialf of my colleagues, I desire to convey to you an 
acknowledgment of the very favorable impression left upon our minds by the interview 
which you accorded to the Executive Committee of the Centennial Commission and 
those who kindly accompanied us, and by the assurance that any tiling you could legally 
do as chief magistrate of the Commonwealth to aid us in our work would be cheer- 
fully done. 

Since our interview I presume you have seen, in one or more newspapers of the State, 
editorial articles which strove to identify the work of the National Centennial Com¬ 
mission with schemes for the removal of the State capital, and strongly opposing any 
appropriation by the legislature for centennial purposes. I have be^n much surprised 
at this display of unfairness and iiliberality, and may attribute to it more importance 
than it deserves. At a time when all the States are appealed to for subscriptions to the 
stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, and when the other members of the com¬ 
mission are constantly asking, what will Pennsylvania do, anything like a division of 
sentiment within the State is to be deplored. 

It was to be expected that the proposal to hold a national celebration and interna¬ 
tional exhibition under the authority and patronage of the Federal Government at 
Philadelphia would meet with opposition from the cities and citizens of other States, 
who might wish to claim so rare and valuable a distinction for themselves, or dislike 
to see it bestowed upon Pennsylvania. Whatever feeling of this sort once existed has 
been happily subdued. Through the patriotic labors of the Centennial Commission, 
nobly aided by the newspaper press, the country at large is beginning to understand 
that the enterprise is not local in its character, but national; that Philadelphia was 
chosen because it was the birthplace of that National Independence which it is the 
purpose of the centennial to celebrate, and that (juestions of local or personal interest 
are insignificant when compared with the considerations of national reputation, honor, 
and x>rotit involved in the successful prosecution of a work which is not only of moment 
to our own land, but also to the whole world. 

The members of the national commission have been giving their time and labor to 
the task of combating prejudice and enlisting popular favor in tlie States which they 
represent, and the jiress of the country, with a few exceptions, has generously and 
without asking or receiving pay, iniblished such matters connected with the proceed¬ 
ings of the commission as were of public interest, and has rendered other friendly ser¬ 
vices of inestimable value. 

In accepting their imxiortant trust under the act of Congress, which was iucomjilete 
in that it supplied no means for carrying its xnovisions into effect, the national commis- 
missioners felt that if they engaged earnestly in their work popular sentiment would 
sustain them, and a way would open for the successful prosecution of their labors. I 
believe that Congress will come to the aid of the commission when it has made such 
jirogress as to deserve it, and will make such an appropriation as will place the agents 
of the Government uxion an independent and resiiectable footing. The national com¬ 
mission looks to the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelxdiia to make such 
a grant as will show that here, where the money is to be expended, there is confidence 
in the enterprise, and when this action is taken we have no doubt that the.peojile of 
this and other States will speedily contribute, through the Centennial Board of Fi¬ 
nance, all the funds needed to prei)are and conduct the exhibition. 

The members of the Centennial Commission, in obtaining the jiassage of the act of 
Congress authorizing the organization of the board of finance, desired to relieve 
themselves from the custody of the large sums of money to be received and expended 
in manuging the exhibition, and from all susx)icion of enjoying any j>ecuuiary interest 
or profit. 

'iuey did not, however, abdicate their functions, and they retain such supervision of 
the xiroceedings of the board of finance as is intended to give a national indorsement 
of its acts, to insure the x^roper conduct of the exhibition, an etxuitable distribution 
of its revenues, and the preservation of its history. 

Efforts have been made to give the board of finance a national character, and to 
make its management thoroughly rexiresentative. The stock is now being offered for 
a hundred days in each State and Territory of the Union. When the books shall be 
closed, it is provided that one hundred subscribers of stock shall be named by the Cen¬ 
tennial Commission, from whom the stockholders shall elect a board of twenty-five 
directors. Such a xn’o^'isiou was necessary, because it would be impossible for stock¬ 
holders, scattered all over the country, to confer with each other, or even to know the 
representative men who should be elected directors. The commission resolved at its 
last session that fifteen candidates should be residents of the city of Philadelphia, and 


85 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

imposed the duty of making all nominations upon the executive committee. It is the 
purpose of the committee to place in nomination men of noted integrity and ability, 
whose names will be an assurance of honest and skillful management. They are 
not unmindful of the suspicion which attaches at this time to all projects involving 
the outlay of large sums of money, yet they do not believe that the country “ has lost 
the breed of noble bloods,” or that it will be difficult to find citizens who may be 
trusted to render faithful service, and who will esteem it a sufficient reward to be 
known to future generations as managers of the international exhibition which cele¬ 
brated the centennial of American Independence. 

The members of the national commission, who come together as the representatives 
of States, feel that the work committed to them is of a different character from ordinary 
business enterprises. While they hope and believe that the stockholders of the board 
of finance may receive back their subscriptions, with an added profit, they have found 
it easy to think that this would not be the primary consideration in the minds of the 
people. 

The commissioners have seen in the memorial character of the centennial celebration 
an opportunity of obliterating any auimosities which may linger in the wake of the 
late destructive civil war, and of renewing the devotion of all citizens to tlieir com¬ 
mon country. They know that while Philadelphia and Pennsylvania must enjoy some 
exceptional advantages from the international exhibition, the whole country will be 
immeasurably benefited by it. There is no art it will not encourage, no industry it 
will not quicken, and its impulses for good will not be limited to our own land, "but 
•extend to the other nations of the earth. 

The mass of people cannot be at once lifted up to a right appreciation of the char¬ 
acter and purposes of the enterprise which we are carefully and painfully organizing. 
It will take time to reach them, and many agencies to teach them ; and time is just 
the thing which we have not to spare. There are urgent reasons for appealing to the 
city of Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania to make such liberal advances as 
will enable you to discharge an important duty under the original act of Congress 
creating the Centennial Commission. It enacts that whenever you shall inform the 
President of the United States that provision has been made for the erection of suit¬ 
able buildings for the purposes of the exhibition, he shall make proclamation setting 
forth the time when, and place where, it will be held, and communicate this informa¬ 
tion officially to the representatives of foreign nations, with such other matters con¬ 
cerning the exhibition as may be of interest to the people of their countries. This 
formal recognition and notification cannot be much longer delayed without great in¬ 
jury. It can be obtained immediately, if the legislature will take such action as has 
been solicited by the executive committee and citizens of the State. 

Our State can well afford to make a donation of a million dollars to insure the suc- 
■cess of the exhibition, but it is not asked to do so. It will receive a full consideration 
for its grant, for the money is to be expended in the erection of a permanent public 
building, which, after serving the uses of the exhibition, will be made a depository of 
things which are valuable, because of their association with events of national im¬ 
portance, or as illustrating the iirogress of civilization and the arts in our new coun¬ 
try. It will remain a worthy memorial of an event of which the nation may bo proud, 
and the unborn millions who will celebrate the second centennial of American Inde¬ 
pendence may esteem it as one of their chiefest treasures. The State has the money 
to spare, and I ask if it can be put to nobler use ? 

Many schemes involving the appropriation of money are pressed upon the attention 
of the legislature, and it is proper that due caution should be exercised. If other 
matters do not receive favorable consideration this year, they may next, and delay 
may occasion no loss, but the claims of the centennial are exceptional, and the pres¬ 
ent opportunity of favoring it will never return. It is my d^ity to say that the execu¬ 
tive committee, from w'hat they know of the status of the enterprise, deem it to be of 
the utmost importance that there should be favorable action. In no other way can 
there be prompt compliance Avith the provisions of the organic law, within cited, and 
it is essential that the members of the national commission should be enabled to point 
to the example of Pennsylvania as one which should be followed by the States which 
they represent. 

Up to this time the committee has done zealously what is deemed best for the cause, 
and it is possible that mistakes have been made, but we do not think that the appli¬ 
cation to the legislature is mistaken or can possibly ffiil, or that the confidence which 
the committee has placed in the intelligence, patriotism, and liberality of the people 
of Pennsylvania and their representatives will prove to be unfounded. 

It is because I know you to have deeply at heart the welfare of our State that I tres¬ 
pass so far upon your attention, and earnestly invoke your good offices in aid of the 
oommission and the citizens who have acted with them in this matter. 

D. J. MORRELL, 
Commissioner of rennsylvania. 

His Excellency John F. Hakthanft, 

Governor of rennsylrania. 


86 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Exhibit F. 


Concert Hall, Philadelphia, April 22, 1873. 

A meeting of the corporators and others, subscribers for stock of the Centennial Board 
of Finance, was this day held in Concert Hall, in the city of Philadelphia, at 12 o’clock, 
noon. 

At the hour named, there being more than one hundred stockholders present, the 
meeting was called to order by Hon. Joseph R. Hawley, president of the United States 
Centennial Commission, who thereupon read to the meeting sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 of 
the act of Congress entitled “An act relative to the Centennial International Exhibi¬ 
tion, to be held in the city of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1876,” 
approved June 1, 1872. 

The call issued by the United States Centennial Commission, pursuant to the said 
act of Congress, was then read by Lewis Wain Smith, the secretary of the said com¬ 
mission, in the words following, to wit: 

“ Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

“State of Pennsylvania, 

‘^City of Philadelphia, March 10, 1873. 

“call for a meeting to elect a board of directors for the centennial board 

OF FINANCE. 


“In accordance with the act of Congress approved June 1,‘1872, the United States 
Centennial Commission hereby issue a call for a meeting of the corporators, and all 
others who may then have subscribed for stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, to 
be held in Concert Hall, on the north side of Chestnut street, between Twelfth and 
Thirteenth streets, in the city of Philadelphia, aforesaid, on the 22d day of April next, 
at 12 o’clock, noon, for the purpose of electing a board of directors, to consist of twenty- 
five stockholders, whose term of office shall be one year, and until their successors 
shall have been qualified, as prescribed in said act. 

“At this meeting each subscriber for stock will be entitled to cast one vote in person, 
or by proxy, for each share of stock thus represented. 

“ And under Rule 9 the following form of proxy may be used : 

“I do hereby authorize and empower-for me, and in my name, to vote 

upon-share- of stock in said corporation, held by me, and represented by sub¬ 
scription certificate No.-, at the meeting of the corporators and subscribers for said 

stock, called by the United States Centennial Commission, and to be held at Philadel¬ 
phia, State of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of electing the first board of directors of 
said corporation. 

[Name of subscriber.] 
[Address.] ” 

[Witness at signing.] 


By order of the United States Centennial Commission : 

JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, 

President. 


Lewis Waln Smith, 

Secretary. 


After the reading of which, Mr. Hawley announced that this meeting being now as¬ 
sembled under and pursuant to the said call, the first business will be the nomination 
and election of a president of the meeting. 

Whereupon, Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, the chairman of the Executive Committee of 
the United States Centennial Commission, nominated Hon. William Bigler, of Clearfield 
County, Pennsylvania, for president of this meeting. 

There being no other nomination, Mr. Bigler was unanimously elected. 

He was conducted to the chair by Hon. D. J. Morrell. 

Mr. Bigler thereupon addressed the meeting as follows : 

Gentlemen: I accept with pleasure the position of presiding officer on this occasionr 
and shall not attempt to disguise the great gratification I feel because of the manifes¬ 
tation of your respect. I am all the more thankful to you because your action brings 
me in connection with a work so peculiarly in accord with my own feelings. Indeed, 
I confess to some ambition to be rated an ardent and a working friend of the centen¬ 
nial celebration. 

The reasons for this ambition are too numerous to present on this occasion, and I must 
confine myself to only a few thoughts. 

In the first place, I know it to be befitting that the centennial anniversary of the 
nation’s existence should be celebrated in some proper and imposing manner. I can 
think of nothing more delightful than the coming up of the American people from 






REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


87 


every State, and city, and town, and county, and mountain, and valley, and clustering 
about the birthplace of the nation, and uniting in proper manifestations of joy because 
of its birth, aud because it had existed for a century, and because of the marvelous 
growth and prosperity that has marked its career. 

A still more heart-stirring aud christianizing scene will it be to witness the citizens 
so assembled, uniting their hearts and voices in thankfulness to God for the guardian 
care He has so constantly manifested over our nation. When that scene is witnessed, 
God willing, I shall be there. 

The story of the declaration of principles enunciated at Independence Hall that 
added a new member to the family of nations ; the marvelous grov/th of that young 
member, advancing in the first century of its existence from thirteen to thirty-eight 
States, some of which, in themselves, have the proportions and resources of great 
empires—how the increase of its population from three to nearly forty millions ; the 
impression it has already made upon the feelings aud sentiments of the old nations— 
all these are familiar and need not be presented on this occasion. 

I have no inclination to vainglorious boasting about our country as compared with 
others; but one characteristic of America, aud, as I believe, her crowning glory, I must 
be permitted to express, to wit: That the mass of her people, while engaged in their 
daily and necessary pursuits, enjoy a larger measure of personal comforts and dignity 
than those of any other nation. 

What the forms of the celebration may be, it is not for me to attempt to forecast, 
but I must be indulged in the expression of the belief that the proposed gathering of 
the people together from all sections, mingling and commingling together, with their 
hearts naturally open to the best impressions, cannot fail to have the happiest influence 
upon the relations existing between the people of the several States. The inevitable 
tendency will be to beget a higher degree of fraternity and unite the people. It will 
be a time to forget and forgive, aud forever to put away all that is unpleasant in the 
past. 

As for the other branches of the ceremonies—the exposition of the natural and artifi¬ 
cial products of the country, and those of all other nations—all this should be done on 
the grandest scale possible. This will be expected of the American people. Other na¬ 
tions have been giving ns useful lessons in this work, aud they will expect a striking 
improvement on those lessons. European nations would not excuse a failure on the 
plea of youth ; but their expectations of our country will be measured by her propor¬ 
tions. 

It is right, therefore, gentlemen, that those who have this work in hand should be 
moved by a fair appreciation of its magnitude, and of the responsibilities that will 
rest upon them. The result will, in some measure, involve the good name of our coun¬ 
try abroad, and to the most sensitive degree will it involve the self-respect and pride 
of our own people. It has been commenced, and it must be carried through on a scale 
commensurate with the dignity and resources of our State and nation ; and I say 
shame be to the man or the institution that fails to do a full share to secure its tri¬ 
umphal success. 

Hon. Joseph R. Hawley then announced that, pursuant to the said act of Congress, 
the United States Centennial Commission had nominated for directors one hundred 
stockholders' from whom twenty-five directors were to be now elected by the stock¬ 
holders, and that the secretary of the commission would read the names of the gentle¬ 
men nominated. 

Whereupon, Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, the secretary of the United States Centennial 
Commission, read the names of the nominees, as follows : 

FOR DIRF.CTORS OF THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 

Alabama—Robert M. Patton. 

Arizona—Charles H. Lord. 

Arkansas—A. P. Bishop. 

California—Jacob Deeth, A. S. Halladie. 

Colorado—George W. Chilcott. 

Connecticut—Eli Whitney, Henry P. Haven. 

Dakota—J. M. Stone. 

Delaware—William Canby, Jos. P. Comegys. 

District of Columbia—Henry D. Cooke. 

Florida—William H. Gleason. 

Georgia—J. H. Zeilin, B. C. Yancy. 

Idaho—C. W. Moore. 

Illinois—J. P. Reynolds, Wirt Dexter, E. D. Sweeney. 

Indiana—Williarn H. Levering, J. B. Howe, J.L. Williams 

Iowa—Benj. F. Allen, Samuel Murdock. 

Kansas—Orrin F. Welch, E. P. Purcell. 


88 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Kentucky—Bailie Peyton, Thornton F. Marshall. 

Louisiana—Thomas C. Anderson. 

Maine—Joshua L. Chamberlain, A. P. Morrill. 

Maryland—F. C. Latrobe, Teagle Wallace. 

Massachusetts—John Cummins, J. Wiley Edmauds, M illiam Clailiu. 

Michigan —F. B. Stockbridge, E. O. GrosTeuor. 

Minnesota—D. Morrison. 

Mississippi—J. A. P. Campbell. 

Missouri—A. P. Barrett, J. F. Hoheusteiu, J. L. Stevens. 

Montana—Granville Stewart. 

Nebraska—J. P. Redick. 

Nevada—C. H. Eastman. 

New Hampshire—George W. Burleigh, Dexter Richards. 

New Jersey—A. S. Hewitt, B. G. Clark, Charles S. Olden, Ihomas 11. Whitney. 

New Mexico—A. P. Sullivan. - 

New York—William H. Appleton, E. D. Morgan, R. Lenox Kennedy, George. 1. 

Smith, Wiliam B. Duncan. 

North Carolina—W. W. Ransom, P. F. Piscul. 

Ohio—A. D. Bullock, Amos Townsend, P. A. White. 

Oregon—W. S. Ladd, H. W. Lewis. 

Philadelphia—William Sellers, John Welsh, Samuel M. Felton, Joseph Patterson, 
Daniel M. Fox, J. Edgar Thomson, Wm. V. McKean, Joseph Wharton, Edwin H. Fit¬ 
ter, Clement M. Biddle, Thomas Cochran, N. Parker Shortridge, Henry C. Lea, James 
M. Robb, Edward T. Steel. 

Pennsylvania—Alex. Bradley, Pittsburgh ; Chas. W. Cooper, x4.11entown. 

Rhode Island—John Gorham, Ambrose E. Burnside. 

South Carolina—James D. Treadwell, M. D. L. Stewart. 

Tennessee—John W. Burton. 

Texas—W. R. Marshall. 

Utah—Horace S. Eldridge. 

Vermont—John N. Baxter, Henry Chase. 

Virginia—John S. Barbour, Samuel F. Maddox. 

West Virginia—A. H. Pierrepont, Thomas Swan. 

Wisconsin—C. C. Washburn, A. E. Elmore, G. Van Stenwyk. 

Washington Territory—S. Garfield. 

Wyoming—W. A. Carter. 

The iiresident of the meeting then stated that the next business in order was the 
election of secretaries. 

Mr. Lucius P. Thompson, of Philadelphia, moved that Messrs. R. A. Little and Geo. 
S. Fox be elected the secretaries of the meeting; which was unanimously agreed to. 

Mr. Lewis S.Fisk moved that three persons be appointed by the president the judges 
to conduct the election of directors; which was agreed to. 

Mr. M. Richards Muckle moved that two persons be appointed clerks of the elec¬ 
tion ; which was agreed to. 

The president then announced that he had appointed Messrs. John O. James, James 
Long, and G. Morrison Coates the judges, and Messrs. J.Hays Carson and Daniel Sutter 
the clerks. 

Before opening the polls, Mr. Charles Wheeler offered the following resolution: 

Iiesolved, That during the periods between the meetings of the stockholders of the 
Centennial Board of Finance the directors shall have power to fill vacancies that 
may occur in their own body. 

Which was read and unanimously adopted. 

On motion a recess was then taken to prepare ballots. On re-assembling the polls 
were opened, and the stockholders present j)roceeded to vote for directors pursuant to 
law. 

At 2 minutes past 4 o’clock p. m. the polls were closed. 

Mr. W. W. Justice moved that the judges and clerks of the election be authorized to 
proceed with the ballots, books, and papers to the office of the United States Centen¬ 
nial Commission, No. 904 Walnnt street, to count the votes cast; and that they be 
authorized to certify the result of the election to the president of this meeting, and to 
deliver to each of the directors elected a certificate of his election, duly signed bj'^ the 
judges and the clerks of the election ; which was unanimously agreed to. 

On motion the meeting adjourned. 

WILLIAM BIGLER, 

Fresident. 

Attest: 

Amos R. Little, 

Geohge S. Fox, 

Secretaries. 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


89 


At the meetiiif^ of the stockholders of the Centennial Board of Fin ance, held April 22 
1873, the following-named gentlemen were duly elected directors of the said hoard of 
finance for the term of one year, and certificates of election were duly awarded to each 
ot them, signed by the judges and clerks of election, to wit: 


Benjamin F. Allen, of Iowa. 

William H. Appleton, of New York. 
John S. Barbour, of Virginia. 

Clement M. Biddle, of Philadelphia. 
A. D. Bullock, of Ohio. 

Thomas Cochran, of Philadelphia. 
Charles W. Cooper, of Allentown, Pa. 
John Cummins, of Massachusetts. 
Samuel M. Felton, of Philadelphia. 
Edwin H. Fitler, of Philadelphia. 
Daniel M. Fox, of Philadelphia. 

John Gorham, of Rhode Island. 

A. S. Hewitt, of New Jersey. 


Henry C. Len, of Philadelphia. 
William V. McKean, of Philadelphia. 
Joseph Patterson, of Philadelphia. 
Robert M. Patton, of Alabama. 

James M. Robb, of Philadelphia. 
William Sellers, of Philadelphia. 

N. Parker Shortridge, of Philadelphia. 
Edward T. Steel, of Philadelphia. 

J. Edgar Thomson, of Philadelphia. 

C. C. Washburn, of Wisconsin. 

John Welsh, of Philadelphia. 

Joseph Wharton, of Philadelphia. 


Exhibit G. 

REPORT OF H. D. J. PRATT. 

May 1, 1873. 

Sir : I have the honor to inform you that I have finished the work assigned to mo in 
connection with the preparation of the report of the commission to both Houses of 
Congress. With the concurrence of the president of the commission and yourself, the 
copy of the journal of the proceedings of the commission and appendices which accom¬ 
panied the report to Congress, was classified according to subjects. The volume is ac¬ 
companied by a table of contents, as well as by an alphabetical index of subjects. 
Under this arrangement those having occasion to refer to it find all the information 
relating to any one subject of importance grouped together in a place indicated in the 
table of contents, and by the headings of the pages, while the alphabetical index refers 
more minutely to details. 

In compliance with your wishes, I have given attention to the subject of general and 
special regulations foi- the exhibition, with a view to collecting data which would be 
useful to the committee in preparing such regulations. 

From letters received at this office, and from the remarks of persons of intelligence 
and respectability, it is manifest that, notwithstanding all that has been done, much 
remains to be done before the public will be thoroughly informed as to the nature and 
purposes of the exhibition, its national commemorative character, its dependence for 
success upon the co-operation and subscriptions of the ^leople, and as to the terms and 
mode of subscription. 

With a view to supplying the demand for this information in a form combining the 
facts with some of the eloquent and patriotic remarks and thoughts which have been 
inspired by this projected celebration, and by previous exhibitions of a similar charac¬ 
ter, I have the honor to suggest the preparation of a pamphlet containing such matter, 
for wide-spread distribution. 

It is not merely the bare facts which the people require, but, in addition, thereto, 
something to associate and identify in their minds the international exhibition wdth 
the national glories which it is to commemorate, and of which it is to form a brilliant 
feature. The press need the suggestion of those considerations which are likely to 
arouse to enthusiasm the sentiment of nationality in the popular heart in connection 
with this work. It seems, therefore, desirable and important that the best things said 
or written on the subject of this and other exhibitions should be incorporated in a 
permanent pamphlet, subject to enlargement and revision from time to time, and dis¬ 
seminated by every practicable and reliable means throughout the country. 

As you are aware, I have draughted, or assisted in draughting, several of the circu¬ 
lars issued from this office. 

With reference to the classification of articles for the exhibition, in compliance with 
the reouest of Mr. Blake, the chairman of the committee on that subject, I am sub¬ 
mitting copies of the latest form of the classification to persons whose professions or 
pursuits peculiarly qualify them to criticise or suggest amendments to the classifica¬ 
tion of such groups as are not complete. 

I annex a list of the subjects referred to in the last two reports of Hon. W. P. Blake, 
as executive commissioner, before his departure to report upon the Vicuna Exhibition, 
and extracts from them. The most important parts of one of these reports are pub- 



90 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


lisbed in the report to Congress, on the pages specified in tlie list. Annexed is an ab¬ 
stract of such part of said reports as were not heretofore published. 

Respectfully submitted. 

H. D. J. PRATT. 

Hon. D. J. Morrell, 

Chairman of the Executive Committee United States Centennial Commission. 

Suhjeets referred to in the last two reports of W. P. Plaice, as executive commissioner, prior to 

his departure for Vienna. 

Northern Pacific Railroad. See section 1 of the annexed abstract. Committees of 
admission (of articles) or advisory committees, see report to Congress, House Mis. Doc. 
99, 42d Cong., 3d sess., page 145. State commissions, see report to Congress, page 146. 
Finances of the Paris Exposition of 1867, see report to Congress, pages 157 to 167. 
The Vienna Exhibition, see report to Congress, page 185. Engraving the certificate, 
section 2. Classification, section 3. Necessity for a conservatory, section 4. Prehis¬ 
toric relics, section 5. Experimental farm, section 6. Custom-house regulations, 
section 7. Agents of the commission abroad, section 8. Steam-railway to the park, 
section 9. 

ABSTRACT OF MR. BLAKE’S REPORTS ABOVE REFERRED TO. 

Section 1.—Northern Pacific Railroad. 

As chairman of the committee on classification, he had received an interesting com¬ 
munication from the trustees of the Northern Pacific Railroad, proposing to exhibit 
liberally in the exhibition samples of all the natural productions of the region traversed 
by that railroad ; and had recommended a collective exhibition, embracing a model of 
their road, such as was exhibited of the Suez Canal at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. 

Section 2.— Engraving the certificate. 

Conferences have been held, agreeably to the instructions of the executive committee, 
with the Treasury Department and some of the leading designers of the country. A 
circular inviting competition had been prepared for the information of designers. 


Section 3.—The classification. 

In accordance wnth the request of the chairman of the building committee, he, as 
chairman of committee on classification, had reported progress, and prepared a pam¬ 
phlet for the guidance of those who may wish to compete for designs for the buildings. 

Section 4.—Necessity for a conservatory. 

Had repeatedly urged the necessity of early making suitable provision for grow¬ 
ing exotic plants intended to form a part of the exhibition. Reference is made for 
those suggestions to his last report to the executive committee, and to schedule of dates, 
&c. Subject again brought forward by the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. That 
honorable and influential body long ago appointed a special coumittee to confer with 
the commission in regard to the horticultural department. 

They are now impressed with the necessity for early action to provide a suitable 
building or buildings, in order that the young plants may be i)laced in them and per¬ 
mitted to develop. 

Several buildings will be required to meet the demands of the classification. 

In his former reports he omitted to state that soou after his appointment as executive 
commissioner, he conferred with the Chief of the Department of Agriculture of the 
United States, and received from him and from Mr. William Saunders, of that Depart¬ 
ment, the most liberal and gratifying assurances of their desire to co-operate in making 
the agricultural, horticultural, and floral departments ot the exhibition a complete suc¬ 
cess. Duplicate plants from the j)ropagatiug houses, and such other contributions 
as they could properly make are promised. 

Section 5.—Prehistoric relics. % 

The committee on classification have in view a pronnneut position for historic and 
prehistoric relics. Has recently had an offer of co-operation in regard to the prehistoric 
relics of this country from Dr. Abbot, of New’ Jersey, who is willing to devote himself 
to the collection ami display of a suitable representation of such articles. 


91 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


Section 6.—Experimental farm. 

There is also a communication from Mr. Horace J. Smith in regard to the possible 
^^86 of a farm for the purposes of the agricultural and live-stock departments of the ex¬ 
hibition, to 'which he invites attention. 

Section 7.—Custom-house regulations. 

Section G of the act of Congress requires the commission to report “the requisite 
custom-house regulations for tie introduction, into this country, of the articles from 
foreign countries intended for exhibition.” 

This matter has already received attention from the committee upon tariifs and trans¬ 
portation, and the report on the subject is printed in the Journal, Appendix No. 5. 

The Secretary of the Treasury, by a letter to the president of the commission, has 
already signified his readiness to constitute the exhibition building a bonded warehouse 
of the United States, whenever it is sufficiently completed for the reception and shelter 
of articles to be exhibited. It can therefore be announced to foreign governments that 
articles for the exhibition will be exempt from duties, unless sold in the United States. 


Section 8.—Agents of the commission abroad. 


Mr. Blake states that in his preceding report to the commission reference was made 
to several communications in regard to the establishment of agencies abroad. Further 
communications on the subject have been received, which have been referred to the 
executive committee. 


Section 9.—Stea:m-railway to the park. 

Upon this subject, Mr. Blake reports that one of the most pressing necessities, in 
anticipation of the exhibition, is the means of rapid communication by steam-railway 
between the heart of the city and the site at Fairrnount Park. A double-track road 
will be required. The success of the exhibition, as well as the convenience of the pub¬ 
lic, demands it. The necessity for such a road, irrespective of the exhibition, is increasing 
from year to year, in order that the citizens may fully avail themselves of the advan¬ 
tages offered to them by their unequaled park. The location selected forthe building is 
such that a road can be constructed, it is believed, without unusual expense ; and there 
are no insurmountable difficulties in the way of extending it through the city, elevated 
above the streets, so as not to interfere with existing roads or lines of travel. 

The exhibition cannot realize our expectations unless such facilities for rapid access 
to it are provided and in due season. I deem it my duty to invite the attention of the 
commission to this subject, at this time, for whatever is done in this direction should be 
commenced without delay. The road should be completed before the work of construc¬ 
tion of the building commences, in order that not only materials, but the workmen, can 
be transported to the ground without loss of time. The existing lines of horse-railways 
are inadequate, and even if increased in number and made direct would involve too 
great a loss of time. 


[luclosure 2, in Appendix B.] 

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 

To the honorable the United States Centennial Commission: 

When the commission adjourned, in December, the work intrusted to its care was 
in the earliest stages of organization. Not only had no funds been raised toward defray¬ 
ing the expenses incidental to its prosecution, but there existed a pervading ignorance 
throughout the country as to the objects in view. It was, therefore, found necessary 
as part of its duty, to enlighten the public as to its aims, by publications and addresses, 
as well as to take preparatory steps toward calling into existence the board of finance, 
and securing subscriptions to the stock. 

The work performed by the commission has, therefore, been of a greatly varied char¬ 
acter. There have, in fact, been three distinct organizations, all in their incipent stages 
of formation, and all under its nurture and care. The labors imposed upon it may be 
divided into—1st. The work of the commission proper; 2d. Work incidental to organ¬ 
izing the board of finance; and 3d. The work of the Citizens’ Centennial Finance Com¬ 
mittee of Philadelphia. 

On the 4th day of November, 1872, the authorities of the city of Philadelphia placed 
at the disposal of the commission the sum of $.'30,000, for the purpose, as set forth in the 
title of the ordinance of the city making the appropriation, of paying “ the current and 



92 


KEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


incidental expenses of the United States Centennial Comuiissiou, and for opening books 
of subscription in the several States and Territories, and organizing the Centennial 
Board of Finance.” 

The practical work of the commission commenced May 29, 1872, and from that time 
to the present all of its expenses have been drawn from this fund. Thus the expenses 
which were incurred ny^nths before the passage of the ordnance were subsequently 
])aid out of this appropriation. The commission felt that the work done in those early 
months was absolutely necessary to the success of the enterprise. So essential was it, 
in the opinion of your officers, "that they authorized it even at the risk of becoming 
personally responsible for payment. 

On the lOfch of December, 1872, there bad been debts contracted to the amount of 
$15,478.82. There has been since expended the amount of $30,859.26, making a total 
expenditure, up to May 1, 1873, of $46,338.08, leaving a balance of $3,661.92 uuexpeded. 

1.—The work of the commission proper. 

The large increase of correspondence has necessitated the employment of several 
clerks, in addition to the two assistant secretaries, wlio-je time has been constantly 
occupied in answering the mass of letters received. In additition to this work, the 
preparation and distribution of numerous subscription-books, notices to agents and 
commissioners, circular addresses to agricultural, literary, and scientific societies and 
associations, and to the people, explanatory of the work of the commission and com¬ 
mending it to public attention, bad to be undertaken. In order to reach the public 
through the medium of the pulpit, 15,000 copies of an address to the clergy of the coun¬ 
try have been issued and distributed ; 10,000 copies of special addresses to the various 
industrial associations; 10,000 copies to teachers and professors of schools and colleges; 
and 10,000 to city. State, and national officials; together with 130,000 copies of an 
address by the executive committee to the people of the United States, were printed 
and forwarded to the people of every State and Territory. 

In addition to these circulars, 13,500 copies of the letter of the chairman of executive 
committee to the governor of Pennsylvania were circulated throughout this State. 
These are but illustrations of the character of the labor performed. 

Copies of all these circulars have been transmitted with the report of the executive 
■committee; reference to tliem, therefore, only is made here. The total expense charge¬ 
able to the conmission proper, from May 29,1872, to May 1, 1873, amounts to $24,593.22, 
a statement of which is hereto appended, marked Exhibit A. 

2.— Centennial board of finance. 

The responsibility of initiating the formation and organization of the board of 
finance being imposed on the commission, large expenses had to be incurred, which are 
properly chargeable to that body. The preparation and distribution of scrip for stock 
subscriptions, the appointment and correspondence with agents, and the stimulating 
of subscriptions, all required expenditure of money and energy. Some idea of the 
magnitude of the work can be formed from the fact that there were one thousand seven 
hundred and fourteen agents located in diftereut parts of the country, and that there 
were printed for distribution to them no less than two hundred thousand scrip sub¬ 
scription blanks, in addition to subscription-books, blanks for making returns, &c. 
The forwarding of these required a separate clerical force, as well as the entering in 
the proper record of the names of the various individual subscribers to the stock. The 
time for the performance of this labor was so brief that the eraployds were often com¬ 
pelled to work far into the night, as well as during the day, to accomplish the task in 
time. The amount of the postage-account bears testimony to the extent of the matter 
prepared for mailing. So great, at times, was the pressure upon the post-office to re¬ 
ceive, cancel the stamps, and forward the matter which the commission sent, that, at 
the request of the postmaster, the mail was divided and sent at specified hours, in order 
that the immense quantities deposited at one time should not interfere with the reg¬ 
ular service. 

A statement of .all the expenditures on account of the board of finance is hereto ap¬ 
pended, marked Exhibit B. The total amount expended on this account is $13,276.96. 

3.—Citizens’ centennial finance committee. 

In January of this year, despite the efforts made to stimulate interest in the centen¬ 
nial celebration, there had been an absence of responses which argued badly for the 
ultimate success of the cause. The chairman of the executive committee, impressed 
with the importance of immediate action, instructed me to inform the Citizens’ Centen¬ 
nial Finance Committee of Philadelphia that the commission would pay out of its funds 
all expenses incurred by them in the prosecution of their work. There were two 
motives which prompted this offer : 

Ist. The absolute necessity for awakening interest at once in the city of Philadelphia, 
and thence throughout the countr}'^ at large. 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


93 


Qd. Because it was thouglit that as the city of Philadelphia had furnished this money 
it could not be expended more satisfactorily to the donor than hy awakening interest 
among her own citizens, and by employing her own artisans to perform the necessary 
work. 

Through the energy of the gentlemen connected with the citizens’ committee, to 
whom too much praise cannot be awarded, the work at once began to assume a new 
phase. Lethargy disappeared, and within sixty days all doubts were dispelled, and 
success assured. Through the aid of the suh-comniittees the city was canvassed, and 
through their correspondents, residing in every part of the State, the great Common¬ 
wealth of Pennsylvania was aroused to the necessity of immediate action; while a 
giant demonstration of the people, at the Academy of Music, in Philadelphia, on the 
•i2d of February, gave assurance to the nation at large that the centennial celebration 
was thereafter a fixed fact. 

In the adoption of these means for popularizing subscriptions to the stock in Phila¬ 
delphia and Pennsylvania, there has been expended the sum of $8,407.90. 

A classified statement of the objects to which this money has been applied is ap¬ 
pended hereto, marked Exhibit C. 

THE EMPLOYES OF THE COMMISSION. 

To carry on the various departments briefly alluded to, a large force of employes was 
necessary. 

The printing of the journal of the commission, and of the numerous circulars, ad¬ 
dresses, blanks, &c., was, as far as practicable, given to the lowest bidders, upon pro¬ 
posals inviting bids sent to a number of the leading printers of this city. The adver¬ 
tising outside of the city was done by a liberal agency, who deducted from the bills 
rendered the commissions to which they were entitled. Thus, both the printing and 
advertising were procured at the lowest rates. 

All hills contracted hy the conuuission have been paid hy warrants drawn hy the 
mayor of the city, each bill requiring, before payment was made, not only his approval 
but also the approval of the city comptroller; and the payment of each was made by 
the city treasurer, upon such warrant, to the person to whom the amount was due. 
Thus, no portion of the city funds passed into the hands of the commission, or any of 
its officers, for disbursement. 

Vouchers, showing to what purpose each item of expense was applied, together with 
the receipted bills, are on file in tlie ofiice, and I would ask that the accounts be referred 
to the finance committee, or such other committee as maybe proper, to be examined 
and audited. 


CONCLUSION. 


Taking into consideration the fact that the work in which we were engaged was en¬ 
tirely novel; that there were no precedents to serve as guides; that the time was so 
short as to make speed of more importance than money itself, and that the materials 
had to he both created and applied as the work progressed, it is believed that the re¬ 
sults accomplished bear testimony to the economy and discretion exercised in the work. 
Through the energies of those who have volunteered in the work, and with the ex¬ 
penditure of a little over thirty thousand dollars since the adjournment in December, 
there has been secured to the cause more than three millions of dollars. General pub¬ 
lic interest has taken the place of inditference. The newspaper press, that powerful 
instrument for conveying information, has already, in every section, commenced the 
task of instruction. The aims for which we strive are no longer known only to those 
with whom we come in personal contact. All parts of our country are becoming par¬ 
ties in interest in our great undertaking, while more distant lands are inquiring as to 


our purposes. 

With these fruits, garnered by the active labor of five months, with imperfect organ¬ 
ization, contracted means, and the existence of jealous distrust of our ultimate success, 
how much greater things can we prophecy for the coming months, now that success is 
assured, and the preparatory work of organization completed. 

Respectfully submitted. 

^ ' LEWIS WALN SMITH, 

'Temporary Secretary. 


Exhibit A. 

Expenses of the commission proper. 

Furniture, carpets, &c ... 

Paper-hanging and repairs. 

Hotel expenses. 

Traveling and incidental expenses. 


$2,878 80 
370 36 
845 43 
607 08 







94 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


National seal. 

Special agent to Vienna 

Flag. 

Telegraphing.. 

Advertising. 

Postage.. 


Photograping. 

Safe... 

Rent, fuel, and gas.. 

Stationery. 

Salaries. 

Library.. 

Subscriptions to newspapers 
Printing. 


$240 00 
500 00 
33 00 
459 52 
24 50 
863 48 
18 50 
45 00 
726 53 
972 66 
11, 452 66 
155 68 
390 20 
4,000 82 


24,593 22 


ExHiniT B. 


■« Expemcs chargeable to the hoard of finance. 

Salaries. $7,963 59 

Stationery. 99 00 

Printing. 3,297 87 

Rent of Concert Hall. 75 00 

Advertising. 1,115 97 

Rent, fuel, and gas. 725 53 


13,276 96 


ExriiniT C. 


Postage__ 

Stationery ... 

Printing. 

Advertising.. 
Mass meeting 


8,467 90 


Expenses of the citizens^ committee. 

. $1,420 18 

. 82 23 

. 2,390 97 

. 3,624 37 

. 950 15 


[luclosure 3, in Appendix B.J 

Appexdi.x No. 3. 

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANS AND ARCHITECTURE. 

To the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen : At the May session of the commission your committee on plans and 
architecture was instructed “ to confer with the authorities of the city of Philadelphia 
and the cornmissioners of Fairmount Park, and to fix the place upon which the expo¬ 
sition building is to be erected.” After several interviews with the authorities of the 
city, and especially with the commissioners of Fairmount Park, who have immediate 
control of the grounds of the park, a formal application was made for the transfer to the 
Centennial Commission of that part of the park selected for the uses of the exhibition. 
Accordingly, the transfer was made and accepted on behalf of the commission. Copies 
of the documents referring to the transfer are submitted with this report. 

To secure the best architectural effect, and for a i)roper classification of the articles 
on exhibition, the topography of the ground selected naturally suggests the erection 
of more than one building, viz : A main building, including the memorial-building, an 
art-gallery, a machinery-hall, and conservatory, covering together about fift^’- aci^s of 
floor-space; the first to be erected on Lansdowne Plateau, the second on the east and 
the third on the west of the main building. ’ 

As the main building should be the chief architectural feature of the system of 

































REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


95 


imildings, aud as it will require a greater time iu construction, designs Lave been 
solicited for this building and art-gallery, with the view of securing plans at the 
earliest day possible. 

On the 25th day of February, 1872, the following resolution was adopted by the 
executive committee : 

Resolved, That, in the judgment of this committee, the necessary funds are provided 
for the construction of the centennial buildings, and that the committee on plans and 
architecture is hereby authorized and requested to proceed at once to i)rocure such 
plans as may be deemed suitable for the purposes of the exi)osition, for the approval of 
the commission. * 

With this information, in accordance with your instructions, specifications for pre¬ 
liminary designs for the main building and art-gallery have been prepared, and archi¬ 
tects aud others invited to submit sketches of plans under an unlimited public compe¬ 
tition. 

The 15th day of July has been named as the date for the reception of the primary 
designs. Tlie time may be too limited for a thorough and intelligent consideration of 
the classification, &c., for the proper construction and adaptation of so vast a system 
of buildings for the purposes intended, but the urgency for prompt and decisive action 
is great, and admits of no delay. 

The want of sufficient time in which to erect the buildings being so apparent, it is 
hoped that architects and others intending to compete will realize the importance of an 
early de'cision, and that on the date fixed designs will be submitted from which a plan 
may finally be selected and adopted. 

The foundations of the principal buildings should be completed this fall, otherwise 
it is feared that the experience of former international exhibitions may be repeated, 
which would seriously embarrass and injure the enterprise. 

A. T. GOSHORN, 

W. H. PARSONS, 

ORESTES CLEVELAND, 

E. A. STRAW, 

DAVID ATWOOD, 

GEO. A. BATCHELDER, 

M. GOLDSMITH, 

Committee on Plans and Architecture. 


Office of the Chief Exginp^er and Surveyor, 

224 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Aptril 5, 1873. 

Dear Sir : Your communication, addressed to Hon. Morton McMichael, president of 
Fairmount Park Commission, requesting that body to appropriate the grounds for the 
Centennial Exposition of 1876, has been received aud referred to the park centennial 
committee. 

At a meeting of that committee, held this day, the following resolution was adopted : 

Resolved, That the chairman of this committee is requested to ofi'er to Mr. Goshorn, 
chairman of the committee of plans and architecture of the centennial exposition, the 
plots of ground respectively marked on the maps hereto annexed A, B, C, D, E, and F 
for the erection of the various structures for the use of the centennial exposition of 
1876; Provided, however. That the control and supervision of such part of the ground 
so appropriated as may not be required for the uses aud i)urposes of the exposition 
shall continue and remain iu the park commission. 

I beg you to examine the resolution aud plan, aud if the plan meets your approval it 
will be reported to the park commission for their action on Saturday, the 12th instant. 

Very truly, 

SAMUEL L. SMEDLEY. 

Acting Chairman Committee on Centennial Exposition, 
P'airmonnt Park Commission. 


Hon. A. T. Gosiiorx, 

Chairman Committee on Plans and Architecture, Centennial Exposition. 


CixoixxATi, April 8, 1873. 

Dear Sir : I am in receipt of yoiirs of 5th instant, with accompanying map, advising 
me of the action of the commissioners of Fairmount Park on ray communication refer¬ 
ring to the ground to be appropriated to tlie use of the Centennial Commission. The 
plots of ground designated on the map. A, B, C, D, E, and F, offered by your commis¬ 
sion for the erection of the centennial-exhibition buildings, are most favorably located 
and sufficient in extent for the purposes of the great enterprise. 




96 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


In so far as I can, in the absence of the Centennial Commission, I approve of the 
action of your commission, and accept the plot of ground ou the terms stated in your 
communication. 

I am, very respectfully, __ 

’ ^ ^ ’ . • A. T. GOSHORN, 

Chairman Committee on Flans and Architecture, Centennial Commission. 
Samuel L. Smedley, 

Acting Chairman Committee on Centennial Exhibition, 

Fairmoant Park Commission, Philadelphia. 


Philadelphia, March 27, 1873. 

Dear Sir : The committee on plans and architecture of the United States Centennial 
Commission desire you to designate the location, aud appropriate the grounds in the 
park for the use of the United States Interuatioual Exhibition of 1876. The spaces for 
the main building and the art-gallery, on Elm avenue, are required at once for the use of 
architects furnishing designs. 

In order that the grounds may be adapted for the purposes of the exhibition, and 
that the additional grounds which may bo required may be designated as early as 
possible, we desire the park commissioners to co-operate with this committee in arrang¬ 
ing the grounds for the purposes of the exhibition, with the view that the walks aud 
drives laid out for exhibition purposes shall remain as permanent features of the park 
after the exhibition closes, as commemorative of the great event. 

Very respectfully, 

A. T. GOSHORN, 

Chairman of Committee on Plans and Architecture. 

Hon. Morton McMichael, 

President of the Park Commission. 


Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

904 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, April 1, 187.1. 

Specifications for plans for the eeniennial-anniversarff buildings to be erected in Philadelphia 

for the International Exhibition in 1876. 

The entire buildings connected with the exhibition will cover at least fifty acres of 
ground, aud will be located in Fairmoun^ Park. 

This communication refers only to the main exhibition building aud to the art-gal¬ 
lery, the latter being a building separate aud distinct from the former. 

1st. The main building will be located upon the site marked A, on the topographical 
map furnished by the Centennial Commission, and excluding such open courts aud areas 
as the nature of the various designs may require, but including the galleries, should 
cover at least twenty-hve acres of floor-space. 

A portion of this main building will form the memorial-hall, and must be a complete 
building within itself. It must be of such a character, and constructed of such sub¬ 
stantial materials, as that it shall remain after the close of the exhibition for a perma¬ 
nent art-museum. 

The memorial-building will cover not to exceed fiv'e acres of floor-space. The 
remaining portion of the main building will be removed after the close of the exhibi¬ 
tion, and must be planned accordingly. 

The entire main building must be designed so as to afford an opportunity for the best 
allotment of space, with a view to a comprehensive and effective arrangement of arti¬ 
cles in accordance with the classification adopted by the Centennial Commission. 

In the published statement, giving the classifications adopted by the commission, 
those “groups” marked A are intended to be placed in the main building; the other 
groups will not require consideration in connection with this building. 

2d. The art-gallery will be located upon the site marked B, on the map furnished by 
the Centennial Commission, and, excluding open areas, if the nature of the design 
requires them, should cover not to exceed two acres of floor-space. This building must 
be of such substantial materials and sufficiently fire-proof as to thoroughly protect the 
valuable articles to be placed in it. It must be well adapted to coutain aud properly 
exhibit the various articles mentioned in the “groups” marked B in the classification 
adopted by the commission. 

In designing both the above buildings, special care must be taken to insure ample 




i 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 97 

strength to sustain safely the great weights and moving crowds that they may con¬ 
tain. At the same time, they must be able to etfcctnally resist the action of the 
severest winds, and afford complete protection to their contents from the weather, 
without becoming expensive in construction. 

The committee on plans and architecture has prepared for distribution a map show¬ 
ing the sites of the proposed buildings, and a statement, giving the classiticatioii 
adopted by the commission. Those interested can obtain copies by applying to the 
secretary of the commission, at 904 Walnut street, Philadelphia. 

Achitects, engineers, and others are hereby invited to offer 2 JreUminary sketches of de¬ 
signs for each of the above buildings,/or the first and unlimited competition. 

Designs offered for each building must be represented by the following drawings, and 
conform strictly to the following rerpiirements; none others will be considered: No. 1. 
The block plan. No. 2. The ground plan. No. 3. The gallery plan. No. 4. Tlie north 
elevation. No. 5. The south elevation. No. 6. The transverse sections necessary to 
properly illustrate the design. 

Drawing No. 1 must be made to the scale of 100 feet to an inch, and must show both 
buildings in their proposed relative positions to each other. Separate drawings, to 
the scale of 64 feet to an inch, for Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, will be required for each building. 

All the drawings must be in pencil, India ink, or sepia, with the shadows cast, and 
no color shall be used, except upon the block plan and plans of the floors. 

Each design shall be accompanied by a clear and condensed written description of 
the drawings, and the proposed material of construction, under seal, and a sealed letter 
giving the address of the author. The name of the party offering the design must not 
appear on the drawings, or be attached to the description. All plans must be placed 
in the hands of the secretary of the commission, at Philadelphia, before noon on the 
15th day of July, 1873, after which time no designs will received. 

As the designs submitted are received, the date of their reception will be indorsed 
upon them, and, together with the description and sealed letter giving the address of 
the architect, will be numbered; the designs, descriptions, and address will each bear 
the same number. Thus numbered, they will remain in the xiossession of the secretary 
until opened by the committee on plans and architecture. 

From these preliminary sketches of designs, submitted as above indicated for this 
first competition, there will be selected ten designs, (if there be found that number 
sufficiently meritorious to be admitted to the second comiietitiou,) to each of which 
shall be paid the sum of $1,000. 

The letters giving the addresses Avill be opened after judgment has been pro¬ 
nounced by the committee, and the authors of each of the ten designs will be notified 
ot their designs having been selected for the second competition ; the others will be 
returned to the parties submitting them. 

The second compeiition, for the final,adoption of a plan, shall be limited to the de¬ 
signs selected under the first imblic competition, in accordance with the provisions 
herein specified. 

The conditions, requirements, awards, &c., for the second competition will be an¬ 
nounced at or prior to the close of the first competition. 

Persons intending to compete for the plans should file their address with the secre¬ 
tary of the commission, so that further announcements may be promptly communi¬ 
cated to them. 

ALFRED T. GOSHORN, Ohio, 

\VM. HENRY PARSONS, Texas, 

ORESTES CLEVELAND, New Jersey, 

DAVID ATWOOD, Wisconsin, 

EZEKIEL A. STRAW, Neiv Hampshire, 

GEO. ALEXANDER BATCHELDER, Dolo/a, 
MIDDLETON GOLDSMITH, Vermont. 

Committee on Flans and Architecture. 


[luclosure 4 in Appendix B.J 

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON BY-LAWS. 

The special committee, ai)pointed at the December session, to consider any changes 
or additions to the by-laws, beg leave to submit the following report for the consid¬ 
eration of the commission: 

Official title .—This body shall be known as “The United States Centennial Commis¬ 
sion,” as provided for by the act of Congress approved March 3, 1871, and the celebration 
for the conduct of which the commission is appointed shall be known as “The Inter¬ 
national Exhibition of 1876,” 

S. Ex. 30-7 



98 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


For the transaction of hnsiness a majority of the members of this commission shall 
he a quornm, and have power for the condnctin^ and the making all needful rules and 
regulations for its government, in providing for the celebration of the one hundredth 
anniversary of American Independence, as provided by the acts of Congress. 

The officers of the commission shall be a president, five vice-presidents, a secretary ; 
shall be elected at the present session of this commission, from the commissioners at¬ 
tending, (the session ;) also a treasurer, a counsellor, and solicitor, who shall severally 
hold their respective offices for the term of one year, and until their respective suc¬ 
cessors are duly elected and qualified fo act. 

The commission may from time to time ereate other offices, and shall elect the offi¬ 
cers, who, when elected, shall serve as such during the pleasure of the commission, or 
such term of time as the commission shall designate at the time of creating such 
office. 

Election shall be by ballot, and be held during the annual session of the commission 
in May, on such day of the session as the commission shall, during its session, designate, 
notice"of which shall be given in open session at least one day preceding the holding 
the election ; in case of failure to elect at the time specified, the officers then serving 
shall continue until their successors are elected and qualified to act. 

The president shall lueside at all meetings of the commission ; shall have all the 
authority and power of the presiding officer of a legislative body; shall appoint all 
committees, (excei)t the executive committee,) unless otherwise ordered; shall call 
special meetings of the commission on his own motion, or on the request of the execu¬ 
tive committee, or at the request, in writing, of at least thirteen commissioners, of 
which meetings not less than thirty days’ notice shall be given to each member by mail 
or telegraph; he shall be exempt from serving on all committees. 

The vice-presidents shall, in the absence of the president, perform his duties, each 
taking ])recedence in accordance with the time of his election, or by drawing lots for 
precedence when elected. 

The executive committee, when duly convened, nine members shall constitute a 
quorum for business; seven members shall be a majority. It shall elect its own chair¬ 
man, appoint its own clerk, and such other agents and employes as it shalldeem neces¬ 
sary, and define their duties. 

The committee shall cause to be kept a journal of all its proceedings, transactions, 
and votes; shall have power to make such rules and regulations for its own govern¬ 
ment as it may deem |>ioper; shall act immediately on all matters referred to it by the 
commission, and make report thereon to the commission when in open session ; shall 
have, during the recess of the cojumission, all the executive and administrative au¬ 
thority of this commission which can be delegated to such committee, in preparitig for 
the conducting, regulating, and managing the exhibition to beheld in 1876. All which 
proceedings, transactions, rulings, and journal shall be reported fully to the commis¬ 
sion at the commencement of each session ; also, when requested so to do by the com¬ 
mission for its inspection and approval. 

The rulings of the commission on any subject connected with said exhibition shall 
be followed and carried out by the executive committee, and all acts and transactions 
of said committee shall be subject to review and approval by the commission, as pro¬ 
vided by acts of Congress of March 3,1871, and June, 1872. 

The papers, books, and journal of its proceedings shall, at all times, be subject to 
examination by the conimission or any member of the commission. 

A member of the executive committee shall not be appointed on any other com- 
mitttee. 

In case of a vacancy happening during the recess of the commission, the president 
shall ajipoint a commissioner to fill the vacancy, who shall hold his office until action 
shall be taken on it by the conimission, or until his successor is elected. 

The standing and other committees shall report to the executive committee, when 
so requested, (provided that it is not during the session of the commission,) the pro¬ 
gress of the work of such committee. 

The president of the executive committee is authorized to refer to any committee 
such matters as may come before it, and which should appropriately have been, or 
ought to be, referred to a committee during the recess of the commission. 

The president shall not be a member of any committee except the executive com¬ 
mittee. 

In all cases where an alternate commissioner attends the session, (and the commis¬ 
sioner does not,) and the commissioner is appointed on a committee, the alternate shall 
assume and perform the duties of such commissioner as may be unable to attend the 
meeting of the committee until such commissioner attends. 

The treasurer, before entering upon the duties of his oftice, shall execute a bond in 
such penalty as may be directed by the commission or executive committee, with two 
or more sureties, payable “to the United States Centennial Commission,” conditioned 
for the faitliful ])erforniance of his duties as such treasurer, and abide by all orders and 
resolutions of said commission in regard to his duties. 


EEPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


99 


He shall also take an oath before an officer qualified to administer oaths and affirma¬ 
tions, that he will well and faithfully perform his duties as treasurer of the United 
States Centennial Commission, and file the same in writing, also the said bond, with 
the president of the commission, the bond and sureties beiug first approved by the 
commission or executive committee. 

The treasurer shall report to the secretary of the commission, within thirty-six hours 
after receiving any money or funds of the commission, the amount received, and the 
source from which it is derived, with which the secretary shall charge the treasurer. 

The treasurer shall deposit all moneys received by him in such depository as may be 
designated by the commission within thirty-six hours after receiving the same, and 
only draw such amount therefrom on proper checks or warrants authorized by the 
commission. 

He shall keep accurate accounts of all receipts and expenditures, and shall report the 
same in detail monthly to the executive committee, and also at the beginning of each 
session of the commission to it. 

His books of accounts and vouchers shall, at all times, be open to inspection by any 
member of the commission. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury of the commission unless an appropria¬ 
tion is expressly made by the commission and ordered to be paid, or on accounts, bills, 
claims, <fec., &c., approved by the auditing committee, reported to and approved by 
the commission, or for salaries (monthly) of the officers, agents, and employes of the 
commission. 

In all cases checks or warrants shall be issued, stating in substance the considera¬ 
tion and for what purpose the money is for, signed by the president and countersigned 
by the secretary, and the stubs shall be re-bound by the secretary. 

DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY. 

He shall attend all meetings of the commission, keep correct minutes of all proceed¬ 
ings and transactions of each meeting, and enter on the journal all motions made, with 
the name of the member making and seconding it; shall receive, indorse, and tile all 
papers and documents, &c., &c., relative to the business of the commission, and pre¬ 
serve the same ; shall regularly attend at the office of the commission in the city of 
Philadelphia, and have full chat ge and control thereof, subject to the rules and orders 
of the commission ; also keep the accounts of all officers, agents, and employes, and 
shall generally perform such duties as are usually performed by the secretary of a leg¬ 
islative body ; shall conduct the correpondeuce under the direction of the president. 

At the opening of each daily session of the commission, the secretary shall present a 
list of all unfinished busiuess of the prior sesssiou of the commission. 

All papers, documents, and books in the possession of the secretary shall be open at 
all times to the inspection of any member of the comiuissiou, 

To aid the secretary in the discharge of the duties of his office, he shall have an as¬ 
sistant secretary and a recording secretary, and such clerks and employes as the com¬ 
mission deem necessary, to be nominated by him and appointed by the commission, 
who shall, at times, perfoim such duties as the secretary shall assign to them, and serve 
during the pleasure of the commission. 

An executive committee, to consist of thirteen members, shall be elected at the pres¬ 
ent session of the commission, from the commissioners attending, who shall hold their 
offices one year, or during the pleasure of the commission, and until their successors are 
elected. 

There shall be appointed at each annual meeting (after the election of officers) the 
following-named committees, who shall serve for the ensuing year, and until their suc¬ 
cessors are apjioiuted : 

1. A Committee on Finance. 

2. A Committee on Plans and Architecture. 

3. A Committee on Fares and Transportation. 

4. A Committee on Auditing Accounts. 

5. A Committee on Classification. 

6. A Committee on Foreign Afiairs. 

7. A Committee on Domestic Affairs. 

8. A Committee on Opening Services. 

9. A Committee on Printing. 

Eacli committee shall consist of seven commissioners. Each committee shall elect 
its own chairman, and report it to the secretary. 

No person shall be elected to an office unless he is a commissioner and then in attend¬ 
ance at the commission. « 


ORDER OF RUSINESS. 

The president shall take his seat at the hour appointed for the meeting of the com¬ 
mission. In case he is absent at the time, the vice-presidents (in their order) shall 
preside until the president is present. 


100 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS 


Ist. The roll of the menihers shall be called, and those present and absent shall be 
noted. The roll shall be called bj^ States. 

2d. The journal of the previous meeting shall be read, and if necessary amended or 
corrected, and be approved. 

8d. Reports of committees: 1st. Standing committees; 2d. Select committees; 
3d. Original resolutions. 

4th. Miscellaneous business. 

5th. Uuhuished business taken up. 

Members speaking shall address the president, and when presenting a paper shall 
state its import. 

When a motion is made and seconded the question shall be stated by the president, 
and if in writing shall be read before debate. Every motion shall be reduced to writ¬ 
ing, if the president or a member request it. 

The auditing committee shall make full inquiry and examination into and of all 
bills, accounts, and claims; also examine into all such matters and things as may be 
referred to it by the commission, and make report of their decision on the same, which, 
if approved by the commission, (if the matter is for the payment of money,) an order 
shall be drawn on the treasurer for the amount so ordered. 

The printing committee shall have in charge all matters referred to it and ordered 
to be printed, and of making a disposition of such other matter as it may deem proper 
to be printed. 

It shall make all contracts for printing for the commission, and report its proceed¬ 
ings to tJie commission, or when called on for its approval. 

No printing shall be done unless ordered by the commission, the printing committee, 
or the executive committee. 

DUTIES OF COUNSELOR AND SOLICITOR. 

He shall attend the meetings of the commission and the meetings of any of the 
standing committees, when requested so to do, and give legal advice on all questions 
submitted by said committees, or either of them, and draw all contracts and docu¬ 
ments designated by this commission, or either of said committees. 

He shall be entitled to a seat on the floor during the session, and give legal advice 
on any question submitted to him by the commission, and such other duties as may be 
prescribed by the commission, and shall hold his office during the pleasure of the com¬ 
mission. 

A motion may be withdrawn by nny member making it. 

No member shall occupy the floor in debate longer then ten minutes, unless by unani¬ 
mous consent of the members present, nor shall any member speak more than twice 
on any sulqect before the commission. 

The rules of parliamentary law as laid down in- Manual, shall be the rules 

governing the deliberations of this commission, except when they conflict with the 
provisions of these by-laws. 

All by-laws heretofore adopted and now in force, are hereby repealed. Also, the res¬ 
olutions which are in conflict with the by-laws now adopted are repealed and made 
null and void. 

These by-laws may be altered or amended at any annual meeting of the commission 
by a vote of two-thirds of the members then present. 

BOARD OF DIRECTION. 

The board of direction shall consist of nine members of this commission, seven of 
-whom shall be nominated by the President, and elected by a viva voce vote of the 
commission, and two shall be members ex-officio, viz: The chairman of the committee 
on plans and architecture, and the chairman of the committee on flnance. Four mem¬ 
bers of the board of direction duly convened shall constitute a quorum, and the board 
shall report its transactions to the commission at each of its stated meetings. The 
board shall have power to make such regulations for the transaction of its business as 
it may, from time to time, deem proper. It may elect such oflicers and agents as it 
deems necessary, define their duties, and fix their compensation. In the recess of the 
commission the board shall have all the power of the commission which can be dele¬ 
gated to that body. In case of a vacancy in the board during the recess of the com¬ 
mission, the same shall be filled by the president until action shall be taken thereon by 
the commission. 

DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT. 

The president of the commission shall reside in Philadelphia, and give his time and 
attention to the business of the commission and in aid of the operations of the board 



REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


101 


of finance, and for which he shall receive an annual salary, to he fixed hy fhe hoard 
of directors. He will preside at all meeting's of the commission, and appoint all com¬ 
mittees, unless otherwise ordered. He shall, at the request of the hoard of direction, 
or of any ten memhers ot the commission, when made to him in writing, call a special 
meeting of the commission, giving not less than thirty days’ notice to each member. 
He shall he ex-officio chairman of the hoard of directors, and a memher of all standing 
committees. 

WILLIAM F. PROSSER, 
ROBERT LOWRY, 

JOHN DUNBAR CREIGH, 
OSCAR G. SAWYER, 

JOHN H. RODNEY,. 

Committee on By-Laws. 


{[Inclosure 5 in Appendix B.] 

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CONFERENCE. 

Philadelphia, May 3, 1873. 

To the Executive Committee of the United States Centennial Commission and the Board of 

Directors of the Centennial Board of Finance: 

Gentlemen: The committee on conference appointed hy the executive committee 
of the United States Centennial Commission and the directors of the board of finance, 
to define the relative duties and rights of the commission and the hoard, held a meet¬ 
ing, at which there was a full intercliange of opinion, and would respectfully report: 

That an examination of the acts of Congress approved March 3,1871, and June 1, 
1872, discloses the fact that the powers and duties of the two bodies seem somewhat to 
intermingle, and no doubt will require, in many instances, more consideration to 
arrive at iirojier Rnd legal conclusions than the limited time assigned us to report will 
permit. Under the circumstances, we are of the opinion that the great essential of 
success is, that harmony should exist between the two corporations, and that there 
should, in all matters, he that full and free conference which will promote the common 
end. So far as the work which lies immediately before us is concerned, and which is 
apparent on the face of the act, the committee have united on the following construc¬ 
tion of the acts: 

1st. That the right to originate and adopt a plan for the buildings belongs to the 
commission ; hut, inasmuch as the hoard have to provide the necessary funds for erect¬ 
ing the same, and are charged with their erection, the estimate of the cost of the 
buildings should he submitted to the hoard for approval before final adoption hy the 
commission. 

2d. The power to fix and establish entrance and admission fees is vested in the com¬ 
mission ; hut, as these are the ehief sources of revenue of the hoard, this power on 
the part of the commission should he carefully exercised, with a due regard to the pro¬ 
motion of the financial success of the enterprise. 

3d. The hoard of finance to submit to the commission a design for a certificate of 
stock for approval. 

4tli. That the power is vested in the commission to make all rules affecting the 
rights or interests of the exhibitors ; hut, before final adoption, there should he a full 
consultation with the hoard of finance. 

5th. The awarding of premiums and the appointment of judges and examiners are 
vested in the commission ; hut it is recommended that, before the cost of the premiums 
he definitely settled, the same shall he made to conform, as nearly as possible, to the 
views of the hoard of finance. 

The general rule which has governed the committee, and which they recommend 
he the one adopted for the future, in determining with whom the duty and xiower vest, 
is, that all matters concerning revenue and the expenditure thereof ought to he [iri- 
marily under the direction of the hoard of finance, and that all other matters apper¬ 
taining to the national character or success of the exhibition should ho within the 
S])ecial control of the commission. By referring all douhttul points to this rule, and 
exercising a mutual spirit of harmony, it is believed that any dissension may he avoided. 

Respectfully submitted. 

LEWIS WALN SMITH, 

JOHN L. SHOEMAKER, 
THOMAS COCHRAN, 

DANIEL M. FOX, 

Committee on Conference. 



102 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


flDclosure 6 in Appendix B.l 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL 

COMMISSION.—THIRD SESSION. 

Page. 

A. 

Abbot, Dr., of New Jersey, offers to co-operate in securing collection of pre-his¬ 
toric relics for the exhibition. 90 

Address by the Hon. Daniel M. Fox. 39 

William Henry Parsons. 39 

Mr. Joseph Patterson. 40 

A. J. Dnfur. 40 

Mr. H. Ewing. 40 

E. A. Straw. 40 

Mr. J. Edgar Thomson. 40 

Mr. William V. McKean. 40 

the Hon. Samuel J. Randall. 41 

J. R. Hawley.27,38,55 

the Hon. James G. Blaine. 29 

Mr. .John Welsh. 38 

the Hon. William Bigler. 38, 86 

Addresses to the people, form of. 69,77 

resolution to issue. 66 

issued. 69 

Agencies of the commi.ssion abroad, communication relative to. 56,91 

Agents to Vienna, report of, referred to executive committee. 63 

circular to. 69 

Agricultural department of the exhibition, conferences relative to. 90 

communication relative to. 90 

Alternate commissioner, powers of. 59 

Amendments to bv-laws. 61 

K. 

to rules relating to board of finauce. 69 

American Medical Association, action relative to co-operation of... 44 

Annual meetings provided for. 61 

Appropriation made by city of Philadelphia ; manner of its disbursement. 93 

care exercised in expending. 71 

Architects invited to offer sketches of designs. 97 

Architecture. (See Committee on plans and architecture) 

Art-gallery, proposed position of. 94 

B. 

Bigler, the Hon. William, address by. 38, 86 

elected president of stockholders’ meeting. 86 

Blaine, the Hon. James G., address of... 29 

courtesies extended to. 29 

Blake, William P., report of, as special agent. 29 

report of, referred to executive committee. 30, 63 

resolution instructing executive committee relative to report 

of. 30 

resolution of thanks to. 58 

abstracts of re])ort8 of, as executive commissioner. 90 

sent to Vienna as special .agent. 69 

Board of finauce. (See Centennial Board of Finauce.) 

Board of State supervisors of Pennsylvania invited to meet the commission.... 35 

report of committee appointed to 

wait on. 36 

By-laws, report of committee on...31, 59, 97 

adoption of. 62 

amendments to. 61 

consideration of, suspended. 42 

consideration of, resumed. 50,53 

action relative to. 53 

C. 

Centennial Board of Finance, meeting of stockholders of. 29 

election of board of directors. 29 

expenses of organizing.29,92,94 

courtesies extended to. 30, 35 

invited to meet the commission. 35 























































INDEX TO JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. 


103 


Page. 

Ceuteunial Board of Finance, report of committee appointed to wait on. 35 

notice of organization of directors.34,70,86 

officers of. 34 

conference of, with the commission and State super¬ 
visors . 38 

resolution of thanks to. 62 

communication from, concerning relative rights and 

duties of the board and the commission... 67 

amendment of rules relating to. 69 

its character and powers. 70 

address of the Hon. William Bigler at organization 

of. 86 

directors authorized to lill vacancies in their own 

body. 88 

election of directors. 89 

relative powers and duties of commission and the 

directors of. 101 

Certificate of stock, action relative to. 90 

designs for, invited. 69 

Certificate of subscription, form of. 76 

China, executive committee requested to take measures to secure representation 

of the industries, &c., of, at the exhibition. 62 

Citizens’committee, expenses of. 91,94 

Classification, changes in notation of. 30 

(See Committee on.)' 

committee on, communication relative to article for exhibition 

referred to. 35 

form of, submitted to persons eminent in various professions-. 89 

resolutions concerning. 58 

Clergy and religious associations, address to. 69, 78 

Commemorative medal, action relative to. 34 

Commercial organizations, address to. 69,82 

Commissioners requested to furnish information to secretary. 58 

duties of, within their respective States. 71 

Committee. (See Special committee, executive committee, committee on, »&c.) 

of three appointed to wait on the directors of board of finance and 

State supervisors of Pennsylvania. 35 

report of committee of three. 35 

of five appointed to attend convention of governors. 67 

• on arts and sciences, resolution of instruction to. 64 

on by-laws, report of. 31 

on ]»lans aud architecture, resolution relative to report of. 31 

on plans aud architecture, adoption of report of. 31 

on by-laws, consideration of report of. 46, 50, 53 

report of. 97 

on classification, report of. 30 

communication, relative to articles for exhibition 35 

resolution of instruction to. 58 

on credentials, report of .. 28, 36 

instructed to report on claim of F. C. Johnson to a seat. 29 

action relative to report of. 35 

consideration of report of. 42 

on fisheries and fish-culture, a]»poiuted .... 62 

on history aud literature, resolution referred to.. 58 

on horticulture, appointed. 65 

• , made a standing committee. 66 

on lejrislation, resolution relative to a commemorative medal referred 

to.■. '^4 

on nomination of secretaries of divisions, by-law relative to. 61 

on plans and architecture, report of...29, 94 

correspondence of, with commissioners of 

Fairmount Park. 95 

on tariffs and transportation requested to arrange extra facilities of 

travel, &c., during the exhibition. ^ 63 

Committees of the commission, list of.54, 64, 66 

number of members of. 64 

list of officers of...-. 66 

Communication from H. R. Linderman, Director of United States Mints. 34 

from Women’s Centennial Executive Committee. 45 
























































104 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Communication, action relative to. 

relative to appointment of a special agent at Loudon... 

relative to a machine for manufacture of wool. 

trom secretary of state of New Hampshire. 

from Woman’s Association. 

relative to establishment of agencies abroad. 

from John L, Shoemaker. 

from board of hnauce. 

Competition for plans invited.- - 

Conference of the commission, board of tiuauce, and board ot supervisors 

Conference committee, report of. 

Congress, duty of, in connection with the exhibition. 

Conservatory, necessity for, in the exhibition. 

situation of. 

Convention of governors, committee appointed to attend.-. 

Credentials, report of committee on. 

of F. C. Johnson referred to committee. 

ofF. C. Johnson considered. 

Custom-house regulations, action relative to. 

D. 


Page. 

45 

35 

35 

57 

57 

91 

63 

67 

96 

38 

31,101 

71 

90 
94 
67 
18 
29 
42 

91 


Deceased commissioners, information concerning, to be obtained by secretary... 

Designs for certilicate of stock invited. 

circular relative to. 

Director-general, by-law providing for.. 

powers and duties of. 

election of A. T. Goshorn. 

election of, unanimously confirmed. 

Directors of board of finance chosen. 

resolution of thanks to. 

communication from. 

authorized to fill vacancies in their own body. 

relative to powers and duties of, and the commission. 

(See Centennial Board of Finance.) 


58 

69 

83 

60 

60 

67 

67 

70,89 

62 

67 

88 

101 


E. 

Election of directors of board of finance. 88 

of officers. 55 

of executive committee. 56 

Employes of the commission. 93 

Engineers and architects invited to offer sketches of designs for exhibition build¬ 
ings . 97 

Ewing, M. H., remarks at conference meeting. 40 

Executive commissioner, resolution of thanks to. 59 

resolution providing for, repealed. 58 

abstract of reports of. 90 

sent to Vienna as special agent. 69 

report of, com})leted by Mr. Pratt. 69 

Executive committee, conference committee of, with committee of directors of 

the board of finance .. 101 

amendment of the rei)ort of. 34 

resolution of instruction in relation to report of Wm. 

P. Blake. 30 

instructed to issue a circular to exhibitors for estimates 

of space. 65 

report of agent to Vienna, referred to. 63 

election of. 56 

requested to secu rerepreseutatiou of China, Japan, and 

other oriental countries. 62 

by-law relative to. 59 

])owers and duties of. 59 

B. H. Haines elected secretary of. 67 

visit Harrisburgh to secure State apijropriation. 68 

meet the Pennsylvania legislature. 68 

return thanks to Governor Hartranft. 68 

conference of, with representatives of the i)ress. 68 

officially recognize women’s committee. 70 

recommend formation of similar organizations in other 
States. 70 



























































INDEX TO JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. 


105 


Page. 

Executive committee, send special agents to Vienna. 69 

report of. 28, 68 

mass-meeting in Philadelphia, under auspices of. 68 

Expenses of the commission....29,71,92 

of the citizens’committee. 91,94 

of organizing Ceutennial Board of Finance.29,92,94 

Experimental farm, communication relative to. 91 


. F. 

Fairmount Park, invitation to visit. 

Floral departmeut, conferences relative to. 

Foote, Henry S., resolution of thanks to .. 

Fox, the Hon. Daniel M., remarks of, at conference meeting 


G. 

General Government, address to officers of.. 

Goshoru, Alfred T., elected director-general. 

election of, unanimously confirmed 

Governor of Pennsylvania, letter to. 

Government of the United States, address to officers of 
Gov^ernmeuts of the several States, circular to. 

H. 


00 

90 

64 

39 


69,81 
67 
67 
69,72 
69,81 
81 


Haines, B. H., elected secretary of executive committee. 67 

Hartranft, Gov. John F., thanks to. 68 

Hawley, the Hon. Joseph R., address by, elected president of the commission_27, 55 

History of the progress made by the United States during the last century, com¬ 
munication relative to. 35 

History and literature, communication relative to. (See Committee on horticul¬ 
tural department.). 90 

Horticulture. (See Committee on.) 

Hough, Franklin B., communication from. 35 


I. 


Indiana, alternate commissioner for, resolution relative to office of. 43 

Industrial organizations, address to. 69-82 

Installments upon subscriptions to stock of board of finance, time of payment of. 69 

International congress in 1876, proposed. 62 

International medical congress in 1876, proposed. 63 

International law, proposition relative to an international congress in 1876, to 

consider questions of. 62 


J. 

Japau, executive committee requested to take measures to secure representation 


of the industries, &c., of. 62 

Johnson, Franklin C., action relative to credentials of.. . 36, 42 

credentials of, referred to committee on credentials. 29 

Jones, S. S., communication from. 35 


K. 


Kelley, Hon. William D., invited to address the commission. 50 

Kentucky, favorable action of legislature of.. 69-74 


L. 


Limitation of time of occupying the floor. 62 

Liudermann, Hon. H. R., Director of the United States Mints, communication from 34 

M. 

Machinery-hall, situation of. 94 

I^Iass-meeting in Philadelphia, under the auspices of the executive committee... 68 

McKean, Mr. William V., remarks at conference meeting. 40 

Medal to commemorate the centennial, action relative to. 34 

Meeting of stockholders of the board of finance to elect directors. 88 








































106 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Meetings of the commission, by-law relative to. 

recai)itulatiou of. 

Memorial-bnilding, plans for. 

Money, i^ayment of, by-law relative to.. 

Montgomery, Col. L. M., communication recommending appointment of, as special 
agent at London... 


Page. 

G1 

71 

95 

61 


oO 


N. 


National Academy of Design, co-operation of, requested in regard to art-gallery. 64 

New Hampshire, communication from the secretary of state of. 57 

Nomination of secretaries of divisions. 61 

North Carolina, favorable action of legislature of. 69-73 

Northern Pacific Railroad, communication from, proposing to exhibit, &c- 90 


O. 

Officers of the commission, election of. 55-59 

action relative to election of. 46 

Official title of commission... 59 

exhibition. 59 

Organization of directors of board of finance.34,70, 86 

Orr, the Hon. James L., committee appointed to prepare resolntions on the death 

of. 34 

resolutions of regret and condolence.53 

P. 

Pamphlet explaining the nature and purposes of the centennial celebration and 

exhibition, preparation of, suggested. 89 

Patterson, Mr. Joseph; remarks at conference meeting. 40 

Payment of moneys, by-law concerning. 61 

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, special committee of, appointed to confer 

with commission. 90 

Pennsylvania supervisors, resolution of thanks to. 62 

courtesies to. 45 

People of the United States, address to. 69 

Pettit, Henry, appointed special agent to Vienna. 69 

consents to serve gratuitously. 69 

submission of report of, &c. 56 

report of, referred to executive committee. 56 

Peyton, Col. Bailie, resolution of thanks to. 64 

Plans, mode of selecting. 97 

rei)ort of committee on. 94 

specifications for. 96 

and architecture, report of committee on. 29 

report of comniittee on. 31 

{See Committee.) 

Pratt, H. D. J., report of. 89 

abstract of Mr. Blake’s reports annexed to report of. 90 

Pre-historic relics for the exhibition, offer of co-operation in collecting. 90 

Premiums, expense of, &c. 71 

Progress made by the United States during the last century, communicatiou 

relative to a history of. 35 

President of the commission, election of the Hon. Josexffi R. Hawley. 55 

by-law concerning. 60 

powers and duties of. 60 

Q. 

Quorum, what constitutes a. 59 


R. 

Railway communication with Fairmount Park, importance of increased facili¬ 
ties of. 

Randall, the Hon. Samuel J.; remarks of, at conference meeting. 41 

Read, Wm. T., resolutions relative to the death of.' 34 

Read, George, presentation to the commission of the Life and Correspondence of 34 

Religions associations and clergy, address to. 69-78 

Report of Wm. P. Blake, special agent.29 

committee on credentials. ** lu 


















































INDEX TO JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. 


107 


Page. 


Report of executive committee. 18 

executive committee amended. 34 

committee on credentials, relative to the claim of F. C. Johnson to a 

seat. 36 

conference committee to define the relative rights and duties of the 

commission and the board of finance. 31 

executive commissioner completed by H. D. J. Pratt. 69 

executive committee. 68 

H. D. J. Pratt.. 89 

to Congress, information concerning. 89 

of secretary of commission. 91 

committee on plans and architecture. 94 

Representatives of the press, thanks to. 67 

Resolution to issue addresses to the people, &c.. . 66 

appoint a committee to attend the Atlanta convention of gover- 

nois. 67 

of instruction to the executive committee, relative to the report of 

W.P. Blake. 30 

relative to the board of finance referred to the executive committee. 31 

relative to delivering subscription-hooks, &c., to board of finance... 32 

relative to obtaining immediate subscriptions. 33 

relative to the death of Wm. T. Read. 34 

to appoint a committee to prepare resolutions on the death of the 

Hon. James L. Orr. 34 

relative to a commemorative medal. 34 

commending the liberality of Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Oregon. 34 
instructing the executive committee to issue a circular to exhibitors 

as to space. 65 

relative to the office of alternate commissioner for Indiana. 43 

relative to the claim of F. C. Johnson to a seat. 37 

on the death of the Hon. James L. Orr. 53 

relative to co-operation of the American Medical Association. 44 

of instruction to the committee on arts and sciences. 34 

instructing the commissioners to communicate with the board of 

finance relative to subscriptions in their respective States. 65 

requesting the secretary to keep a record of the full name, business, 

&c., of each commissioner. 58 

providing for executive commissioner repealed. 58 

relative to transportation to the exhibition. 58 

of instruction to the committee on classification. 58 

of thanks to Prof. Wm. P. Blake. 59 

Lewis Wain Smith. 64 

Col. Bailie Peyton. 64 

the Hon. Henry S. Foote. 64 

board of finance and State supervisors. 62 

relative to an international congress in 1876, to consider questions of 

international law. 62 

of instruction to the executive committee, relative to China and 

Japan. 52 

relative to an international medical congress. 63 

commending the centennial celebration passed by legislatures of va¬ 
rious States. 69 

of the legislatures of various States relative to the centennial exhibi- 


of stockholders authorizing the directors of board of finance to fill 

vacancies in their own body. 88 

Rules for the organization of board of finance, amendments to. 69 

S. 


Scientific organizations, address to. 

Secretary of the commission, election of. 

report of.. 

directed to notify governors of vacancies in the 

commission. 

powers and duties of. 

by-law concerning. 

Secretaries of divisions, by-law concerning. 

Sessions of the commission, number of commissioners present at each, &c. 

Shoemaker, John L., re-elected solicitor. 

letter from. 


69, 82 

55 
91 

56 
61 
61 
61 
71 
56 
63 





















































108 


EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Smith, Lewis Walu, report of, as temporary secretary. 

coutiuued in control of the office during absence of secre¬ 
tary . 

resolution of thanks to... 

Smith, Horace J., communication from. 

Solicitor of the commission, election of John L. Shoemaker. 

Special agent to Vienna exhibition, report of.^. 

Special committee of conference of commission and board of finance. 

to communicate with American Medical Association. 

to confer with women’s centennial executive committee, ap¬ 
pointment of. 

report of. 

on horticulture, appointed. 

made a standing committee. 

Specifications for plans.. 

Standing committees, list of. 

by-law concerning. 

(See Committees.) 

Stated meetings, by-law relative to... 

Steam-railway from Fairmount Park to the city, recommended. 

Stockholders of Centennial Board of Finance, minutes of meeting of. 

Subscription-books delivered to board of finance. 

Subscription-certificates, form of. 

Subscriptions, time for return of books of, extended. 

Suggestions for disseminating information, &c. 

relative to railway communication with Fairmount Park. 

Supervisors of Pennsylvania, conference of, with the commission and board of 

finance . 

(See Pennsylvania Supervisors.) 

T. 


Page. 

29 

58 

64 
91 
56 
29 

31 
44 

. 45 
48 

65 

66 
96 
61 
61 

61 

91 

28 

32 
76 
65 
89 
91 

38 


Teachers, address to. 69,80 

Temporary secretary, report of. 29 

resolution of thanks to. 64 

Tennessee, thanks of the commission tendered to the commissioners from. 53 

favorable action of legislature of. 69, 72 

resolutions of legislature of, relative to the exhibition. 72 

Thompson, Mr. J. Edgar, remarks at conference meeting. 40 

Thanks. (See Resolution.) 

tendered to the representatives of the press. 67 

The press of Philadelphia, conference of the executive committee with repre¬ 
sentatives of. 69 

Title of commission. 59 

exhibition. 59 


V. 


Vacancies in commission to be reported to governors. 56 

Vice-presidents of commission, election of. 55 

l)owers and duties of. 60 

Vienna Exhibition, means taken to obtain information concerning. 69 

Virginia, favorable action of legislature of. 69, 73 

W. 

Welsh, Mr. John, president of the board of finance, remarks at conference meet- 

. 38 

Womens’ association, organization of, recommended. 30 

Womens Centennial Executive Committee, officially recognized by executive 

committee. 69 

resolutions relative to. 48 

report of. 30 

co-operation of, accepted. - 30 

resolution relative to. 30, 56 

communication from, requesting a 
meeting with the commission .. 45 

committee appointed to wait on .. 45 

report of. 48 

resolutions requesting commission¬ 
ers to authorize similar associa¬ 
tions in their own States. 56 



















































APPENDIX C. 


REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, UPON THE 
ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTRATION, AND RESULTS OF THE VIENNA IN¬ 
TERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1873, BY WILLIAM P. BLAKE, MEMBER AND 
AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Letter transmitting the report. 

Vienna, Austria, July 16,1873. 

Sir : The instructions which, as agent of the commission, I ha6 the 
honor to receive from the execiitiv'e committee require me, in addition 
to weekly reports of progress, to make a ‘‘general and well digested re- 
l)ort,’’ and a “ final and full report,” “ not later than August 1, 1873.” 
Having as far as was possible complied with the terms of these instruc¬ 
tions up to this time, I now have the pleasure of transmitting the final 
report, with the expectation of its reaching your hands by the 1st day 
of Afigust. It is, from the necessities of the case, not as complete and 
full as the subject requires, and as my inclinations prompt me to make 
it. It has been kept open until the latest day possible, in order to 
enable me to embody the latest information and conclusions. Some 
chapters not quite ready, together with illustrations, translations, and 
other material, will be forwarded by the 1st of August. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

WM. P. BLAKE, 

Agent of the Centennial Commission. 

Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, 

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the 
. United States Centennial Commission. 


Kew Haven, Conn., February, 1874. 

' Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith the concluding portions of 
my final report, together with such additional information as my stay 
in Vienna, until the close of the exhibition, enabled me to obtain. 

My acknowledgments are due to many persons for valuable assistance 
and suggestions in furtherance of the objects of my mission. His Ex¬ 
cellency Baron von Schwarz-Senborn, the director-general, received me 
favorably on my arrival in Vienna, April 8, and promised me his assist¬ 
ance. We are indebted to him for a complete set of the plans, and for 
other data, which have been duly transmitted. I am also indebted to 
him and to other residents of Vienna, and to the Hungarian commis¬ 
sion, for many courtesies extended to me as connected with the exhibi¬ 
tion of 1876. I should also specially, mention the co-operation and as¬ 
sistance received from Mr. Jay, our minister residing at Vienna, from 
Mr. Garettson and Mr. McElrath, of the United States Vienna cDmmis- 
sion ; from Mr. Owen, the secretary of the Boyal British commission; 
from the secretary of the EngiueePsand Architect’s Association; Dr.Pla- 
son, one of the secretaries of the General Direction ; Mr. Theodore L. 
Witt, of the Engineers’ Bureau, and Mr. Carl A. Biby of the Construc¬ 
tion Bureau. 




110 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


I append a report, also, of the results of my labors under your later 
instructions, with a notice of the donations to the permanent museum, 
and a tabular statement of the extent and results of some of the chief 
international exhibitions. 

Very respectfulh’, your obedient servmiit, 

WM. P. BLAKE. 


Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, 

Chairman of the Executive Committee^ dvc. 


CONTENTS. 


I.— Organization. Ill 

11, —Finances. 124 

III. —Location—Regulation Danube. 129 

IV. —The extent of the gkounhs.. . 130 

V. —The buildings. 142 

VI. —Access and transportation. 150 

VII. —Classification and arrangement. 165 

VIII. —Installation. 170 

IX.— General regulations and arrangements for the comfort of 

VISITORS . 183 

X. —Policing. 189 

XI. —The fire department, water service, and sanitary fittings..- 191 
XII. —Printing and publishing. 199 

XIII. —Hotels and accommodations. 209 

XIV. —Ticket regulations and prices. 212 

XV. —Number OF VISITORS. 213 

XVI. —Jury and awards. 229 

XVII. —International congresses. 248 

Concluding observations. 266 


INCLOSURES. 

Sentiment and co-operation abroad; donations; synopsis of the pre¬ 
liminary report presented in December, 1873. 

Tabular statement ot the e.xtent, cost, andreceipts of the principal ex¬ 
hibitions since the year 1851. 

Substituting temporary exhibitions by permanent exhibitions, called 
general or commercial museums. Translation from the report of the 
Imperial Commission of 1807. 

Observations on great exhibitions. Translations of selections from 
a work by Dr. Exner. 

Bemarks on classitication. Translation of article by Dr. Lesnevres 
Wolowski on exhibitions. 

The pavilion of international commerce. 

Public cabs and carriage regulations. 

Documents and translation. 





















VIENNA EXHIBITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


Ill 


THE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION AT VIEN¬ 
NA, AUSTRIA, 1873. 

I.—ORIGIN AND ORGANIZATION. 


The attentiou of the Austrian people' appears to have been directed 
toward holding a great exhibition some time before the Paris Exi)osi- 
tiou of 1867 was projected, but the attempt to realize their wishes in 
the fullest degree was postponed in favor of the French enterprise. 
An exhibition of considerable pretensions was, however, held in the 
year 1866, under the ausi)ices of the government, through the depart¬ 
ment of agriculture and forestry. The Prater was the locality. It was 
opened on the 17th of May, and closed on the 14th of June. Its dura¬ 
tion ap])ears to have been cut short by the war with Prussia. The tlrst 
proposition to hold a great international exhibition at Vienna in the 
year 1873 is said to have proceeded from the Trades’ Union of the city, 
a very wealthy and influential organization, with Baron Wertheimer, a 
safe-manufacturer, at its head. 

It was supposed that it could be so carried out that the receipts 
would nearly cover the expenditures; at any rate, it was decided that a 
guarantee-fund of three millions of florins would be sufficient to cover 
all possible deficiencies, and subscriptions to this amount having been 
obtained, chiefly among members of the societ}^ the government was 
induced to take an active part in the matter, and to announce. May 24, 
1870, by an Imi)erial and Royal decree, “ that, under the august pa¬ 
tronage of His Imperial and Royal Majesty, the Em[)eror, an interna¬ 
tional exhibition will be held at Vienna in tiie year 1873, having for its 
aim to represent the present state of modern civilization and the entire 
si)here of national economy, and to promote its further development 
and ])rogress.” 

The enterprise has thus from the outset been under the immediate 
patronage and control of the imperial government. It had not only 
its sanction, but its heartiest sympathy and support. 

An imperial commission was named, consisting of one hundred and 
seventy-live members, selected from the chief officers of the depart¬ 
ments V)f the government, and from the leading men of science, art, 
and industry in the enH)ire, especially of those who have taken part in 
former inteimational exhibitions, as members of the commissions, or as 
jurors, delegates, or reporters, and who have gained honor and distinc-^ 
tion in their respective s})heres of duty. The Archduke Charles Louis 
was named as the Protector, and the Archduke Regnier the President. 

By the imperial decree of the 29th of September, 1871, a copy of 
which follows, the general arrangement and direction of the whole 
work was placed in the hands of the Baron William von Schwarz-Seu 
born, in January, 1871. 

A previous law, of July 21, 1871,* makes an appropriation of 6,000,000 
of florins, one-half of which was to be regarded as a government loan, 
and the other half as an advance, without interest, to be returned out 
of the receipts. 


A translation of this law will be found under the financial head. 







112 EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

STATUTE OF ORGANIZATION FOR THE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION IN VIENNA, 

AUSTRIA, lb73. 

Annnouncenient from the ministry of commerce^ on the 29//i of Septem¬ 
ber, 1871.* 

I.—IMPERIAL UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION COMMISSION. 

It baviiif? been determined by imperial decree, dated May 21,1870, to 
bold an universal exhibition in the Prater of Vienna, and to open the 
same on May 1, 1873, there will be established an imperial commission 
for the representation thereof for foreign countries, and for the consid¬ 
eration of all the initiatory matters connected therewith ; said commis¬ 
sion to consist of gentlemen chosen from the heads of the imperial and 
royal ministries, from among the highest officials of the court, the chief 
city and state magistracies, the principal and most celebrated scientific 
unions and institutions of Vienna ; and also from among the best-known 
representatives of science and art, the professions, trades, and indus¬ 
tries ; and also from among those eminent in agriculture and forestry, 
mining, and furnace-work. 

The president, vice-president, and members of said commission will 
be appointed by His Majesty the Emperor himself. 

II.—IMPERIAL AND ROYAL GENERAL DIRECTOR. 

The whole direction, administration, and carrying out of the exhibi¬ 
tion is, by private imperial letter and decree of January 9 of the current 
year, conferred upon the privy counselor Dr. William Baron von 
JSchwarz-Senborn, as administrator of the exhibition, with the title of 
imperial and royal general director. To him will appertain, howbeit, 
under immediate accountability to the minister of the board of trade 
in the sense of the law of July 21, 1871, [Reiehsgesetzblatt, No. 87, Legis¬ 
lative Journal:) 

1. The independent direction, administration, and carrying out of the 
undertaking of the exhibition, both in a technical and financial and in 
every other i)oint of view. 

2. The fullest powers with regard to the engagement of the necessary 
working-forces, the direction and disposition of the same, and the or¬ 
ganization of all business connected therewith. 

3. The administration and disposition of the exhibition-fund. 

III.—PREPARATION OF PAPERS AND DOCUMENTS. 

All documents about business connected with^the exhibition will be 
signed by the general director or by parties specially authorized by him 
for that purpose. 

IV.—RELATIONS TOWARD THE CORPORATE BODIES. 

All imperial and royal authorities are obliged, in their intercourse 
with the general director, to assist him in the fultillmeut of his vocation, 
according to law, as much and as promptly as possible. 

V.—APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS AND SERVANTS. 

The employes of the different bureaus of the general director shall be 
delegated from among the suitable persons now in the service of the 


''Beichs(jesetzblutt, 1871, j). 293. Stiick, October 4, 1871. 





• VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE, 113 

goveriimeiit. They will be placed at his disposal by the corresponding 
state departments to which they belong. 

These officers who become incorporated into the service of the general 
director, according to agreement, remain on the list of their previous 
departments, and retain their rank and right of promotion as long as 
no change in their favor takes i)lace during the continuance of the ex¬ 
hibition.* 

The regular salaries of these officers may, by virtue of an arrangement 
made with the general director, be discontinued during the time they 
are employed upon exhibition-work at the state paying-office where 
they heretofore have been made payable, and be transferred over to the 
exhibition fund, together with the additional amount granted them by 
the general director on account of the increase in their duties. All other 
working-forces, such as professional services, servants, &c., will be en¬ 
gaged by special private agreement. 

VI.—EXHIBITION FUND. 

There will be a separate and distinct fund established out of the 
moneys appropriated by government for the purposes of the universal 
exhibition, (according to the law of July 21, 1871,) to be paid out of 
the state's treasury; said fund to include also all the income from the 
exhibition itself and likewise the guarantee fund,t established by pri¬ 
vate subscription, and all the liabilities connected therewith. 

The exhibition fund is meant for the defraying of all expenses of the 
exhibition, and for the fulfillment of the liabilities contracted with the 
state treasury, according to the above law of July 21, 1871. 

In pursuance of this resolution, it will be administered and disposed 
of by the general director. The general director has the right, by this 
arrangement, to engage the co-operation of the imperial and royal Aus¬ 
trian “ credit institution for commerce and trade,’^ {credit mistalt fur 
Handel und Geiverbe^) and in consequence of the character of the under¬ 
taking he is not obliged to follow the rules laid down for governmental 
financiering, so that the usual book keeping regulations and prescribed 
forms in governmental matters may be dispensed with. At the close of 
every quarter the general director is to deliver to the minister of the 
board of trade statements of expenses j at the end of every six months, 
account-current of income and outlay, and at the end of the business 
year a complete balance-sheet of all accounts. Extracts from the same 
will be duly published in the “ Wiener Zeitung, ” (Vienna Official Gazette.) 

The exhibition fund has, like all other governmental moneys, the priv¬ 
ilege of using the judicial finance lawyer^ of the Crown, {Finam-Procu- 
ratur^) and by the above-mentioned law of July 21, 1871, will enjoy 
freedom from "stamp-duties and all kinds of government taxes. 


* In which case they will have to return to their posts in their advanced positions. 

\ The guarantee ptnd: When the idea of universal exhibition was first started in 
Vienna it met with great favor, although the treasury of Austria was rather low, 
and consequently many thought it hazardous for the state to undertake, at that 
time, the expenses of an exhibition, seeing that the finances of the country were not 
in a condition to justify such an enormous outlay. It was finally determined to ap¬ 
propriate the sum of 6,000,000 florins for the purpose of an universal exhibition, and 
the capitalists of Vienna subscribed their names for 3,000,000 florins, to constitute a 
guarantee fund. This fund was to be paid over to the directors of the exhibition in 
case proceeds of said exhibition should not reach one-half of the amount appropriated 
for the work, viz, 3,000,000. Since this was stipulated the expenses of the exhibition 
have far exceeded the above-mentioned sum of 6,000,000 florins, so that the terms re¬ 
lating to the guarantee fund are now an open question. 

s! Ex, 30-8 




114 KEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

FOEEIGN COMMISSIONS. 

The importance attached to the Vienna Exhibition by the principal 
nations is well shown by the character of the commissions they have 
appointed. In each of the European nations the most gifted and prom¬ 
inent men have been selected to do honor to the occasion. At no previous 
exhibition has there been such an array of names of men distinguished 
as statesmen, philosophers, or leaders in the industrial world. Spain 
sent no less than 271 commissioners ; Switzerland, 219 ; Italy, 786, and 
Germany, 204: Belgium sent 83 commissioners, presided over by the 
Count ot Flanders, and a sub-commission of specialists for each group, 
numbering over 100. 

The annexed summary, drawn from the official list,* may be interest¬ 
ing. 

At the head of the British commission we find the Prince of Wales; 
and among the members Sir Andrew Buchanan, the Duke of Teck, the 
Marquis of Eipon, Earl Cathcart, Lord Lenox, Baron Eothschild, and 
T. Hawksley, president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. There 
were also commissioners for India, and a special executive staff com¬ 
posed of experts in exhibition matters. 

In Belgium, Leopold II, the King, issued a proclamation acknowledg¬ 
ing the reception of the announcement trom the Austrian government, 
and appointing a commission, consisting of some of the principal en¬ 
gineers, manufacturers, and presidents of the chambers of commerce. 
In the list we find the names of Adan, director-general of the customs 
and a m'^mber of the Belgium commission to Paris, 1867; of a Leon 
d’Audrimont, mining engineer, and a member of the commission to the 
London Exhibition, 1871 j of Faissiaux, general director of the adminis¬ 
tration of railways, mail-service, and telegraphs, and member of the 
commission to the Paris Exposition of 1867 j of Kindt, inspector-general 
of industry, and formerly a member of the commissions to the London 
and the Paris Exhibitions. 

The same decree named M. Clerfeyt, who was secretary of the Belgian 
commission to Paris, 1867, to London, 1871 and 1872, as the secretary, 
but the president was to be elected by the members of the commission. 
The Count of Flanders was chosen as the honorary president, and the 
Baron t. Kint de Eodenbeke, as president. For the better promotion of 
the work, the commission resolved itself into three sub-commissions, and 
then again into committees’ upon each group. They also organized an 
executive department, and named a commissioner-general to be present 
and act at Vienna. The commission, thus organized, proceeded to in¬ 
terest the people of Belgium,^and to secure a proper representation of 
the industries of that country. 

In Eussia, the work was intrusted to a central committee named by 
an imperial decree of the 26th November, 1871, under the direction of 
his excellency the minister of finances, with the Grand Duke Alexander 
as the honorary president. Among the twelve members we find the 
names of General Eachette, director of the department of mines j Demi- 
doft‘, vice-director of the department of the interior •, and of Popoff, chief 
of the section of the customs. The work of this commission was sec¬ 
onded by nine auxiliary committees constituted by the invitation of the 
commission at Moscow, Eiga, Helsingfors, Orenbourg, Irkoutsk, and 
other places, and by a special commission appointed by the minister of 
war. 

* List of the Foreign Commissions, in alphabetical order,. &c., 46, second edition, p. 
87, Vienna, 1873. 



VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 115 


Japan appointed a commission of fifteen, with his excellency Okuma 
Nobushige, member of the supreme council of state, as president. 

The work of this commission was well promoted and encouraged by 
the imperial government. 

LOCAL COMMITTEES. 

In addition to the imperial commission, a number of departmental 
commissioners or local committees, were organized for the purpose of 
stimulating the eftorts of the producers and tradesmen in all parts of 
the empire of Austria. Among them may be noted the commission for 
Bohemia, for Dalmatia, Galitzia, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Stien- 
mark, Karinthia, Salzburg, Krain, Tirol, &c.* 

Each of these commissions was organized with great care, and they 
include many specialists who have been connected with the previous 
exhibitions. 

Their functions were analogous to those of the eighty-nine depart¬ 
mental committees of the Paris Exposition of 1867, and to what might 
be expected of State commissions if organized in the United States. 

This partial statement of the extent of the organizations by which,, 
in various countries, the exhibition-work was initiated and carried for¬ 
ward, will serve to show how extensive and ramified the preparations. 

or such a great exhibition necessarily are. 

WORKmU ORGANMZATION OF THE IMPERIAL COMMISSION. 

It being, in the nature of the case, impossible for so large a body of 
men to work as a unit, or to decide quickly and properly such intricate 
and technical questions as were constantly arising, it was deemed best 
to subdivide and organize in sections or committees. Twenty such com¬ 
mittees were organized as follows: 

LIST OF COMMITTEES OR SECTIONS OF IHE COMMISSION, AND THEIR 

FUNCTIONS. 

I. Finance.— Management of the exliihition funds. —All outlays of 
money ; disposition of cash. Book-keeping. 

II. Architecture, buildino, etc. —Accomplishment of the exhibi¬ 
tion building. Preparation of the exhibition grounds. Lighting and 
ventilation of the building. Placing of the water-pipes and water-closets.. 
Planning of the garden, streets, and paths. Apportionment of offices. 

III. Arranoements for division of SPACE.t —Rules in regard to 
visiting the exhibition. Instruction of agents. 

IV. Regulations for the restaurants, etc. —Restaurants, din¬ 
ing-halls, bars, &c. Bureaus for information, and other private estab¬ 
lishments, regulations of the Wurstel Prater. 

V. Local affairs. —The reception and lodging of strangers and for¬ 
eigners; provisioning; local city affairs; salaries; order; safety and 
sanitary matters. 

VI. Communication. —Transportation; forwarding; customs; post; 
telegraphj". 

VII. Installation of machines. —Distribution of steam; shafting, 
&c. 

VIII. Printing AND publishing. —Exhibition catalogue; directing; 
publicity by the press ; photographs ; publications ; statistics. 

^ Vide the official programmes, Nos. 23 to 36, issued by the imperial commissioii. 

tThe classification and general plan of the exhibition appear to have been projected 
and pre-arranged by the genius* of Baron Schwarz. 



116 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


IX. Organization of the jury; official reports. —Prepara¬ 
tions for scientiflc and popular lectures, and for international. 

X. Art of the present time. 

XI. Exhibitions of art-industry.— Home-industry exhibition; 
church art amateurs’ exhibition. 

XII. Education.— Teaching; cultivation. 

XIII. Music. 

XIV. Agriculture. —Forestry and gardening. Temporary exhibi¬ 
tion. Trials of agricultural-machines and working animals. 

XV. Army and Navy. 

XVI. Division for Lower Austria. 

XVII. Division for Hungary. 

XVIII. Foreign division. 

XIX. Eastern division. 

XX. Preparations for the establishment of atheneums, and 

INCREASING THE USEFULNESS OF THE EXHIBITION. 

As might be expected, some of these committees were very efficient, 
and others were not. Some met often, and others not at all. Some did 
good service; others only embarrassed the work by either not attending 
to their sphere, or by iiassing resolutions not in accord with the line of 
policy already determined on, or not in harmoii}" with the views and 
resolutions of other committees. In most cases, where any good work 
was done it was performed by individuals; the experience in this case 
being only a veritication of univ’^ersal experience in all legislativ^e and 
executive bodies. As bearing upon this matter, and as giving a very 
near insight of the work, I append a translation of a semi-official state¬ 
ment of what was accomplished through the principal committees. 

Section XIV was occupied with all the business of Groups II and IV, 
and was certainly the most industrious and hard-working committee 
of all. The referee of this section. Dr. J. Arnstein, brought forward for 
consultation all official documents, special programmes, &c. Many 
resolutions were passed which may be of lasting benefit to the organiza¬ 
tion of agriculture and produce-exhibitions in the future. This section 
elected Prince Schwarzenberg for president. Among the members we 
mention Prince Collov^eda, Mansfeld, Prince Schwarzenberg, and others, 
all men of great experience, and also the chief marshal of Lower 
Austria. The section formed sub-committees, of which those for beet- 
culture, machinery, horse-racing, and eating-halls, were the most active. 

Xext in importance is section XVI, under the presidency of Baron F. 
Wertheim and Herr Fr. Sachs. It was certainly peculiar that a-sec¬ 
tion of the great commission should also act as a laud-commission, while 
for other provinces separate committees were appointed. These latter 
had their own offices, and independent funds, but section XVI was sup¬ 
plied with officials by the general direction. These officers had to fol¬ 
low the direction of the committee, but great care was taken by the 
presidency of the Lower Austria commission, not to come in conflict 
with the policy of the general direction. Section XVI had only three 
general meetings, while the executive committee accomplished a great 
many most difficult tasks, not only for Vienna and Lower Austria, but 
for all the Crown-lands. To these committees belong the decision upon 
applications, the scrutiny of propositions for jury candidates, &c. 

The executive committee consisted of Baron Dohlhofi*, Dr. Exuer, Pro¬ 
fessor Griinberg, Dr. Arnstein, and others. The greatest merit of this 
committee consisted in the agitation about sending goods to the exhibi¬ 
tion. For that purpose twenty local or sub committees were formed, 
who deserve great credit for breaking the apathy in the year 1872 of 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-KEPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 117 

many producers, and bringing 5,000 Austrian exhibitors more into 
the held. 

Section XII had another most important mission, for instruction. A 
great many meetings were held by three executive committees, the re¬ 
sults of which are some very valuable and most important special pro¬ 
grammes for the exhibition of objects for instruction. 

A real ornament in the Yienua Exhibition, and of great influence 
hereafter, was the exhibition of woman’s work. It was proposed byHo- 
frath V. Eitelberger, and carried through by a ladies’ committee, as¬ 
sisted by Dr. Migerka, Dr. Holdhaus, Exner, and others. The special 
programmes, especially those of the exhibition of drawings, only par¬ 
tially came into’ use, owing to the delay in publication. 

The doings of the other sections are, in comparison, of little account. 

Section XX met only twice, to hear reports about the doings of the 
general direction. Section IX met several times to discuss the rules of 
the jury. Section XVIII met oulj^ once, to organize and to receive a 
report from the general direction. Section XYII did not meet at all. 
Sections X and XI dissolved, in consequence of ditferences. The section 
for music held several meetings, one of which was to arrange the mu¬ 
sical programme at the opening of the exhibition. Section XY was of 
no consequence, since it was decided that the Austrian army and navy, 
as such, would exhibit nothing. Of the other sections but very little or 
nothing is known. 

Considering all these facts, we see that, although the Imperial Commis¬ 
sion at the “ Green Table” may have had some share in the whole, the 
committees of that corporation have not brought the exhibition, the 
great undertaking of the world, to its present aspect and completion. 

A report of the work of the Imperial Commission would be incomplete 
and unjust, should w^e omit to mention the names of members of the 
commission who have done the lion’s share of the whole. Several of 
these have done the whole work belonging to one or the other of the 
sections, without remuneration, and in fact supplied the place of a whole 
executive committee. 

The following is a list of those members of the commission who w^ere 
particularly active in the work from the first to the last: 

Finances —Jagermeyer, v. Zimmermann, Goellheim. Buildings — 
Hasernauer, v. Engerth. Installation —Hornig, Isbary, Theyer, Giani. 
Rural Economy—I. Uirsch. Communication —v. Mauver, Schneider. 
Machinery —v. Griinburg. Jury —Hornig. Music —Hauslick. Horti¬ 
culture —Arenstern, Abel Rudolph. Prater Regulations —Abel Lothar, 
V. Maurer. Education — Eitelberger. Orient —von Schwegel. 

THE GENERAL DIRECTION. 

We have already seen, by the law of the 29th of September, 1871, 
page 112, that the wRole direction, administration, and carrying out of 
the exhibition wms by private imperial letter and decree of January 9, 
1871, conferred upon the privy counselor Baron William v. Schwarz- 
Senborn, as administrator of the exhibition, with the title of imperial 
and royal general director. He was then in Paris, but hastened to Vienna 
to commence the work. To a high and just appreciation of the functions 
of great international exhibitions and their importance to nations and 
to civilization, he has added great experience of their organization and 
management, by his official connection with them as chief commissioner 
of the Austrian government in London, in the years 1851 and 1862, and 
in Paris in 1855. 


118 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

The work and responsibility of planning, and of executing the plan,^ 
of this Vienna Exhibition have centered in the baron from the time of 
his appointment. He has given it his undivided attention, and only 
regrets that the time allowed him was so short. He seems to compre¬ 
hend and compass every detail of every department, and is constantly 
appealed to for advice, information, and direction. The demands upon 
him are enormous, for a long time before the opening-day his office was 
besieged from morning till night by a crowd of persons waiting their 
turn for audience. He has been aided by a strong staff of officers, and 
has had, according to the provisions of the law, the privilege of select¬ 
ing from the government departments the best men he could find. From 
the outset the baron has been the soul and the guiding spirit of the great 
work. He has planned it. The classification and the successive pro¬ 
grammes are the emanations of his brain. He has lived to see his idea 
of a great exhibition realized. He has watched its evolution by day and 
by night with untiring energy and devmtion. Having a clear and thor¬ 
ough conception of the great work to be accomplished he has from the 
first directed nearlj^ every part and detail of it. He has been the great 
fountain of information to all engaged witli him ; has kept informed of 
the progress and necessities of each department, and has given his in¬ 
structions and commands as the exigencies of the work required them. 
There is scarcely a plan or drawing of any detail which has not passed 
under his eye and received his criticisms, approval, or rejection. He has 
not permitted his associates to exercise much independent judgment. 
This is, perhaps, well enough in the inception of such an undertaking, 
especially when it was to be planned and marked out for accomplish¬ 
ment, but as the work of execution progresses and culminates in every 
department it becomes impossible for au^^ one mind to follow the details, 
and discretionary power must be delegated. 

The baron’s course in this regard is freely criticised, and, it is thought 
by many of his friends, that it would have been better if he had given 
more power to his associates and allowed them more independence. He 
is a remarkable man, and has shown the most wonderful power of endur¬ 
ance. He has retained his health and pleasant, genial mood throughout, 
and seems capable of keeping on indefinitely in his Herculean labors. 
He is at the office from seven in the morning until late at night, often 
until eleven or midnight, and has received from twenty-five to thirty- 
thousand persons, besides the constant references made to him by his 
assistants. The demands upon his time by the commission have not been 
slight, and it is said that he has taken part in some 1,500 conferences 
with the commission or other officials. Upwards of 3,000 plans have 
passed under his eyes, and over 300,000 letters have been read. . 

There have been differences and conflicts of opinion between the 
commission and the general director. Committees have met and have 
passed resolutions which were sometimes not in accord with his ideas 
and plans, and it has been necessary for him to proceed without regard 
to such resolutions, not recognizing them as in any way binding upon 
bim or as compelling his attention or deviation from the path he had 
marked out. Such were the relations of the commission and the direc¬ 
tor, and so did the work proceed to its completion. 

As the work progressed various persons were employed, and many 
offices were constituted. In June, when the exhibition may be said to 
.have been for the first time fairly ready, the 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


119 


NUMBER AND DESIGNATION OF THE OFFICES 

were about as follows. Xo complete list had been published up to July 
15, 1873, of these offices, or of the persons engaged in them forming the 
executive staff. In some of these offices there are only two or three 
persons; in others there are a large number. 

DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

His Excellency Baron Schwarz-Senborn, Dr. Plason, secretary, sec¬ 
retary for foreign languages, private secretary, clerks, attendants, mes¬ 
sengers. 


ARCHITECTS BUREAU. . 

M. von Hasenhauer, chief architect; H. v. Corompay, for carrying 
out the work; Herr Gagitz, for construction and decoration. This 
bureau comprises about forty men, assistant architects and draughts¬ 
men. 

In addition to the abovementioned bureaus of construction the gen¬ 
eral director appointed an architect, Herr v. Mechitka, for the outside 
buildings, the offices of the direction, the covered ways of communication, 
&c. He was responsible only to the general director. His duties were 
to submit plans for all side buildings put up by the direction; to approve 
all those put up by private parties, such as restaurants and individual 
exhibits. His work extends to all buildings not included in the indus- 
try palace, machine-hall, and other main buildings designated by Eo- 
man numbers on the official plan. Mr. Machitka’s force consists of not 
more than two assistant engineers and three draughtsmen in the office. 

ENGINEER BUREAU. 

Von Engerth, chief engineer; Inspector Schmidt, superintending 
engineer for construction; Herr v. Grimburg, superintending engineer 
for machinerj^ The duties of superintending engineer for construction 
are all iron constructions, such as roofs, rotunda, &c. He employs 
about twelve men. The duties of sui)erinteudiug engineer for machi¬ 
nery are machinery, shafting; water-supply, including fountains, drain¬ 
age, and gas. He employs about twelve or thirteen men. The whole 
engineer bureau consists of from twenty-five to thirty men. 

Inspector Schmidt had four engineers in the office as designers and 
draughtsmen; two for conducting correspondence, and for copying; 
three to look after iron-work ordered outside the city, to inspect and 
pass it, to see it shipped in good order from the works where it was 
made and safely delivered on the ground ; two on the plan of erection, 
to superintend the construction and putting up of the work by the con¬ 
tractors. Each of these two last had a practical foreman as an assist¬ 
ant. These foremen were required to be on the work late and early, 
and to represent the assistant engineers when away. The contractor 
had one chief engineer and three assistant engineers. Herr v. Grim¬ 
burg, superintending engineer for machinery, employs about three to 
four men in his office, and the rest out on the work looking after ma- 
ehinery, shafting, drainage, and all the business connected with the 
water-supply and the fountains in the grounds. 


120 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERSv 


BUREAU FOR GARDENING. 

The committee on gardening are Herren, Ranch, and Yelter ; H. Ranch 
is the garden-inspector at Lnxenburg, and has received two decorations 
H. Yelter is the garden-inspector at Schonbrunn; Herr Mally is their 
representative on the ground. On June 6, 1873, there were forty-seven 
gardening parties at work, including a force of 285 men. There was 
only one chief boss gardener, Herr Molitor. The highest number of 
men employed on garden-work at one time about the exhibition-ground 
was 382. The men were paid from 1.35 to 1.50 florins per day; the 
women from 90 to 95 kreutzers. The women are employed in weeding, 
digging and wheeling, sowing, and planting; the men for the heavier 
work. The boss gardener liuds the water-supply sufficient everywhere 
for his work. 

Herr Mally reports directly to the general director. Herr Molitor had 
charge once of the ‘‘Prater Regabrnng,’^ (the Prater improvement,)! 
where he worked, previous to the exhibition year, up to 650 men and 
102 carts. The work of preparation commenced in 1869 and was con¬ 
tinued in 1871. TJie ground was tilled for more than four feet over nearly 
the whole exhibition-ground, and the soil for the flower-beds has been 
carted on. 


INSTALLATION BUREAU. 

(Bureau of classification and arrangement.) 

Herr Professor Hornig, administrative chief of bureau. The duties 
were the general direction and superintendence of the installation. In 
this bureau there w*as the technical department for the details and exe¬ 
cution, with Herr Weber as architect and a force of six or eight assist¬ 
ant architects. 


PUBLISHING BUREAU. 

The details of publishing imogrammes, catalogues, &c. 

TRANSLATING BUREAU. 

For translating x)rogrammes into four languages,, translating letters^ 
&c., translation of notices, &c. 

PRESS BUREAU. 

Believed to be intended to supervise the relations with the journals.. 
Particulars not obtained. 


CATALOGUE BUREAU. 

A large force occupied on the preparation and correction of the cata¬ 
logues. 


REPORT BUREAU.. 

Professor Richter. I believe chiefly for making a history or record of 
progress, reports of progress, &c. He resigned about the 10th of July,, 
after the decree concerning the finances.. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


121 


TICKET BUREAU. 

For the preparation, registry, and issuance of tickets. Several offices 
and many persons are required on this work alone. The variety of 
tickets is great. Registry, &c. Tickets changed monthly. Compli¬ 
mentary lists, &c. 

FINANCE BUREAU. 

In this all the accounts of expenditures and receipts are kept, (42 
Prater Strasse.) Accounts are audited by government auditors detailed 
for the purpose, and are kept in the same way as the government ac¬ 
counts are kept. 

LAW BUREAU. 


-, counselor;-, counselor. Two chief law- 

advisers or counselors with their associates and assistants and clerical 
force. 


JURY BUREAU. 

Office for the correspondence and work pertaining to the organization 
and labor of the international jury. There is in this no small amount of 
labor, as the account of the organization and work of the jury will show» 

SPECIAL OR LOCAL COMMITTEE BUREAU. 

For the business connected with local or home representation. It 
appears to be, to some extent, a committee of admission for home or 
local products or tradesmen. Perhaps also as the medium of commu¬ 
nication with the local exhibitions and organizations of Austria, and 
particularly Vienna. 


INSPECTION BUREAU. 

A chief and several assistants are employed, and a force of fifty or 
sixty men under their command. 

« 

POLICE BUREAU. 

A central direction and office and several other offices and places of 
rendezvous for the officers and persons specially employed. 

MILITARY BUREAU. 

A central and many subordinate offices for the commandant and his 
officers; also places for sentinels, &c. 

A regiment of sappers and miners under the command of the colonel, . 
and the usual complement of officers. 

SANITARY BUREAU. 

For succor and relief to wounded, maimed or injured by accidents, or 
for sudden sicTiness, cases of fainting, a supply of remedies and sur¬ 
gical instruments is kept in readiness. 






122 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


ARCHIVES AND CORRESPONDENCE. 

A chief clerk or secretary, with assistants, in whose office all the cor¬ 
respondence is recorded and tiled away. 

Connected with this office are copying-rooms, mailing-rooms, (Expedi¬ 
tions bureau,) &c., and a force of clerks and messengers. 

t 

THE GENERAL OFFICES. 

Most of these offices or bureaus, if not all, which are here enumerated are 
located at the building in Prater Strasse, (No. 42,) about one mile from 
the nearest entrance to the exhibition-grounds. The suites of rooms in that 
building are extensive and are probably equivalent in number and area 
to two such buildings as we occupy in Walnut street, Philadelphia. 

There are also many offices occupied at the exhibition. On the right- 
hand of the main or southern entrance there is a long one-story build¬ 
ing devoted exclusively to the offices of the general direction. The di¬ 
rector has a complete suite, with the entrance from the inner court or 
garden. They consist of waiting and audience rooms, simpl}^ but ele¬ 
gantly furnished with tables for maps and for writing, and with tele¬ 
graphic keys for signals to other parts of the building. One of the 
offices in this building is devoted to telegraphing, and others are occu- 
j)ied by draughtsmen and map-makers. 

On the opposite side of the entrance a similar range of offices is de¬ 
voted to postal purposes; to telegraphs for the public; to writing and 
reading rooms, and other purposes connected with the administration. 

Along the facade of the palace of industry, at the west and east ends 
and in the center, there is another series of offices, about thirty in num¬ 
ber, besides others on the second floor. Some of these are occupied by 
the foreign commissions, but nearly all upon the ground-floor are used 
for the executive and controlling departments. 

Among others I note the following: engineer’s office, drainage ; gen 
eral direction of west installation ; installation bureau, Austria; rotunda 
installation; bureau Steiger ; military direction; military commandant; 
“ Obercommissar;” police inspection; sanitary bureau; reporters’ rooms; 
installation of Group XXIV, of I, and of III. 

. CORRESPONDENCE AND ARCHIVES. 

The chief clerk’s bureau appears^to be connected with or to include a 
registry-office or index-room, where all the correspondence is recorded 
and tiled away flat in sheets of paper, or wrappers, on which the subject 
to which the letter relates is indorsed. 

The letters appear to be sent to the several bureaus, where the proper 
answers are prepared by, or under the direction of, the officer in charge. 
The draughts are then sent, with a memorandum of subject, date, &c., to 
the director-general’s office, who approves, or rejects, or returns for 
modiflcation. If approved, the letter is returned to the bureau from 
which it emanated, and it is from thence sent to the chief clerk’s room, 
where it is copied and registered, and is then turned over to the mail¬ 
ing clerks to be mailed to its destination. 

Printed memorandum sheets or wrappers are much used in the offices 
to hold the letters and papers. Samples of these are inclosed. One is 
used by the party who has draughted a reply to a letter and sends it to 
the general direction for approval. The number and date of the reply 


VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE 123 

are placed upon the wrapper, together with the signature of the party 
sending it, the date, and the hour, &c. 

A second wrapper, inclosed, is intended to cover letters issued from 
the general director’s office. The name of the author is given, the date 
of mailing and of recording, together with an analytical statement of 
the substance or contents of the communication. 

• WELT-AUSTELLLTNG 1873 IN WIEN. 

Zur Ji. Revision. 

[Submitted for high approval or revision.] 

Bureau : (Name of Bureau.) 


Herr JOHN BROWN. 

legt vor die Geschaftsstiicke : 

[Placed for examiuation. J 

Nr. praes. den-[date]-, 187 

Nr. praes. den-, 187 

Nr. praes. den-, 187 

Nr. praes. den-, 187 

Nr. praes. den-, 187 

Nr. praes. den-, 187 

[Enumeration of the number and dates of the letters inclosed.] 

Zusammen. [Total number.] Stiicke. [Pieces..] 

Tag [Day] -Stunde [Hour]- 


Unterschrift des Referenten oder Concipienten. 
[Signature of the referent or person who made the draughts of the letters.] 


WELT AUSTELLUNG 1873 IN WIEN. 

GENERAL DIRECTION. 


No.- 

Zum Einreichungs-Protokollgelaugt—187- 

Zum Expedit gelaugt-187- 

Mundirt [author]- 

Collationirt [compared by]- 

Bestellt [mailed]- 

Zur Registratur gelangt [recorded]-187- 

GEGENSTAND. 

Substance or analysis of the contents of 
the letter or communication. 


Abtheilung : [Referred to another depart 
ment.] 

ZurEiusicht [for inspection of contents or 
to give information of the nature of the 
decision or order.] 


VORACTEN. 

Reference to communications sent pre¬ 
viously on the same subject. 

An- 


WELT-AUSTELLLTNG 1873 IN WIEN. 

Abtheilung: 

Bureau: 

Datum : 

AGENDA. 


ORGANIZATION IN 1867 AT PARIS. 

At the Paris Exposition no less than 4,509 persons are enumerated as 
collaborators of the imperial commission. This number, however, in¬ 
cludes the members of the jury and the subscribers to the guarantee 
fund j but not the employes and persons engaged in the telegraph, 























124 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

postal, and cnstom-liouse offices, but really in the staff of the exposition, 
to the number of 841. 

Subscribers to the guarantee fund. 

Imperial commission. 

Committees of the imperial commission. 

Commissioner-general. 

Foreign commissions.. • - 

Jury of new order of recompenses. 

Jury upon fine arts, agriculture, and industry... 

Jury upon fine arts, agriculture, and industry, (associate mem¬ 
bers and substitutes). . 

Authors and editors of the reports of the jury. 

Committees of admission... 

Bureaus of the committees of admission of Group X.. 

Jury of admission of works of art. 

Commission upon the history of labor... 

Jury of admission for the gallery of history of labor. 

Jury upon alimentary establishments. 

Installation syndicates. 

Kesidents and secretaries of department committees. 

Commission for the exposition of agriculture. 

Commission for the horticultural exposition. 

Commission for the arboricultural exposition. 

Committee of weights, measures, and coins. 

Committee on ventilation. 

Committee upon the exposition of musical works. 

Committee upon yachts, and experiments in salvage. 

Commission for encouraging study by workingmen... 

Miscellaneous. . 

Architects engaged in the erection of the trophies in the hall of 

the distribution of prizes....... 

Co-operating exhibitors in the exhibition of the history of labor. 
Committee upon finance and auditing the accounts. 7 

II.—THE FINANCES. 

The financial foundation of the Vienna Exhibition enterprise was the 
guarantee fund of 3,000,(100 fiorins, subscribed chiefly by the members^ 
of the Trades Union of Vienna. This, it was supposed, would be suf¬ 
ficient to cover the excess of the costs of the exhibition over the re¬ 
ceipts. The sum was to be paid over to the director of the exhibition 
in case the proceeds did not reach one-half of the amount which, by the 
law of July 21, 1871, was appropriated for the work by the government. 
This amount was six millions of florins, (6,000,000 florins=$3,000,000.) 
and the conditions of the appropriation will be seen by the terms of the 
law, a translation of which is appended. 

APPROPRIATION FOR THE EXHIBITION. 

(Analysis of the law of July 21,1871, (translation^) by which a credit of 
6,000,000 florins is voted for the exhibition to be held in Vienna, in the 
year 1873.*) 

With the consent of both houses of the Reichsrath, I hereby decree 
as follows: 

Article I. That a credit of 6,000,000 florins is hereby established for the defraying 
of the expenses of the exhibition to be held in Vienna in the year 1873, and that 
under no pretext/whatever is this sura to be exceeded. 


1, 03(> 
66 
121 
211 
954 
30 
629 

317 

250 

469 

35 

58 
6 

59 
7 

190 

444 

20 

10 

a 

36 
7 

40 

14 

70 

54 

10 

868 


*Beichsgesetzhlatt, 1871, xxxv Stiick, 11th August, 1871. 
































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


125 


Article II. That one-half of this sum will he considered as a government appropri¬ 
ation, and the other half as an advance made by the government without interest. 

Article III. That the total receipts of the undertaking of the exhibition will be 
devoted to the repayment of this advance and eventually to the liquidation of this 
government appropriation. 

Article IV. That if the total receipts of the enterprise of the exhibition together 
with the government appropriation are found not to be sufficient to cover the total ex¬ 
penses thereof, the government will call in the guarantee fund established by private 
subscription for the liquidation of the balance. 

Article V. That if, on the contrary, the total receipts of the exhibition enterprise 
should exceed the moneys (Article I) devoted thereto by the government, such surplus 
after liquidation of said moneys (Article II) to be paid into the government treasury. 

Article VI. That the moneys which make np the credit specified in Article I will 
be paid over in sums according as they are required. The yearly requisition for money 
for the years 1871, 1872, 1873, will be omitted in the annual estimates. 

Article VII. That all moneys devoted to the interests of the exhibition will be free 
from stamp-duties and government taxes. All contracts and agreements connected 
with the exhibition made with companies and individuals for the construction and 
preparation thereof, such as those for the erection of the necessary buildings, and for 
all works and arrangements, are hereby freed from all stamp-duties and revenue-taxes 
until further official notice. The same freedom is extended to all contracts and docu¬ 
ments put out for the establishment, verification, and collection of the guarantee fund, 
and to all paper relating to the terms and obligations of the same, as long as no judi¬ 
cial use thereof is made. 

Article VIII. That the ministers of commerce and finance are hereby charged with 
the execution of this law. 

Laxenburg, 21, 1871. 

FRANZ JOSEPH, M. P. 

Hohenwart, M. P. 

Holzgethau, M. P. 

Schaefle, M. P. 

The sixth section of a succeeding law, September 29, a full translation 
of which has already been given, placed the exhibition moneys as a dis¬ 
tinct fund in the treasury, to include all the appropriations made as well 
as the receipts and the guarantee fund. 

The administration and disbursement of the fund was placed in the 
hands of the general director, and he was required to report expenses 
quarterly, and upon the expenses and income semi-annually, and to send 
in a balance-sheet at the end of the year. 

The usual forms of accounting followed in the finance department of 
the government were made, by the same law, the forms to be followed 
by the general direction in accounting for this exhibition fund. 

All the moneys were relieved from government taxes and stamp- 
duties. 

As the work progressed, it was found that the costs had been under¬ 
estimated, and that more money would be required from the govern¬ 
ment. This proposition, although strongly regretted and violently criti¬ 
cised, was accorded, and a supplemental appropriation of 6,000,000 
florins was made. 

The general director was well sustained by the government. Indeed, 
all felt that the honor and glory of Austria was thoroughly involved, and 
that the undertaking should be pushed through at any cost. Much dis¬ 
satisfaction was manifested that the expenses should have been greatly 
underestimated. 

At a later date, June 14, 1873, the following decree appeared : 

IMPERIAL DECREE UPOX THE ADMINISTRATION, 

His Imperial Austro-Hungarian Majesty, on the 9th of June, made 
a new decree concerning the financial administration of the exhibition, 
a copy of which was promulgated in the oflicial paper, the -Wiener 
Zeitzung, on the 14th of June, 1873 : 


126 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


[Translatiou.] 

His Majesty has deigned to approve of the following changes in the organization- 
statute of the 29th of September, 1871, for the universal exhibition at Vienna, 1873. 

1. A council of administration, consisting of officers of the government, is to be joined 
to the general director for the whole technical administration of the exhibition, and the 
management in money-matters, including the engagement, superintendence, and em¬ 
ployment of the person wanted for any service as well as for the. execution of that 
service. 

2. In all those dispositions which involve an expenditure of money, the general direc¬ 
tor must consult the council of administration, without whose approval and signature 
any contracts, obligations, or promises are invalid. [Lose their sufficiency in law.} 
Exhibition documents and papers concerning money-matters require, in addition to the 
signature of approval by the general director, the counter-signature of the chief of the 
council of administration, or of his substitute. Such documents and arrangements have, 
however, the necessary validity, if, without the signature of the general director, they 
are signed by the chief of the council of administration and one member of that 
council. 

3. The management of the credits allowed to the exhibition as well as of the money 
advanced, including the guarantee funds, shall hereafter be in the same way as has 
been prescribed for all other branches of state accounting, and all records of the re¬ 
ceipts and expenditures connected with the exhibition shall be kept at the cashier’s 
office at the exhibition. 

For the management of the books and the accounts the council of administration 
will be assisted by experienced clerks, who will be required to give the necessary evi¬ 
dence of their qualifications, and the books will be kept in the same manner as they 
have been at the exhibition up to this time. 

The statute of organization of the 29th of September, 1871, as far as it conflicts with 
the present decree, is without effect. 

BANHANS, 

Minister of Commerce. 

It is not possible to obtain statements in detail of the actual expendi¬ 
tures on account of the exhibition. No balance-sheets have appeared^ 
and it is uncertain whether a complete showing will ever be made ] at 
least, a complete account of the whole cost and receipts cannot be ex¬ 
pected until some time after the exhibition has closed and its affairs 
have been wound up. 

The following approximate statement is the best that I have been 
able to procure up to the time of closing this report: 

Expenditures for buildings, -etc.— Approximate. 


Designation of building or purpose. 

Vienna 
florins. ’ 

Industry palace, including the rotunda and half-gallery. 

6,289,018 

Machinerv-hall... 

Agricultural hall. 

670 000 

Art-hall, or art-building. 

742 000 

Pavilion des Amateurs. 

122 600 

Imperial pavilion. 

90 000 

Covering in the courts. 

000 

Jury pavilion. 

Ml 000 

Office-buildings. 

yjxju 

'7^ 

Postal, telegraph, and custom-house buildino-s 

# O, 

53, 477 

24 0)^0 

Six guard-houses. 

Ten guard-houses, smaller. 

dO Q04 

Barracks for infantry. 


Barracks for cavalry. 

04,DUU 
1 A 

Sutler’s house. 

J. 4 ^ / 0 

ft 7AA 

Fences and covered corridors. 

Oj / UL/ 
909 OAO 

Sanitary seryice. 

\/v/V 

A Afti 

Aqueducts, water-service, and water-tower 

Pol 
340 000 

Boilers, shafting, supports, &c. 

AO*^ dOA 

Temporary or provisional buildings.... 

OUO, 4UI7 
1 ^ 000 

Expenses for offices at the building. 

J.O, uuU 

345, 000 




























VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


127 


Designation of building or purpose. 


Vienna 

florins. 


Preparatory work for the offices at the building 

Requisite for the offices at the building. 

Raising the rotunda... 

Drainage and water-closets. 

Basins... 

Telegraph and gas. 

New annexes. 

Grading, garden-work, railway, &.c. 

Avenues, roads, paths. 

Cashier’s office... 

Redemption of ground-concessions. 

Sundries. 

Central administration. 

Bricks, difference in cost of.. 

Reserved fund.. 


40, 000- 
12, 000 
22, 800 
147,000 
25,000 
36, 800 
500, 000 
369,479t 
748, 931 
4,314 
12,156 
69, 366 
1, 553, 000 
95, 000 
352, 416 


Total in Vienna florins 


15,700, 000 


Total in dollars, approximately 


$7, 850, 000 


The latest official financial statement I have been able to procure is the 
quarterly statement, published in October last in the Wiener Zeitung, 
giving the accounts of receipts and expenditures up to the first of that 
month: 


RECEIPTS. 



To end of 1872. 

First quarter, 
1873. 

Second quarter, 
1873. 

Third quarter, 
1873. 

Total. 

TtPirifilptR proper.__ 

Florins. 

190, 475. 53 

Florins. 
175, 046. 98 

Florins. 

1, 000, 302. 49 

Florins. 

1, 315, 802. 65 

Florins. 

2, 681, 627. 655 
4, 329.155 
15,043,314.15 

Other Konreen.. 

Statft donation__ 









\ 

17, 729, 270. 96 


EXPENDITURES. 



To end of 1872. 

First quarter, 
187.3. 

Second quarter, 
1873. 

Third quarter, 
1873. 

Total. 

"Paid ont____ 

Florins. 

6, 531, 016. 915 

Florins. 

2, 466, 698. 54 

Florins. 

3, 753, 827. 52 

Florins. 
2,018, 390.15 

Florins. 

14, 769, 933,125 
2, 681, 627. 655 
277, 710. IS 

To credit of state treasury. 










17, 729,270. 96 


RECEIPTS FROM VISITORS. 

The total amount received from visitors from the beginning until the 
close, on the 2d of .November, was 2,567,297.56 Vienna florins, equal, 
approximately, to $1,283,648.78. The other sources of revenue were the 
rents of space, the concessions for various purposes, and the sale of the 
buildings. These sources it was estimated would yield, respectively, 
1,000,000 for space, 240,000 for concessions, and 4,000,000 for the 
buildings. This last sum appears to be far too high. The defifeiencj^, 
probably, will not be less than 12,000,000 florins, or $6,000,000, which 
the government will meet. 

A later statement places the total outgo as, florins, 19,700,000, or 
$9,850,000 in United States currency. The income was in round num¬ 
bers, say, $2,000,000, leaving a deficiency paid by the Government appro- 



































































128 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


I)riations of $7,850,000. But it is probable that the value of the buildings 
and improvements incident to the exhibition, will figure in the final 
showing as fully equal to their cost. 

At Paris, in 1867, the receipts from visitors were 10,865,419 francs, equal 
to $2,432,709 in round numbers, and the expenses were about $4,596,763, 
leaving a deficiency, after adding the receipts from other sources, of 
8,869,156 francs, or $1,773,831, which was covered by the appropriations 
made by the city and state respectively of 6,000,000 francs—a total of 
12,000,000 francs, or about $2,400,000. This aid left a surplus, which 
was divided between the city, the state, and the subscribers to the guar¬ 
antee fund, so that each subscriber received back the amount i)aid in, 
with interest, and a large dividend in addition. 

The receipts from various concessions at Paris in 1867 amounted to 
1,278,720 francs, and in 1862 to 1,002,538 francs. A charge was made 
also for water and gas, 18,757 francs being taken in for the former, and 
100,454 for the latter.* The sale in 1867 of the buildings and materials 
used in the constructions of the park, notably of the aquarium, realized 
the sum of 1,075,255 francs, or about $213,051. 

APPROPRIATIONS MADE BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES FOR THE VIENNA 

EXHIBITION. 

The money appropriated by the several participating nations consti¬ 
tutes a large part of the total expenditure of an exhibition, and is prob¬ 
ably fully equaled in amount by the exhibitors from the same countries. 
The following is an approximate statement in dollars of the amounts 
appropriated by the countries named: 


German Empiret. $750, 000 

Prance. 300, 000 

England. 100,000 

Italy. 200,000 

Japan. 150, 000 

Turkey. 500,000 

Egypt. 500,000 

United States.,.. 200, 000 

Belgium. 100,000 

Greece. 30 ^ 000 

E-ussia. 

Brazil... . 

China... 


< 2, 830, 000 

We can safely estimate the full amount for all the nations at 
not less than $5,000,000 ; and upon the supposition that an equal 
amount was expended by exhibitors, we have a total of $10,000,000 to 
be added to the cost of the exhibition. 

The expenditure by Great Britain, in 1867, at Paris, was, less amount 
realized by sale of old fittings, &c.. £120,654. Egypt, with about 
one-twQutieth the space, expended £60,000; Prussia, £30,208; Italv, 
£33,060; Austria, £40,000. ^ ^ j» 


* One thousand four hundred cubic meters of gtis were consumed daily, and the price 
j)aid was 30 centimes per meter. 

t There is a statement that Germany expended over £200,000. 


















VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


129 


III.—LOCATION OF THE EXHIBITION. 

The place selected as the site of the exhibition is the far-famed Prater, 
the great place of daily resort for the Viennese of all classes. It is the 
public park, promenade, and drive, and, aside from the exhibition, has 
many attractions. The land is level. It is the bottom land of the Dan¬ 
ube, and large portions of it have been liable to overflow v^hen the river 
has been greatly swollen. 

REGULATION OF THE DANUBE. 

The location is in the immediate vicinity of the great work for the 
regulation of the flow of the Danube, and the two undertalaugs appear 
to have been more or less connected in the thoughts of the projectors 
or engineers, and of the government. 

If the exhibition enterprise was not in part designed to promote 
the ulterior success of the great work of regulating the flow of the 
Danube, and of reclaiming a large area of land along its course, it 
certainly will have that effect, for, aside from turning the attention 
of the people of Austria and of the world to the present and future 
commercial advantages of Vienna, a great amount of work has been 
done for the exhibition, such as grading, embankment, and track-laying, 
which will be of permanent value to the Danube improvement. The 
sewerage and the water-service may be added to the grading, and, 
finally, the principal buildings themselves, which one cannot doubt are 
to remain, if not permanently, at least for years. Tiie machinery-hall 
is to be used by the great Northern Railway Company as a freight or 
grain depot, and it is more than probable that this company is largely 
interested in the schemes for the permanent improvements of that part 
of Vienna. 

A map, which is inclosed, of the proposed regulation of the river, 
shows very clearly the intentions of the government regarding the 
splendid water front to be secured along the whole breadth of the city 
and the length of the prater. * Almost a new city is projected in the space 
lying between the Northwestern Railway, the present site of the exhibi¬ 
tion, and the new quay of the Danube. J[t is easy to see that the work 
of preparation of the exhibition-grounds and the general direction of 
the public attention to that region in consequence of the exhibition, 
could not fail to promote the objects of the government. The gravel 
dredged from the new channel for the river has, in part, been used to 
raise the level of the ground upon which the exhibition-buildings now 
stand four feet or more. This has given a good foundation, pervious to 
water and clean at all times. In rainy weather the surface is not 
muddy, and in dry weather it is not dusty. It has certainly been highly 
advantageous to have an abundance of such grading material at hand. 

Another great advantage of the location has been the close prox¬ 
imity to an unfailing supply of water, obtainable simply by digging a 
few Veet, or by means of the American tubular well. 

It is said that if the Danube should rise three feet above its usual 
high level, there would be one toot of water in the rotunda. The floor, 
it will be remembered, is several feet lower than the floor of the indus¬ 
try palace. 

*The Danube regulation consists essentially in changing the course of the Danube 
opposite the city, by confining its current to a straight, deep channel along a well-con¬ 
structed quay, thus diverting it from a broad and intricate system of shallow chan¬ 
nels, none of which were conveniently available for navigation to the city. A large 
area of land will be reclaimed for agricultural purposes, and a fine water-frout will 
be secured. 

s. Ex. 30-9 







130 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

The work of preparation of the ground commenced in 1869, and was 
continued through 1871. Half a million of cubic meters of gravel were 
taken out of the new channel, and put upon the exhibition-site. Six 
hundred and lifty men and one hundred and two carts were employed 
there at one time. 

The surface of the ground under the industrial palace was not by any 
means left in a graded, level condition. It was full of irregularities 
and holes. The building rested on piles, and these were of course cut 
oft* level, so there was no necessity for grading the covered area. 

IV.—AKE4 OF THE EXHIBITION AND APPORTIONMENT OF 

SPACE. 

One of the first questions usually asked by those who wish to learn 
something regarding the Vienna Exhibition is, How much ground did 
it cover, and how did it corai^are with the exposition at Paris in 1867 
The idea of magnitude, with most persons, is inseparable from that of 
a successful exhibition. If we assume that each of the great modern 
exhibitions was as compact and perfect as possible, it is true that we 
should expect the last one to exceed the others in magnitude, provided 
the location were equally favorable. For as new discoveries in science 
are made, and modify existing arts and processes; as new inventions 
arise, as improvements are brought forward, and new products are in¬ 
troduced, so the range and extent of an exliibition must be enlarged^ 
But there is a more radical element which aft'ects the size of an exhibi¬ 
tion. It is the disposition of the people to take part in it. This de¬ 
pends greatly upon its location, its accessibility, nearness to great cen¬ 
ters of population, and the notoriety which the undertaking secures at 
an early date as destined to surpass all others in grandeur and magnifi¬ 
cence. But though a universal international exhibition is necessarily 
extensive, it is by no means true that its value or excellence depends 
upon its size. The points of excellence are rather the degree in which 
the great ends sought to be attained by such exhibitions are promoted 
by their organization, arrangement, and regulations. It is not the 
space they cover, but the w ay.in which the space is covered, that marks 
their excellence. It is time that this popular idea of superiority based 
upon greater length and breadth, or number of acres covered, should be 
modified, and that progress should be sought and recognized in other 
directions. 

Great extent of an exhibition may be a positive blemish, and detract 
from its usefulness. If very large, they are unwieldy and distracting. 
These defects are particularly evident when the classification and ar¬ 
rangement are faulty. The general criticism upon the Vienna Exhibi¬ 
tion was, “ It is too large.” It was inconveniently so, and the defect 
was increased by the want of system in placing the objects shown. 
Rich beyond precedent in almost all departments, it was to a great ex¬ 
tent a medley, and to those who had little time to give to it a disap¬ 
pointment. Unlike the exposition at Paris it did not unite and facili¬ 
tate the comparison of similar objects from a diversity of sources. They 
were in general widely separated and difficult to find. 

Mr. Le Play, in presenting a summary of the work of the imperial 
commission for the exhibition of 1867, says that experience indicates 
the necessity of having for a future universal exhibition an area of over 
700,000 square meters, and points out the difficulty or impossibility of 
securing such extended vacant spaces in the great capitals, London 
or Paris. ’• * 


VIEJ^NA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


131 


THE AREA OF THE GROUND INCLOSED. 

The total area of the j^roiind inclosed by the fence was about 280 
acres, or 1,131,235 square meters. The area of the Champ de Mars, 
Paris, 1867, was 119* acres, or 459,340 square meters. Both tracts were 
nearly rectangular in form. The extreme length of the Vienna inclosure 
was about 1,400 meters, and the width 720 meters; that at Paris was 
-long, and-meters wide, approximately. 

The total length of fencing, including the entrances, around the 
Vienna tract was approximately 4,500 meters, or 14,763 feet. At the 
entrances, the fence was replaced by buildings or special structures the 
total length of which was some 690 meters, distributed as follows: 

Meters. 


South entrance.-. 200 

West entrance. 200 

Korth, rtuilway-station. 150 

East, barracks. 140 


690 

or about 2,242 feet, thus reducing the total length of fencing to about 
12,521 feet. 

For convenience of reference, this whole area within the fence was- 
divided upon the maps into four parallel east and west zones. Zone II 
included the principal building, the art-galleries, &c.; Zone III the 
agricultural halls, and Zone IV the machinery-hall. 

Statement of the superficial areas of the four zones, with their subdivisions, of the inclosed 

space devoted to the exhibition. 

(In square klafter, Austrian, 1,121—1 acre.) 


Zone I. 


Square klafter, 
(Austrian.) 


Park south of palace, with buildings of general direction, jury-pavilion, 
Emperor’s pavilion, &c. 


116, 040 


Zone II. 


(a.) Palace of industry main building, space allotted, 480x112. 53,760 

{b.) Space allotted to art-buildings, 143x112. 16,016 

(c.) Space allotted to rural department, farm-homes, &c., 147x112. 16,464 


Zone III. 

(a.) Space allotted to buildings for mining and agricultural products, 645 


x70 .:. 45,150 

(&.) Space allotted to the village, 142x67. 9,514 

Zone IV. 

Space allotted to the machinery-ball and its dependencies. 47,790 


* The island of Billancourt, 52 acres, is not included in this, hut if added, gives a 
total of 171 acres. The latest official report gives the whole area, in square meters, as 
687,835, which includes Billancourt. 




















132 


REPORT OF TEE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS 


SUMMARY OF SPACES ALLOTTED. 

(In square klafter, square meters, and iu acres.) 

(One acre =4,046.7 meters, one klafter = 3.81 meters ; 1 acre= 1,121 klafters.) 


Area of ground allotted to— 

Square 

klafters. 

Square 

meters. 

Acres. 

Zone I. 

Park, south of Industry Palace. 

116,040 

• 

418, 904 

103.5 

Zone II. 




'(a.) Industry Palace. 

53, 760 

194, 074 

47.9 

(6.) Art Buildings. 

(c.) Village of Farm Buildings. 

16, 016 

57, 818 

14.3 

16, 464 

59, 435 

14.7 

Zone III. 




(a.) Mining and Agriculture. 

45,150 

162, 992 

40.3 

(b.) Village Portion. . 

9,514 

34, 346 

8.5 

Zone IV. 




(a.) Machinery Department. 

47,790 
8, 350 

172,522 

42.6 

(b.) Material Depot, General Direction. 

31,144 

7.4 

Total. 

313, 084 

1,131, 235 

279.2 


OUTSIDE GROUND FOR EXHIBITION PURPOSES. 

Beyond the eastern gates of the inclosure there was practically an un¬ 
limited area of vacant alluvial land, which was freely used as occasion 
required for the cattle-show, the horse-exhibition, the races, &c. Here 
also, along the railway-tracks, the depots for the empty packing-cases 
were located. In additition to this broad space at command, consider¬ 
able areas of ground were required about the chief entrances, not only 
for architectural effects but for the accommodation of the crowds of peo¬ 
ple and of the vehicles arriving and departing, and especially for the 
-carriages and cabs waiting. 

Exterior spaces allotted outside of the fence. 

(Portions of the same space were used for different purposes at different times.) 


Space assigned. 


Entrance space, south. 

Entrance space, west. 

Entrance space, northwest 
Depot for packiu 

Horse-exhibition 

Cattle-show- 

Total space at command for the cattle-show and horse- 

show . 

Spaces allotted to carriages, (stands). 


g-cases . 

( a, buildings... 
I h, hippodrome 


Square 

klafter. 

Square 

meters. 

Acres. 

1,600 

5,776 

1.4 

4,480 

16,173 

■ 4.0 

750 

2,708 

0.7 

28, 125 

101,531 

25. 0 

2,304 

8,317 

2.1 

20, 000 

72, 200 

17.8 

20,000 

72, 200 

17.8 

185, 600 

670,016 

165.6 

35,000 

126,350 

31.2 














































VIENNA EXPOSITION-EEPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


13a 


C AKRT AGE- ST ANDS. 

There were four principal stands allotted to cabs, carriages, and 
omnibuses, and each of them at a sufficient distance from the entrances 
to the exhibition to i)revent all disagreeable noise, confusion, and odors. 
The principal stand was near the west end, where the several lines of 
omnibuses delivered their passengers. Here 14,000 square klafter 
(12.4 acres) were assigned to omnibuses and cabs, one-half of this space 
to each. 

At the Kondeau, near the east end, 9,432 square klafter (8.41 acres) 
were assigned to cabs, {Jiakers ;) at the south entrance, 8,800 square 
klafter (7.35 acres) for bOi) fialcers and 200 one-horse carriages, and, in 
addition, 1,000 klafter were assigned to the carriages and vehicles of 
the officers of the exhibition. At the Wurstelprater 2,000 square klafter 
were reserved; making a total of 35,232 square klafter, equivalent to 
about 31J acres. 


SPACE DEVOTED TO IIORSE-EXHIBITTON. 



The building for the protection of the horses was erected on three 

sides of a square of 48 klafter, and was 12 klafter 
wide, making a structure 72 klafters long on 
each side, giving a covered space of 2,304 square 
klafter. One acre contains 1,121 klafters. The same 
building was used for the cattle-show before the 
horse-show. The total space at the disposal of ex¬ 
hibitors, including the building and outside 
grounds, was 290 by 640 klafter, giving 185,600 
klafter; but more could have been had, if re- 
< 72 > quired, and the space is given in round numbers 

as 20,000 square klafter. 


AEEA OF THE INDUSTRIAL PALACE. 


The statements published of the area of the exhibition-building vary 
greatly, apparently in consequence of the diftereut ways of measuring 
it; some persons including as parts of the building the courts, whether 
inclosed or not, and even taking in the area of the garden-spaces 
around the dome. Failing to obtain any satisfactory statement of the 
floor-area, I have made as close a calculation as possible, and find the 
total floor-space, exclusive of the courts, was 78,328 square meters, or 
19.35 acres, distributed as follows: 


Main transept, (392“.3 x 2 x 25°3 • - 
Cross galleries, (28, each 75“ x 15“) 

Galleries about the dome. 

Dome and half-gallery. 


Square meters. 

.... 19,615 

.... 31,500 

.... 13,529 

.... 13,684 


Total 


78,328 


This is the area of the building as projected and constructed. 

To this should be added the area, as below, of the courts which wcae 
subsequently inclosed and occupied. 

AREA OF ANNEXES. 

The courts betwesn the transepts were in most instances roofed over, 
















134 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSSIONERS. 

wholly or partially, in order to obtain more room. The area so obtained 
was for several of the countries as below. 

Square meters. 

America, United States of. 2,570.00 

Austria. 25,700.00 

Belgium . 428.G6 

China and Japan. 1,285.00 

Denmark. 1,712.68 

France. 5,140.00 

German Empire. 2.570.00 

Great Britain. 1,300.00 

Holland. 428.66 

Hungary. .. .-.. 1,302.45 

Italy. 2,440.00 

Kussia. 1,028.00 

Switzerland. •1,714.00 


Total. 47,619.00 


This shows a total area for the courts of 47,619 square meters, the 
figures being close approximations, and the same, with a few exce[)tions, 
as were furnished to me by one of the engineers in the building bureau. 
We then have for the total superficial area or floor-space of the main 
building : 

Square meters. 


Floor-space exclusive of courts. 78,328 

Floor-space of courts... 47,619 


Giving a total of.. .. -. 125,947 

or-acres. 


AREA OF MACHINERY-HALL. 

The total length of the machine-hall was about 800 meters and its 
breadth 45 meters, giving in round numbers 36,000 meters (35,554, ac¬ 
cording to table infra) for its area, or in acres 8.73. The agricultural 
halls covered about 7 acres. 

In order to make a direct comparison of the area of the Yienna Ex¬ 
hibition with that of Paris we should include with the foregoing the 
area of the agricultural halls and the art-galleries. The whole in¬ 
cludes the chief buildings and forms a tolerably fair basis of com])arison, 
though Vienna was richer than the Paris Exhibition in special displays 
outside of the main building. On the other hand, the larger portion of 
the agricultural displays were made outside of the chief building at 
Paris, and are not included in the estimate of area covered. 

RECAPITULATION. 

Area of chief hnildings at Vienna. 

Square meters. 


Industrial palace and courts covered... 125, 947 

Machinery-hall.'.... 35 ^ 554 

Agricultural halls.. . 28,071 

Art-gallery . 7^000 

Amateurs’ exhibition. 4,000 


In square meters. 200, 572 





























VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


135 


This is equivalent to a little less than 50 acres. The area of the ellip¬ 
tical biiihling at Paris, exclusive of the central garden, was 153,138 
square meters, to which may be added 6,935 square meters of entrance- 
spaces and covered porticos, making in all 160,073 square meters, be¬ 
ing 39.5 acres. It is usually stated as 40 acres, which includes the 
central garden. The final report of the imperial commission gives the 
following data in full regarding the area of all parts of the Paris Ex¬ 
position : 


Areas assigned to different parts of the exposition, 1687. 
A.—CHAMP DE MARS. 


1.—Palace. 


Orand vestibule. 

Radial passage-ways... 

Circular passage-ways. 

Exterior promenade. 

Interior promenade. 

Gallery of the history of labor. 

Gallery of works of art. 

Liberal arts, furnishings, clothing, and raw materials 

Machine-gallery. 

Food and alimentation. 


Square meters. 
3, 592 
14,265 
20,663 
10,748 
2,206 
2, 620 
5,731 
54,194 
26, 965 
12,154 


Area of the palace proper. 153,138 

Entrances and covered porticos... 6,935 

Central garden. 5,743 


Area of the palace and its dependencies. 165, 816 165, 816 

2.—Park. 

Covered surfaces... 52,113 

tlncovered surfaces. 118? 508 


170,621 

Walks of eight meters and above. 46,761 

Paths of more than 3''b 50. 27,792 


Surface of the park...-. 

3.—Garden. 

Covered portions. 

Uncovered portions. 

Area of the garden, including the roads. 48, 350 48,350 

Area of the Champ de Mars inside the fence 

* 4.—Quay. 

Covered portions. 

Floating exhibition. 

Restaurants. 


Roads and terraces 


. 4.59,340 

3,978 

925 

1,016 

-5,919 

. 2,476 

-8,395 


245,174 245,174 

7.250 
41,100 


■B.—ISLAND OF BILLANCOURT. 


Covered portions. 

Uncovered portions. 

Bureaus, restaurants, shops 
Roads and paths. 


5, .580 
136,620 
5, .550 
72,350 


220,100 


Total area of the exposition of 1867 


687,‘835 











































136 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


There is also an important tabular statement, showing the area occu¬ 
pied by each of the countries, which is worthy of attention. 

Area of surf ace assigned to each country in the Champ de Mars, 1867.* 


Country. 


France . 

Holland. 

Belgium.. 

North Germany. 

Hansa. 

Baden. 


Wlirtemberg, 


Bavaria 

Austria - 

Switzerland 
Spain 


Persia. 

China. 

Japan. 

Siam. 

Tunis. 

Morocco. 

United States of America. 

American republics. 

Brazil. 

Hawaii... 

Great Britain. 


Partial totals. 


General totals 


In the 
palace. 


Portugal. 

Greece . 

Denmark. 

Sweden and Norway. 

Russia. 

Italy. 

Papal States. 

Roumanian principalities ... 

Turkey. 

Egypt. 


67, 025 
2,208 

7, 336 
12,791 

1,032 

823 

1,312 

1,178 

8, 569 
2, 948 

2, 015 
696 
696 

1, 049 
2,010 
3,145 
4, 030 
419 
901 
1,347 
555 
105 
362 
591 
137 
439 
726 

3, 870 
704 
470 

63 
23,586 


153,138 


In the park. 


Covered. 


27,891 
909 
2,416 
896 
20 


428 
565 
1, 686 
1, 412 
578 
157 


18 
469 
1, 4.39 
438 
64 
58 
352 
1,634 


725 

107 

87 

651 

198 

1,642 


7,273 


52,113 


Uncovered. 


58,319 
3, 803 
6,756 
8,200 
104 


588 
571 
7, 241 
2,136 
800 
1,163 


400 
2,167 
1,707 
2,522 
346 
1,632 
2, 432 
4, 266 


1,366 

1,051 

183 

1,857 

674 

3,472 


4,752 


118,508 


170, 621 


Upon the 
quay. 


41,311 


1,608 


Total area. 


157,546 
6,920 
16,508 
21,887 
1,156 
823 
•2,328 

2, 314 
17,496 

6,496 

3, 393 
2, 016 

696 
1,467 
4,646 
6,291 
6, 990 
829 
2,591 
4,131 
6, 455 
105 
2, 453 
1,749 
407 
2, 947 
1,598 
8, 984 
704 
470 
63 

37, 219 


5,919 


329,678 


*Rappoit sur I’Expositiou Uuiverselle, Paris, 1867. Commission Imperiale, p. 440. 

OUTSIDE STRUCTURES. 


In Vienna, as at Paris, the grounds surrounding the main buildings 
were crowded with snpiilemental structures, either to accommodate 
exhibitors for whom room could not be obtained in the industry palace, 
or for special exhibitions by countries, companies, or individuals, or as 
architectural displays showing the styles or methods of construction in 
use in distant lands. The published list of the Paris buildings enume¬ 
rates some 120 or more. There were probably not less than 150, as many 
appear upon the maps without any references. At Vienna there were 
probably over 200. 

A list of them, with the areas in square meters, is appended. This 
list is compiled and translated chiefly from data obtained from official 
sources. There are probably some omissions, and, in some instances,, 



























































































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


137 


the area was not ascertained. An enumeration of the principal build¬ 
ings in each of the four zones, made from one of the latest official 
plans before I left Vienna, gave me for— 


Zone I. 82 

Zone II. 27 

Zone III. 53 

Zone IV. 23 


185 

A total of 185 constructions, besides the machine-hall and the indus¬ 
try palace, exclusive of the telegraph-stations, water-closet buildings,, 
and various small pavilions. In the Volksprater, adioining the grounds^ 
there were 103 buildings for t)ublic resort. 


List of additional buildings and structures^ with their area in square 

meters. 


Jury pavilion.... 

Imperial pavilion... 

Offices of the general direction .... 

Barracks for the military guard.... 

Exhibition of live-stock, building for. 

Flower-exhibition tent... 

Trade and commerce of the world..... 

Sanitary-exhibition pavilion. 

Brass industry, Austria. 

Infant’s pavilion. . 

Women’s-work pavilion. 

German Empire exhibition pavilion.. 

Egypt, buildings of.. 

Kussia, pavilion. 

Japanese houses....... 

Spanish pavilion.. 

Persian pavilion . 

Turkish dwelling-house, 100; bazaar. 50. 

Austrian agricultural department, (Ackerbau ministerium) ,. 

Austrian Lloyds..... 

Austrian gymnasium....... 

Austrian marine exhibition.... 

Austrian savings-bank. 

Marine exhibition, Trieste .. 

Forestry exhibitions. 

Fishery, Sweden, 300 ; Norway, 100.. 

Brick-making machines and i(*/e-machines. 

Bepairing shop.. 

Engine, Prague joint-stock company. 

Light house, Paul & Co... 

Stained glass, building for. 

Gas-works, English... 

House of Schubert.... 

Italian buffet. . 

Morocco villa..... - 

Gothic mausoleum... 

Chime of bells. . 

llilger’s bells...... . • 


Square meters. 

1, 050 
600 

2, 370 
.. 2, 880 

4, 000 
2, 500 
1,600 
2,100 
2, 375 
1,100 
870 

.. 10, 790 

.. 1, 975 

300 
400 
300 
225 
150 
1 , 800 
300 
200 
300 
200 
100 
1, 200 
400 

1, 250 • 
350 
670 

a 


400 

150 

150 

150 

30 

30 

155 

20 












































138 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Square meters. 

Mineral waters, pavilion, Austrian. 50 

(xarden-house... - • • 

Iron goods, furniture, kiosks, &c. 245 

Iron bouse and iron chapel. 500 

Ticket bureau, iron, (Wagner).. 20 

Building-yard... 1? 000 

Building-stone, Doblgolf. 25 

Building-stone, Freund. 25 

Summer-house, flowers, Haslinger. 25 

Danube Steamboat Company’s pavilion. 400 

Dreher’s (Austrian) brewery pavilion. 100 

Palm-house, iron and glass, by Wagner. 200 

Photogra])h association, (Yieuna). 120 

Circle Oriental” .....V.*.. 250 

Pavilion, Prince of Saxe-Coburg. 225 

Pavilion, Prince Schwarzenberg .. . 450 

Pavilion, Prince of Monaco. 00 

Pavilion, Achmed’s fountain. 170 

I’avilion garden j Sweden 25, Norway, 40. 05 

Alusic pavilion. 100 

Maunthuer’s pavilion. 100 

Mining industry. Group I, Karinthia. 700 

Alining industry. Group I, Stiermark. 

Mining industry. Group I, Inuerberger. 150 

Alining industry. Group I, Vorderberg... 700 

Bohemian coal industry. 00 

States Railway Company . 350 

North Railway Company, (station, &c.). 850 

South Railway Company pavilion. 20 

New Free Press, (Vienna). 450 

Heller’s music-box pavilion.?. 225 

Northern Ocean, polar products, (Siderofl;. 80 

Newschloss parquetry pavilion. 100 

Prince Pittel, model stable. 50 

AVagner, model stables. 

Aloney pavilion. 30 

Patent Cork Company. 10 

Stone-sawing machine. 80 

Staling’s roofing. 40 

Tobacco and cigar stand .. 50 

Office for sale of opera and theater tickets. 25 

Asphaltum exhibition, Kosch. 25 

Clay goods. Chemical Ware Company.. 320 

AVienerberger Ziegel’s fabric, brick, terra cotta, and triumphal. 

arch. 120 


Yieille Alontagne Zinc Comi>any. 25 

Telegraph Company, signal-office. 20 

Water-tower, 100 ; water-works, 500. 060 

AVffish-house, English. 40 

AWndmill, Fischer’s ... 25 

Portable dwelling-house, Kien’s . 55 

Agricultural Company. 50 

Dynamometer, &c. 210 

Steel bridge, (Rothschild). 75 


Steel bridge, Swedish 


4 

























































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


139 


Brideg aud road construction company. 

Book-store .. 

Cement-building, Portland cement. 

Cement-building, Cailly .... 

Cement, Lissbauer. 

Cement-goods, Perlmoser. 

Asplialt-pavement pavilion.... 

Presbiirgli exhibition. 

Pumps and syringes, Meimk & Co. 

Pump house, Meuuk <& Co.... 

Bureau for information to travelers. 

Cook & Son, excursion-tickets and tourists’ tickets.. 

Gaze & Son, tourists’ tickets. 

Aveling & Porter’s traction engines. 

Saw-mill, Steffen’s. 

State exhibition, J. Liebig. 

Exhibition Austro-Silesian Company. 

Swedish ‘’hunting-box”. 

Swedish military (ordnance) pavilion. 

Garden summer-house, Sweden. 

Olderhausen’s fire-extinguishers.. 

Railway exliibition, (sheds)... 

Baking establishment. 

Farmers' or peasanW houses. 

Herdsman’s cottage, Austria,. 

Herdsman’s cottage, Salzburg........ 

Alsace.. 

Galitzia. 

Kroatia. p . 

Roumauia... 

Russia... 

Saxony. 

Hungary. 

Voralberg.. 

English workman’s dwelling house, iron. 

Ecstaurant and refreshment-saloons. 

American, No. 1, 300j No. 2, 220j No. 106, 600 .... 

Great Britain. 

France, Freres Provenceaux . 

Tam pier. 

Austria, Liesinger.. 

Pilsner... 

Pilsner Company. f 

Sacher... - 

Trieste. 

Hungarian. 

Vienna bakery.. 

Vienna. 

Stjrian wine-house.. 

Carinthia beer hall ... 

Silberegger’s... 


Square meters. 

200 

100 

40 

25 

30 

100 

50 

50 

50 

50 

25 

60 


100 

30 

50 

150 

350 

25 

35 

1270 

865 


100 

120 

500 

50 

150 

50 

350 

125 

75 

150 

40 


. 1,120 

. 300 

.. .. '600 

. 20 

1, 250 
350 
500 

-' 2,100 

450 

370 

150 

50 

80 

120 

250 

— 1 , 1 





















































140 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Square meters. 


Italy. 

Russian. 200 

Sweden. 200 

Switzerland, (coffee, &c)..- * 300 

Hamburg. 130 

Turkish coffee-house. 1^^^ 

Circle Oriental...*. 250 

Tasting-hall, international....•. dOO 

Alsace, Reasaut house. 

Spain wine-production, &c...- - - • Id 

Oldenbergh. Id 

Glockes. 7d 

Wigwam, (United States). 00 


School-houses. 


United States. 30 

Austria. 150 

Portugal... . 115 

Sweden. 100 


Boiler-houses. 


American, United States. 100 

Austrian. 300 

Belgium. 170 

Prance. 200 

German Empire. 300 

Great Britain. 300 

Switzerland. 150 

Fountain and hydraulic. 200 

“Down Preis”. 200 


ALLOTMENT OF SPACE. 

The partition of space among the various participating countries in 
great exhibitions is one of the most important questions connected with 
such enterprises. Not only the population, resources, and industrial ac¬ 
tivity of the country are to be considered, but also their geographical 
position and commercial relations. Each new exhibition held in a new 
locality presents a different scheme of distribution. The country in 
which the exhibition is made of course takes the greatest portion of 
space, and this portion is the central attraction, usually, in such displays. 
The subject is of great importance in the inception of all exhibition 
enterprises, for the architects and engineers of the plan cannot wait for 
the ultimate announcement from each nation of the space they will re¬ 
quire. The wants of the nation in this regard must be anticipated in a 
general way. A comparative study of what has been allotted to and 
occupied by the various countries in previous exhibitions is thus im¬ 
portant to those who project and conduct a great exhibition. I, there¬ 
fore, introduce here the latest figures in regard to the space allotted to the 
several nations, and refer for comparison to the statements of the space 
occupied in Paris in 1867, page 136, 




























VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 141 


Table showing the space in square meters allotted to each country in the industrial, machinery, 

and agricultural halls. 


Country. 

Industrial hall. 

Covered courts. 

Open courts. 

Machinery-hall. 

Agricultural hall. 

Austria. 

14,767 
6,714 
6, 308’ 
6, 396 
3,319 
2 .972 
2, 972 
2,938 
2,613 
1,350 
1,900 
1,125 
1,090 
1, 003 
880 
867 
865 
657 
605 
519 
346 
259 
86 

25,700 

2, 570 

5,140 

1, 300 
1,028 

1, 302. 45 

2, 240 


11,000 
10,000 
5,580 
5,305 
1,250 
350 
950 

2.500 

4.500 

Germany. 


France. 


England. 


Russia. 


Huimary. 



Italy. 


950 

Turkey. 


Belgium. 

428. 66 
1,285 
2,570 
1,714 


3, 000 

356 

China, Siam, and Japan. 


United States. 


1,250 

3,049 

115 

475 

Switzerland. 


South America. 


Eyrypt and Middle Africa. 





Holland... 

428. 66 


240 


Greece... 



t 

Sweden and Norway.-. 



280 

260 

Ron mania... 



Spain. 




640 

350 

Portugal. 




Persia and Middle Asia..... 




Tunis. 





Morocco.... 





Denmark..... 

1,712. 68 


300 

170 

• 




Tlie objects lu the main building were grouped chiefly along the 
medial portions of the main transept and of the galleries. This left two 
I)rincipal passage-ways, one on each side along the transept and the 
galleries, but there was in general ample space for circulation between 
the show-cases in the center, with here and there alcoves and subordi¬ 
nate passage-ways, as notably in the French section, where the exhibitors 
combined together and erected continuous stalls, separated one from 
the other by simple partitions. These being closed on three sides gave 
them not only counter or table space, but wall-surface for decoration 
and the display of their goods. 

The breadth of the annular spaces assigned to the groups at the Paris 
Exposition of 1807 was determined upon after a careful consideration 
of what was required at previous great exhibitions. These breadths 
were, including the galleries or passage-ways, as follows, measured in 
the line of the radius of the elliptical building: 

Meters. 

Interior promenade. 5.65 

Gallery of the history of labor... 8. 50 

Fine-art gallery... 15. 

Apparatus and application of the liberal arts. 0. 

Gallery or passage-way. 5. 

Apparatus and application of the liberal arts. Group II, together 
with a portion of Group III, furniture, decorative objects, &c. 23. 

Gallery or passage-way... 5. 















































































142 


KEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Meters. 

Furniture, <S:c., witli Group IV, clothing, and objects worn upon 


the person... 

Gallery or passage-way... b. 

Portion of Group IV, together with Group V. Kaw material.. 23. 
Group VI. Machines and processes, &c., together with two pas¬ 
sage-ways... 35. 

Group VII. Food, &c. 10. 

Exterior promenade. 5. 


Total.. 169.15 


If we add to this the radius of the central garden, 20“.85, we have 190 
meters as the radius of the circular part of the building. 

The aggregate area of the principal passage-ways, including the 
radial avenues, was 10,328 square meters. 

The area of the many subordinate passage-ways, from 1 to 5 meters 
in width, if added, would give a much larger sum. 

V.—THE BUILDINGS. 

For details of construction, the architecture, decoration, &c., reference 
may be made to the special report of Mr. Pettit, the engineer charged 
with this duty. There are some points in addition to which attention 
should be directed in view of the selection of a design for the exhibition- 
buildings of 1876. The following extracts from my dispatches of April 
and May, 1873, convey the impressions first made and will serve to 
introduce some of the details to be considered: 

1. The provision of space in the building, for most of the countries, was inadequate. 

2. The form of building adopted is a very costly one, and the building does not per¬ 
mit of being enlarged by the extension of any of its parts. 

3. Increase of space can only be obtained by supplemental structures out of hfirmoDy 
with the original design. 

4. The costly dome is not an impressive feature from the exterior. It looks low and 
“squat,” appearing to be imbedded in the roof of the court about it. 

5. The structure is not fire-proof; the flooring is of pine boards, with open joints^ 
and the iron columns are boxed in with boards. A fire once started in the flooring, and 
especially near hollow walls or about the columns, would be difficult to control. 

That the space originally provided was inadequate is sufficiently shown by the fact 
that for most of the countries it has been necessary to obtain greater accommodations 
by roofing-in the courts or spaces between the transepts. This has been done, for 
example, by the United States commission. The court adjoining the western transept 
has been roofed over and floored at an expense of i|30,000. This was done by contract 
with a French company, who undertook a similar work for the French commission in 
the court adjoining the space allotted to France. The British commission now con¬ 
template roofing over the court opposite to ours. Other countries have added covered 
courts, and indeed it is probable that, if time permitted, all the open courts would be 
closed up and covered with roofs, thus becoming practically portions of the main build¬ 
ing, and converting it into a great rectangular structure. These covered courts are', 
however, just so many supplemental buildings, and of necessity are out of harmony 
with the original design. They impair the beauty, if there was any, of the primary 
structure. They are not only built in a variety of ways with facades and decorations 
in strong contrast with the fronts of the transepts, but some are not so large as others, 
and in the Swiss court a beautiful Swiss chateau is erected. The unity of design of the 
original building is in this way destroyed, and the expensive exterior mural cornices 
and decorations are not only useless, but they are really in the way of the supplemental 
work. Besides all this, it becomes necessary to secure proper entrances from the main 
building to these covered courts; and doorways have to be opened through the walls 
at very considerable cost and at great inconvenience to the work of installation. In¬ 
stallation is not only delayed by these radical changes, but the allotment of space has 
to be revised, and, as is now the case, the dust and dirt of tearing down a masonry-wall 
prevents opening any fine goods in the neighborhood. There are other serious evils 
in a building like this entailed by any departure from the original plan, and we should 
take heed to the lessons now taught us at this exhibition, and either‘provide before¬ 
hand accommodations that will in ail events be ample, or secure such a plan as may 









VIENNA EXPOSITION-EEPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


\ 


143 


permit of the extension of the huildiugs in the same style of construction, in case unfore¬ 
seen conditions require it. 

It became necessary not only to secure additional space for the United States in the 
“industry palace,” but in the machinery-hall and for our agricultural machinery. The 
addititions made for the United States to the machinery-hall cost 12,000 florins ($6,000) 
by contract, and in this case, as also in the contract for roofing over the court, the ma¬ 
terials at the close of the exhibition belong to the contractors. 

Not only the extent of space required in the building, but the cost of the building, 
appear to have been underestimated. 

PROGRESS OF THE CONSTRUCTION. 

The progress of the construction of the buildings, from the erection of the first scaf¬ 
folding up to the present date, (April 15,) is very instructively shown' by a series of 
photographs, taken at intervals, by the Photogi'aphic Association. A complete set of 
them will be forwarded to you, and I refer to them for many details w^hich cannot 
readily be described. I have, however, obtained two of the latest and most general 
views of the buildings, showing the condition of the exterior of the dome on the 19th 
day of last month, (March 19.) The annular court to w hich I have made reference is 
here distinctly shown, the curved roof being seen at the base of the dome. 

I would here direct attention to the expensive and elaborate decoration of the exte¬ 
rior of the buildings. It is true that the materials are cheap and that the decoration 
is not permanent, but it suggests a serious question for the commission to decide. Shall 
our buildings in 1876 be subordinated to the exhibition of the products of the country 
and of industry generally, or shall the buildings form a part of the exhibition ? If we 
subordinate all construction to the simple protection of the objects from the weather, 
the cost will be much less than otherwise, and it is at least possible that the attention 
of the world will be more fully concentrated upon the evidences of our national wealth 
and prosperity than if we had ornamental buildings. For a permanent building the 
case is different. In such a structure we may and should show fully our skill and taste 
in construction. 

Most of the ornaments in relief about this Vienna building are cast in plaster upon 
a loose netting of hempen cloth, which serves to strengthen the cast and does away 
with the necessity of having much weight of material. 

The second photograph gives a perspective view of the whole range of buildings, 
including the machinery-hall in the rear. This view was taken on the 7tli day of March 
last, (No. 58. General view from the southeast.) It gives a very good idea of the 
present general condition of the exterior, except that there is now a heavier staging 
about the lantern of the dome, for the purpose of fixing there the huge gilded crown, 
and that the foreground is now incumbered with trains of cars and boxes of mer¬ 
chandise. Many supplemental structures have also been erected. 

The land for the exhibition was obtained from the Emperor w'ithout expense. The 
whole exhibition-space is now inclosed by cheap and apparently temporary board fences, 
so that the public are excluded from the grounds about the building, including the out¬ 
side constructions and gardens. At present but few persons except those engaged u^^on 
the work, or officially connected with it, are allowed inside of the inclosure. 

The building is by no means complete. A part of the scaffolding remains about the 
dome and the main entrance. The huge gilded crown, which is to surmont the dome, 
has just been raised to its place. Inside of the dome the decoration is not yet half_ 
complete, and not one-fourth part of the flooring is laid. This is the least complete 
part of the building, and although it may perhaps be completed before the opening day, 
it certainly will not be in season to permit of the reception and proper installation of 
articles. It is very doubtful w^hether any i)ortion of the exhibition will be in complete 
order by the first of May. The wmrk is everywhere behindhand, and though the cere¬ 
mony of opening may take jrlace upon the appointed day, it will take one mouth longer 
to get the exhibition in good order. 

My first impressions were that all the preparations were at least two months behind¬ 
hand. It certainly would be greatly to the advantage of the exhibition if, on the 15th 
of February last, the work had been as far advanced as it now is. The buildings should 
have been completed at the commencement of winter, leaving only portions of the 
interior decoration to proceed simultaneously, if necessary, with preparations for the 
installation. The winter has been exceedingly favorable for the work of construction. 
There has not been any severely cold weather, and but very little snow. Had it been 
otherwise, the building would probably not have been ready at this time for the recep¬ 
tion of goods. 

The price of labor, it is said, has nearly doubled here since the work commenced. 
Extensive public improvements have been made at the same time, and now the price ot 
labor is about three florins a day, or about $1.50. One reason for the scarcity of laborers, 
especially of skilled artisans, may be found in the fact that the flower of the young men 
of the country are impressed into the army, some 500,000 being in this way withdrawn 
from productive industry. For a long time over 5,000 men were employed upon the- 



144 


REPOKT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


constructions. From the very first a company of government engineers was ])lace(i 
under the orders of the director, and rendered important service. 

The ornamentation of the grounds is now progressing. Trees, especially evergreens, 
are being set out in the plats, and along the roads and paths. Depressions are being 
filled in with soil, and quantities of debris are being carted away. It is a scene of great 
activity and exertion. On every side partly finished structures are to be seen, with 
piles of lumber aud materials about; all kinds of work are going on simultaneously, 
and in the midst of it all the goods come pouring in from all parts of the world. The 
administration is hurried and overworked. Assistance of the proper kind cannot be 
procnred; laborers demand twice or three times as much as they usually receive, and 
the wonder is that order can be so soon evoked from such discordant and unfavorable 
conditions. 

One great lesson which each succeeding international exhibition has taught is here 
repeated—want of time. Not enough time was allowed for the construction of the 
building and its decoration. It should have been finished before the installation of the 
objects commenced. A part of this delay and confusion results, however, from the 
erection of additions and making alterations. The exhibitors, as usual, have been 
tardy. They did not come forward in good season and have their products ready to 
send at the appointed time. This deranges all of the work, and impairs the success of 
the exhibition. It is an element beyond the control of the administration, and the 
only remedy—a rigid adherence to the regulations excluding all objects not entered and 
shipped by the specified date—is too ungracious and exclusive to be adopted. Criticism 
or complaint from American exhibitors or American citizens in regard to the delay in 
the building or installation would come with a very bad grace at this time, when our 
products have only just reached the country, and cannot possibly be placed in good 
order before the first day of May. 

Much may be accomplished in the remaining two weeks, and in some portions of the 
building order and beauty may be secured. No delay or postponement of the opening 
ceremony is contemplated. A recent official order says the opening will positively take 
place at noon on the appointed day. The great rotunda will be vacant, and is to be 
the place of the ceremony. It will be decorated with the flags of the participating 
nations. The Emperor, the Empress, the court and the military are to be present. 
Music is to form a prominent feature of the occasion. National airs are to be played 
by the united bands. 

The Emperor and Empress will walk through the principal parts of the building and 
greet the commissioners from the several countries in succession, as the portions of the 
building assigned to those countries are reached. 

After this ceremony the work of unpacking and arranging must proceed rapidly, but 
will be embarrassed by the influx of visitors. It is hoped that all will be in order 
before the international jnry commences its labors, and that we shall not see at this 
exhibition examinations made of objects before they are fairly unpacked and out of the 
cases, as at the Paris Exposition of 1867. 

CITY IMPROVEMENTS. 

In anticipation of the great influx of visitors during the exhibition, the city of 
Vienna has made many extensive and costly improvements, which will be of permanent 
value to the community, and may be regarded as one of the great benefits flowing from 
or induced by the exhibition enterprise. The new aud broad avenues, which take the 
place of the old fortifications and moat encircling the city, are lined with costly fire¬ 
proof buildings, apparently of stone, but built chiefly of brick and stucco. Open parks 
and gardens are left at intervals. 

Private capital has been largely invested in new hotels and apartment-houses, so that 
there will not be any lack of accommodations for strangers. 

More than ten new hotels of great size are nearly completed. In addition to these 
greatly increased hotel accommodations, the residents of the city very generally intend 
to go into the country, and to rent their apartments at a good price to strangers for 
the entire season. 


Vienna, Austria, May 20, 1873. 

For most of the time since my last letter the weather has been cold and wet, and 
unfavorable to the success of the exposition. The daily receipts were seriously affected; 
the number of paying visitors diminishing on one day to about 1,000 only. On Sunday 
last, the 18th of May, the weather was exceptionally pleasant, and it being also the 
cheap or half-florin day, the exposition was crowded. The total number of visitors 
was 50,521, of whom 39,142 paid 50 kreutzers each, and the others were either exhib¬ 
itors or the holders of weekly tickets. This is the best illustration that can be o-iven 
of the influence of the weather and the price upon the attendance. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


145 


For tlie purpose of ascertaining tbe capacity of the exhibition-building and of the 
various passage-ways and entrauces when occupied by tbe greatest number of visitors, 

I went there both in tbe morning and in tbe afternoon, and made careful observations 
in regard to these points. 

I found, as might be expected, of tbe total number of visitors, a very large portion 
in tbe grounds and gardens outside of tbe industrial palace. Tbe restaurants and beer- 
balls were crowded, and thousands were walking about enjoying tbe sight of tbe many 
novel objects and constructions on all sides. 

The palace was crowded ; in many places progress was obstructed, and in such places 
it was inconvenient, if not impossible, for any one to stop to examine any object care¬ 
fully. This was particularly tbe case around tbe groups of statuary, which always 
arrest tbe attention of tbe greatest number, and hence should always have a wide open 
space around them. 

Tbe main ball, or longitudinal building, and tbe rotunda were tbe most crowded, 
tbe people concentratiug there and not distributing themselves equally over tbe whole 
space, including tbe transepts and covere’d courts. Tbe tendency is to keep with the 
crowd, and tbe crowd always gravitates to the main halls and passage-ways. This is 
true generally. I have noted it constantly since tbe opening, upon all occasions. This 
generalization should be kept in mind in designing our building. People gravitate to 
exhibitions, not only to see the objects displayed, but to see each other—to see tbe 
crowd and to be in it. This being tbe case, broad avenues or promenades should con¬ 
stitute a feature of exhibition-buildings. 

Tbe unusually crowded state of tbe building developed a defect which before bad 
not been very prominently shown. Tbe dust was very great; tbe whole atmosphere 
was filled with it, and it settled constantly over all the objects, and even penetrated the 
cases, except those of tbe very best and almost air-tight construction. The dust was 
impalpable, but heavy, and probably proceeded from tbe lime and plaster ground into 
tbe floor-boards during the progress of tbe construction. It is tbe custom to keep the 
flooring constantly damp by sprinkling, but this can be done only when tbe floor is 
not crowded. 

The building was also rather warm, and tbe ventilation was not perfect, but this 
perhaps was susceptible of being remedied, and may be when the weather becomes 
settled. 

Without regard to the comfort and convenience of visitors, broad avenues and long 
vistas are desirable for their astbetic effects. They render an exhibition much more 
attractive and beautiful. No one can ever forget the charm of the long vista of the 
crystal palace at Sydenham. It is alone worth a visit to the exhibition. Here in 
Vienna there is no such vista; no long, unbroken view ; no point from which a gen¬ 
eral view can be had. When the building was vacant the views were good and the 
decoration was effective ; but now all general views are destroyed by the show-cases, 
most of them of unusual height and size, which fill the center of the hall, leaving a 
passage-way upon each side. The rotunda upon the day of the opening, when free of 
show-cases, was grand in its appearance, and showed itself to be well suited to such 
displays and to musical performances. The acoustic effects were good, but now that 
great distinguishing feature of this exhibition is crowded by show-cases of all styles, 
forms, and sizes, and the grand effect is lost. It would have been a great attraction 
as a concert hall where musical performances should have followed in rapid succession. 
This, as I have before mentioned, was the intention at least to have concerts for an 
hour or two in the afternoon, but the work of installation has prevented. 

You are aware that in the Paris Exhibition there were great complaints of damage 
to goods, caused by the leaking of tbe skylights. In this building all such difficulties 
are sought to be avoided by making an unbroken roof and lighting by side windows. 
The rainy weather that we have had has shown that, notwithstanding all the care, 
there are many leaks, and much damage has resulted from them. The dome leaked in 
many places, as shown by the stains on the canvas lining. In the covered courts 
where a [>art of the lighting is by glazed sashes in the side roofs, the leakage was very 
great, and water came down in streams. These difficulties show the importance of 
having the building for an exhibition completed long .before the installation of the 
goods commences. In fact, experience speaks loudly in favor of having an exhibition 
building completed one season in advance of the opening. In our case, in Philadel¬ 
phia, in 1876, the buildings should be finished at least before frost in 1875. At neither 
of the great international exhibitions yet held has sufficient time been allowed for 
installation. 

MACHINERY-HALL. 

The machinery-hall, though nominally open, is almost impassable, and will not be 
ready for visitors before June 1. I am glad to say that, thanks to the energy and ex¬ 
perience of Mr. Pickering, the United States portion is as far advanced as many others, 
and that the machinery will probably be put in motion by the first day of June. Our 
country is also creditably represented by many machines of great value, and first class 

s. Ex. 30-10 



146 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


in design and workmanship. Indeed, it seems probable that, for the rigid exactness 
and efficiency of our machines, we shall not be excelled. Messrs. Sellers & Co. have 
sent some important machines which willfully sustain the prestige of the firm acquired 
at the Paris Exhibition in 1867. 


AGRICULTURAL HALL. 

The agricultural machines and implements are arranged in buildings by themselves 
between the industrial palace and the machinery-hall. This you will see by reference 
to the plans which have been sent forward. 

Our contributions are already partly in place, and the remainder have just arrived 
by the “ Guard,” and will be installed in a few days. The display will be creditable, 
and the space is ample. A separate building was erected for the United States just in 
the rear of the part of the main hall assigned to Great Britain. The display in the 
main hall is unusually large and complete; indeed, it is probably the finest display in 
quantity and value of agricultural machines ever made. It includes, however, many 
portable engines, road-engines, and some fixed engines, either of which may or may 
not be used for agricultural purposes. 

Although a very attractive and valuable display, there are but comparatively few 
visitors; and the same may be said of the machinery-hall. An explanation of this is 
found in the fact that these buildings are disconnected and apart from the main por¬ 
tion of the exhibition—the industrial palace. The industrial palace, with its treasures, 
is the chief attraction, and those who reach it find enough there to exhaust their time 
and strength. I seriously question the expediency of breaking up an exhibition in 
this way. Compactness and concentration are essential features. A series of detached 
buildings will not give satisfactory results. All the objects to be shown should be 
brought into as close contiguity as possible, without interference, and so as to show 
their mutual inter-dependence and relations. The result would not only be much 
more instructive and entertaining to the public, but would be much more satisfactory 
to exhibitors than where separate exhibitions are made. 

An exception may be made for the fine arts, or much may be said in favor of a sepa¬ 
rate building for their display. Painting and sculpture require peculiar conditions of 
light and si)ace, differing from most other objects. 

The art-building here is a separate one, and was formally opened on the 16th. It 
seems to be well arranged and well adapted to its purposes in every respect. The 
plans and elevations have already been forwarded to you. 

DISPLAY OF FLOWERS. 

The first of the series of exhibitions of flowers has just closed. It consisted chiefly of 
azalias and rhododendrons growing in pots. They were tastefully grouped in masses 
upon the ground within a long shed-like tent, and were remarkable chiefly for the 
dense masses of blossoms in dome-shaped heads, formed by the close trimming of the 
plants. 

There is a notable absence here of large and attractive conservatories and green¬ 
houses, such as formed a prominent feature of the exhibition of 1867. 

The buildings, of all descriptions and styles of architecture, which are erected or 
erecting in the exhibition-grounds, number not less than 148. I inclose a list of them. 

June 25. —The second exhibition of flowers is now open, and adds very much to 
the attractions of the Prater. I forward the official catalogue, which will show to all 
who are interested in such matters exactly what the exhibition is. 

I again direct attention to the cheapness of the building or covering for the floral 
displays. It is merely a slight frame of wood supporting a linen covering. There is 
no flooring—only graveled earth or walks between flower-beds. In fact, it is a garden 
covered with a tent. 

The palm-house has been filled with palms. There are no basins for aquatic jilants, 
or houses specially for cactacea, and for orchids, as at Paris in 1867. 

There may he said to have been three classes of buildings, of which 
the industrial palace, the agricultural halls, and the machinery-hall were 
the leading examples. The first includes the industrial palace, the art- 
buildings, the imperial pavilion, and thejiiry-pavilion—all of them ornate 
and more or less permanent in their character. The materials used were 
chiefly masonry, stucco, iron, wood, and glass. In the second class the 
constructions were of wood, and were cheaply though effectively deco¬ 
rated. The third class, of which the machinery-hall is the chief ex¬ 
ample, was more permanent and unpretending, being built of masonry 


* A palm-house of iron and glass was subsequently completed. 





VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


147 


with a simple pitch-roof. The frame buildings were the cheapest, and 
in general constructed of rough boards and timber frame, all colored 
by a tinted lime-wash. Many of the smaller pavilions consisted of frames 
filled in with brick. The covered ways and the entrance-gates were 
light structures of wood, highly decorated and adorned with climbing- 
vines, the Yirginia creeper being the most common. 

THE INDUSTRIAL PALACE. 

The gridiron plan of thebuilding, with its many cross-galleries, and con¬ 
stant repetition of side walls and principal angles, made it unusually costly 
relatively to the area covered in. The length of the walls is very great com¬ 
pared with the area of floor inclosed. A careful measurement shows that 
the total length of the outer walls of the industry palace was nearly 8,000 
meters, this being much greater than the entire length of the fence 
around the whole tract, and without including the added walls at the 
ends of the courts afterwards roofed over. An equal area of floor 
could have been inclosed with 2,250 meters in length of wall. 

There are twenty-eight arms, or galleries, to the building, fourteen on 
each side of the transept, the walls of each of which measure 75 by 75 
by 15 meters. There are, in addition, the walls around the gardens in 
each angle of the quadrilateral about the rotunda. 

The form also necessitated a great many angles in the walls, adding 
largely to the cost. There were no less than 130 principal angles, in¬ 
cluding the intersections of the walls about the rotunda, and not count¬ 
ing any of the angles made by the projection of the main porticos or 
introduced for ornament. Four principal angles would have served the 
same purpose if the galleries had been dispensed with and a simple quad¬ 
rilateral plan bad been adopted. In the end, as we have seen, by the 
addition of covered courts the ground outline became approximately 
quadrilateral. 

The construction of such a building, with so manj? angles and such a 
great length of wall, is indefensible on the plea that the wall-space is 
required by exhibitors. Most exhibitors prefer show-cases that stand 
out from the wall. Wall-cases may be placed back to back where no 
walls exist. Inside walls or partitions can be built where required to 
suit the necessities of any exhibitor. An open, free floor-space over 
the whole area, unobstructed by walls, is far better than such a con¬ 
struction as the Vienna building. When the courts were roofed over, 
the walls were in the way and prevented free movement of the visit¬ 
ors, so that the tide of people always flowed in the main transept. 

THE COST OF THE BUILDINGS AND ACCESSORIES. 

The annexed tabular statement of the expenditures for the expo¬ 
sition by the Austrian commission, chiefly for the buildings, was obtained 
in June last and transmitted in the dispatch of the 18th of that month. 
The sums are, in some cases, approximate, and may vary somewhat 
from the flnal official report after all of the accounts have been revised 
and settled. In the case of the jury pavilion, for example, a careful re¬ 
vision has reduced the amount to 141,413 florins. 

Cost of the huildings, (approximate.) 

Industry palace, including the rotunda and half-gallery- 

Machinery-hall. 

Agricultural hall. 

Art-hall or art-building.. 

Pavilion des amateurs.-. 


Florins. 
6, 289, 018 
951,448 
670,000 
742,000 
122, GOO 







148 


REPOET OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Imperial pavilion. 

Covering in the courts. 

Jury pavilion... 

Office-buildings. 

Postal, tolegraph, and custom-house buildings 

Six guard-houses. 

Ten smaller guard-houses. 

Barracks for infantry. 

Barracks for cavalry. 

Sutler’s house. 

Fences and covered corridors. 

Aqueducts, water-service, and water-tower- 

Boilers, shafting, supports, &c. 

Temporary or provisional buildings. 

Expenses for the building-office. 

Preparatory work for the building-office. 

Requisites for the building-office.. 

Raising the rotunda. 

Drainage and water-closets. 

Basins. . 

Telegraph and gas. 

New annexes. 

Grading, garden-work, railway, &c. 

Avenues, roads, paths. 

Sanitary service.. 

Cashier’s office. 

Redemption of ground-concessions.. 

Sundries. 


Central administration. 1, 553, 000 

Bricks, (difference in cost of,). 95, 000 

Reserve fund. 352,416 


Total in Vienna florins. 15,700, 000 

Total in dollars, approximately. $7, 850, 000 


THE COST PER ACRE OF THE BUILDING. 

The total area of the industry palace was 78,328 square meters, or 
19.35 acres. Taking the cost as estimated, about $3,150,000 for the 
whole, the cost per square meter was about $40.21, and, per acre, 
$163,000, in round numbers. 

The covered courts afterward put up by contract cost about the same 
as paid for the United States court; this was $30,000 per 2,570 square 
meters of floor-area. The whole area of the courts being 47,619 square 
meters, or 11.76 acres, the total cost on the above basis was $555,713, or 
$47,254 per acre, or $11.67 per square meter. These courts did not re¬ 
quire side-walls; the walls of the cross-galleries inclosed them ; yet, 
notwithstanding this advantage, the diflerence of cost between the 
courts and the main building is surprising. 

The cost of the machine-hall, taking its area at 8.73 acres, and the 
total expense at $475,724,* was $54,500 per acre. The cost of the agri¬ 
cultural halls at 7 acres, and the sum at 670,000 florins = $335,000, was 
$47,857 per acre. 

The rotunda, according to Scott Kussell, the designer and engineer, 
cost only 2J pence, about 5 cents, per cubic foot, very much less than 
any dome.t The total cost is said to have been about $500,000. 

Its extraordinary dimensions, compared with some of the largest 
domes of the world, are well illustrated by the annexed outlines drawn 

This and the figures for the agricultural hall are approximate only. The fina 
statement had not been made at the time I left Vienna.—W. P. B. 

tAs compared with the usual cost of other constructions in Great Britain, thefollow- 
ng will be interesting. The average cost per cubic foot is estimated at Is. for dwellings ; 
6d. for common or ordinary house ; 3d. for a shed or shop ; 2^d. the cost of the rotunda. 


Florins. 
20, 000 
580, 000 
144,000 
75, 042 
53,477 
34, 989 
40, 904 
64, 500 
14,979 
8,700 
292,000 
340, 000 
603, 400 
15, 000 
345, 000 
40,000 
12, 000 
22, 800 
147,000 
25, 000 
36, 800 
500,000 
369, 479 
748, 931 
4,681 
4,314 
12,156 







































149 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 

to the same scale. The dimensions of these principal domes afe as fol¬ 
lows : 


Comparative sizes — diameters. 

Feet. 

Rotunda of the Vienna Universal Exhibition. 354. 83 

London International Exhibition^ dome, 1862.... 159. 93 

Dome of St. Peter’s, Rome... 156.88 

Dome of St. Paul’s, London...... Ill, 94 


The height of the rotunda to the top of the cross is 280 feet; the 
height of the sustaining-walls, 80 feetj and to the apex of the cone, if 
developed, 182 feet. 

BOILER-HOUSES. 

Seven small boiler-houses built of brick below ground and of open 
frame-work of wood above, filled in with brick, cost 26,298 florins, aver¬ 
aging about 3,759 florins each, or about $1,880. 

THE IMPERIAL PAVILION. 

The beautiful pavilion for the use of the Emperor was a present to 
him from the artisans, each trade having contributed a sample of its 
best work. Most of the work was done by the builders, decorators, 
and furnishing-houses who participated in the exhibition. The chief 
expense to the commission was for the architect’s design and drawings. 
It consisted of four main saloons and a wide vestibule, which was ex¬ 
quisitely paved in mosaic. The saloons were respectively for the Em¬ 
peror, the Empress, the archdukes and the archduchesses. 

The decoration was executed under the direction of Professor Storck. 
The walls of the saloon of the Empress were hung with blue and gold, 
and the ceiling and doors were worked in colors and arabesque. In the 
center of the ceiling there was a shield painted on blue satin, by Freid- 
rich Sturm, who composed and directed the paintings on the wood. 
The rest of the ceiling was decorated by Ignatz Schbnbrunner. The 
stove was of white Carrara marble, by Francini j the mirror by Lob- 
meyer, and the piano by Borsenderfer; the lace-curtains were from the 
establishment of laber & Co., and the chairs and sofa from Haas. The 
seats were covered with blue and gold embroidery, worked in the con¬ 
vent of the Daughters of the Redeemer. 

COST OF THE PARIS EXPOSITION BUILDING. 

The cost of the French building, Paris, 1867, was 11,783,024 francs, 
or 76 francs 81 centimes per square meter. This total expenditure was 


distributed as follows 

Francs. Per meter, 
francs. 

Grading;, masonry, carpentry. 1, 854,768.23 12.10 

Iron-wok.. 1,970,799. 08 52. 02 

Roofinff, zinc-covering, glazing. 874,070.81 5.70 

Painting and decoration. 567,890. 89 3. 71 

Flooring, pavements, doors, and miscellaneous . 205,697.34 1.34 

Superintendence and general expenses. 309,798.58 1. 94 


Totals. 11,783,024.93 76.81 


Calculating upon a total area of 153,138 square meters, this is equiva¬ 
lent to about $15.36 per meter, or $62,000 per acre. 


* Vide Report of the Imperial Commission, p. 39. 
















150 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The cost of the Kew York Crystal Palace building in 1853, covering 
acres of floor-space, was about $200,000, or $34,782 per acre.* This 
includes the gallery-floor space, by which the superficial cost is much 
less than it would be if calculated upon the ground area alone. 

THE MATERIALS OF THE VIENNA BUILDING. 

Almost all materials generally used in building were laid under con¬ 
tribution for the structure. Wood, iron, glass, zinc, plaster, and jute 
were the principal. The floor, of thick boards or plank about 8 inches 
wide, was laid upon the open system, giving not only spaces for the dirt 
to fall through, but for the entrance of air. It was badly constructed. 
The planks were unequal in thickness, and the edges were truncated so 
as to partially remedy the fault, but this had the disadvantage of mak¬ 
ing an uneven surface to walk upon, and also a very disagreeable sur¬ 
face to ride over in the chairs mounted on wheels. These chairs made 
a great noise in passing over the spaces, and the sensation to those 
using them must have been something like that felt when driving over 
a corduroy road. This defect in such floors could be avoided by reduc¬ 
ing the floor-plank to one uniform thickness in a planing-machine, by 
avoiding the chamfer, and by diminishing the space to chree-eighths or 
half of an inch. 

Other objections to such an open floor are the constant catching in the 
cracks of canes, parasols, and umbrellas, thousands, perhaps, being 
broken during the season 5 the loss of money and jewelry through the 
cracks 5 the greater danger of fire, and the cold draughts of air which 
make such floors very disagreeable to stand on for a long time. 

It is very desirable, if possible, to have a floor which will not give rise 
to much dust. To allay the dust at Vienna constant sprinkling was re¬ 
quired, much to the annoyance and discomfort of visitors, and the destruc¬ 
tion of ladies’ clothing. An absorbent floor, one that would hold moist¬ 
ure without being wet on the surface, would probably be the best, but 
it should not be cold. Concrete or asphaltum would perhaps answer the 
purpose. Some of the exhibitors, especially in the French section along 
the main transept, and in the United States section, had cocoa-matting 
laid down to cover the irregularities of the floor and make it more toler¬ 
able to walk on. This matting, toward the end of the season, became 
so much worn and so musty, in consequence of the sprinkling, that it 
had to be removed. In the British art-gallery, also, the unevenness of 
the floor and the discomfort caused by the cold draughts from below 
were remedied in part by lajdng down strips of carpeting. 

In the Paris Exposition building the passage-ways, promenades, and 
avenues were laid with betou, leaving the spaces devoted to exhibitors 
to be covered by them as they liked best, either by flooring or by plat¬ 
form. At Vienna the exhibitors from the United States generally pre¬ 
ferred to build platforms over the floor, thus raising their goods above 
the general level, making them more conspicuous and elegant in appear¬ 
ance. Two floors were thus laid where one would have sufficed. 

VI.—TRAYSPORTATIOY OF PASSENGERS AND GOODS. 

In consequence of the negotiations by the general director of the 
exhibition, and in accordance with the eleventh paragraph of the 


* Vide for other details the Address by the Author on Great luternatioual Exposi 
tions, &c., pp. C, 7. 





VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


151 


general regulations for tbe exhibitors of the Austro-Hungarian mon¬ 
archy, and paragraph 9 of the general regulations for foreign exhibitors 
and commissions, reduced rates of fares, ranging from 25 per cent, to 
50 per cent., were accorded by most of the railway and steam naviga¬ 
tion companies leading to Vienna. The names of these companies were 
announced provisionally, in full, in programme No. 47, together with 
specific charges at reduced rates for certain classes of goods and of farm 
produce. Still further concessions were stated in a later programme, 
No. 50, dated July 1, 1872, which was succeeded by a third aud more 
complete statement. No. 64, dated October 31, 1872. Inasmuch as this 
official circular contains many explanatory details and data of practical 
importance, it is presented entire ; 

No. 64.] UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION OF 1873 IN VIENNA. 

Reduction of fares for goods and passenger traffic hy railway and steamer. 

THIRD PUBLICATION.* 

The reduction of fares for goods and passenger traffic by steam and rail obtained up 
to the 15th March last were given in programme No. 47; for those obtained up to the 
30th June in programme No. 59. 

In accordance with paragraph 11 of the general regulations for exhibitors of the 
Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and with paragraph 9 of the general regulations for 
foreign exhibitors, the undermentioned new series of tariff reductions having been 
agreed to by the respective companies are now published. The tariff reductions of 
those companies not yet officially notified to the chief manager will be supplementarily 
published. 

A.—Austro-Hungarian Railway and Steam Navigation Companies. 

1. All the railway companies of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, with the sole 
exception of the managers of the royal Hungarian state railways, have withdrawn 
their tariff reductions originally fixed and published in programme No. 47, and, in pur¬ 
suance of posterior resolutions, they allow for the conveyance of exhibition-goods and 
live beasts on their way to the exhibition, and also on their way back to the original 
forwarding station if they return unsold, a reduction of 50 per cent, of the regular 
tariff rates by maintaining the existing goods and express-train tariffs. With reference 
to the ordinary goods it is provided that there shall be charged in no case a higher 
rate than 1 kreutzer Austrian bank value per zollcentner (50 kilograms) and German 
mile, inclusive of the fees of handling the goods. 

Attendants accompanying live beasts will be charged half price of a third-class 
ticket on their journey to and fro. 

As for the conveyance of passengers, it is resolved that a reduction of 50 per cent, 
of the fare shall be allowed to exhibitors aud visitors conveyed by especially inlaid 
trains. 

For the conveyance of victuals, the railways running into Vienna will arrange ex¬ 
press-trains for goods according to want. 

The following tariff-dues, published already in programme No. 47, March 15, 1872, are 
maintained unchanged, namely: 

Conveyance from the Northern Railway station to the exhibition-grounds 0.7 kreut¬ 
zer, silver currency, per zollcentner ; 

Conveyance from the State Railway station to the exhibition-grounds, 1.2 kreutzer, 
silver currency, per zollcentner ; 

Conveyance" from the Southern Railway station to the exhibition-grounds, 1.6 kreut¬ 
zer, silver currency, per zollcentner; . 

Conveyance from the Western Railway station to the exhibition— 

{a) Via Northern Railway, 2.5 kreutzer, silver currency, per zollcentner; 

(&) Via State Railway, 2.6 kreutzer, silver currency, per zollcentner. 

2. The direction of the"Royal Hungarian state railways has allowed the following 
fixed rates of tariff, viz : 

{a) For the conveyance of goods, per goods-train, the rate of 0.8 kreutzer, silver 
currency, the aliquot parts of 10 pounds will be charged as 10 pounds, the minimum 
weight charged to be 50 pounds ; _ 

* By this third publication, the two preceding (programmes Nos. 47 and 59) are su¬ 
perseded. 





152 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


(&) For goods, per express-train, 3.0 kreutzer, silver currency, the aliquot parts of 10 
will be charged as 10 pounds, minimum rate 20 kreutzer, including incidental expenses, 
(c.) For beasts, the following tariff: 

Oxen, cows, bulls, and asses, irrespective of numbers, per head and mile, 12 
kreutzer, silver currency. 

Sucking-calves, with the cows, per head and mile, 2 kreutzer, silver currency. 
Calves, without the cows, per head and mile, 6 kreutzer, silver currency. 

Pigs, young and sucking, per head and mile, 1 kreutzer, silver currency. 

Pigs, not fattened, per head and mile, 2 kreutzer, silver currency. 

Pigs, fattened, per head and mile, 6 kreutzer, silver currency. 

Lambs and kids, per head and mile, 1 kreutzer, silver currency. 

Sheep, rams, goats, and he-goats, per head and mile, 2 kreutzer, silver currency. 
Dogs, per head and mile, 3 kreutzer, silver currency. 

Horse, foal, and mule, (single,) per head and mile, 26 kreutzer, silver currency. 
Horses, foals, and mules, (in numbers,) per head and mile, 2 kreutzers, silver 
currency. 

Poultry, in coops, according to the actual weights per zollcentner and mile, 1 
kreutzer, silver currency, including incidental charges and truck cleaning. 

(d.) Drovers will be charged the half fare for third-class carriages to or from the 
exhibition. 

(e.) For vehicles, tariff rates as per normal weights of 0.8 kreutzer, silver currency, 
per zollcentner and mile, including booking. 

(/.) For rolling-stock running on the line, the fixed rate of 0.5 kreutzer, silver cur¬ 
rency, per zollcentner and per mile. 

(ff.) Exhibitors traveling in second and third class carriages will be charged the half 
fare to or from the exhibition. 

III. The Imperial Royal Danubian Steam Navigation Comiiany have agreed to the 
following reductions for exhibition goods, namely : 

(a.) Upon all goods a reduction of two-thirds of the normal rate of freight. 

(&.) Upon live beasts, a reduction of freight of 50 per cent. 

(c.) Exhibitors traveling to or from the exhibition will be allowed a reduction of 50 
per cent, off the usual rates, (express boats excepted.) 

IV. The Austrian Lloyds Steam Navigation Company will allow upon goods and live 
beasts for the exhibition, a reduction of 50 per cent, off the tariff, and exhibitors trav¬ 
eling will be allowed a reduction of 50 per cent, off the tariff of first and second class 
fares, including express-boats. 

N. B.—The boards of Austrian railway companies have decreed to put in vigor from 
the actual moment the reductions of tariff for exhibition-goods. 

B.— Foreign traffic arrangements. 

The boards of the following railway companies, have granted for exhibition-goods,, 
whether they originate from the inland or from abroad, and without distinction of 
their being sent by goods or by express train, the concession to pay only the half of the 
tariff rate, which reduction is meant for the joint lines, as well as for the local service, 
(that is, for goods dispatched from stations outside of the joint line,)* viz : 

I. Rhenisch-Thiiringian joint railway companies, namely : 

1. The Berg-March Railway at Elbersfeld, 

2. The Westphalian Railway at Munster, 

3. The Hessian Northern Railway at Cassel, 

4. The Thiiringian Railway Company at Erfurt, 

5. The Leipsic-Dresden Railway Company at Leipsic, 

6. The Royal Saxon State Railways at Dresden ; 

II. The Hamburg-Berlin-Austrian joint railways, namely : 

1. The Berlin-Hamburg Railway Company at Beilin, 

2. The Lower Silesia and March Railway at Berlin, 

3. The Upper Silesian Railway at Breslau, 

4. The Leipsic-Dresden Railway Company at Leipsic, 

•5. The Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company at Berlin, 

6. The Royal Saxon State Railways at Dresden, 

7. The Liibeck-Biichen Railways at Liibeck; 

III. The Stettin-Austro-Hungarian joint railways, namely : 

1. The Upper Silesian Railway at Breslau, 

2. The Berlin-Stettin Railway at Stettin ; 

IV. The Saxon-Austrian Railways via Bodenbach, namely : 

1. The Magdeburg-K5then-Halle-Leipsic Railway Company at Magdeburg, 

2. The Leipsic-Dresden Railway Company at Leipsic, 

3. The Royal Saxon State Railways at Dresden ; 


* Ou the South-German lines eventual accessory dues, such as.insurance-fees, will he charged in full. 



VIENNA EXPOSITION-KEPOET OF W. P. BLAKE. 


153 


V. The Prusso-Silesian and Austro-Hungarian Railway Companies, namely : 

1. The Upper Silesian Railway at Breslau, 

2. The Royal Prussian Eastern Railway at Bromberg ; 

VI. The Bremerhaven-Gestemunde-Bremen-Hamburg and Austrian Railway Com¬ 
panies, namely: 

1. The Royal Railway at Hanover, 

2. The Brunswick Railway Company at Brunswick, 

3. The Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company at Magdeburg, 

4. The Magdeburg-Leipsic Railway Company at Magdeburg, 

5. The Leipsic-Dresden Railway Company at Leipsic, 

6. The Royal Saxon State Railways at Dresden ; 

VII. The railways of Southern Germany, namely: 

1. The Royal Bavarian State Railways at Munich, 

2. The Royal Bavarian Eastern Railway at Munich, 

3. The Grand-duchy of Baden State Railway at Carlsruhe, 

4. The Hessian Ludwig Railway at Mentz, 

5. The Frankfort-Hanau Railway at Frankfort-on-Maine, 

6. The Main-Necker Railway at Darmstadt, 

7. The Bavarian and Palatinate Railways at Ludwigshafen. 

This concession, however, applies only to goods which, on their way to the exhibi¬ 
tion, are directed to one of the receiving-stations of the German Empire or to the 
exhibition commissions of the different states at Vienna, and on their way back either 
to one of the said receiving-stations or to the exhibitor; respectively the forwarder of 
the goods to the <3riginal forwarding-station, and accompanied by a declaration of 
dispatch; respectively of return, showing that the goods are destined for the exhibi¬ 
tion ; respectively that they were exhibited and remained unsold. 

N. B.—The Prussian state railways, and those managed by the state, have granted to 
exhibitors and visitors of the exhibition a reduction of fifty per cent, on the regular 
fare. 

VIII. The royal Belgian state railw^ays have granted for exhibition-goods of Belgian 
origin a conveyance free of charges, and a reduction of twenty-five per cent, of the 
fare of passengers. 

The advantages allowed for exhibition-goods and passengers by the concessioned 
Belgian railway companies joining the royal state railways are not known yet; they 
will be published hereafter as soon as intelligence thereof will have been received. 

IX. The directions of the Upper Italian and Roman railways agree to convey: 

(а) Exhibition-goods of every description at half the existing rate of the interior 
special tariff in general, with the provision that the tariff per ton and kilometer should 
at least amount to 5 centimes. In addition to these rates, a fixed rate will be charged 
of 1 franc per ton by each railway conveying the goods. The aliquot parts of weight 
will be charged according to the existing arrangements of the interior tariff. 

(б) Vehicles also at the half rate of freight of the existing tariff with an additional 
1 franc each. 

(c) Cattle of any kind, also at a rebate of 50 per cent, from the existing tariff, but 
without any additional charge ; on the other hand, the loading and unloading must be 
carried out by the consignor and consignee. 

(d) Locomotives and tenders running on their own wheels, at a rate of 75 centimes 
per kilometer. Locomotives without tenders, at a rate of 60 centimes per kilometer, 
without any additional charge. 

(e) Empty wagons, running upon their own wheels, at the rate of 15 centimes per 
kilometer in full of all charges. 

(/) Persons accompanying exhibition goods and cattle, and possessing a bill of lading 
and certificate from the chief manager of the universal exhibition, will be charged the 
half fare for third-class carriages, if the load occupies at least a full truck, or is paid 
for as such. 

Exhibition-goods coming from France will be charged, from Modane and Ventimiglia 
to Cormons, the following tariff: 

(a) For goods conveyed by express-train, 15 centimes per ton and kilometer, or 35 
centimes per truck and kilometer in addition to a charge of 1 franc jier ton in both 
cases. 

Carriages and cattle will be conveyed by express-trains at half the price of the pres¬ 
ent existing tariif, with the additional charge of 1 franc per truck. 

(b) For goods conveyed by goods-trains, 5 centimes per ton and kilometer, or 25 cen¬ 
times per truck and kilometer, with the additional charge of 1 franc for every ton 
loaded. 

Carriages, cattle, locomotives, with and without tenders, railway-wagons, will be 
charged the tariff prevailing in the traffic between stations of the interior of Italy by 
maintaining the fixed rates. 

(c) Passengers accompanying exhibition-goods from France will also be charged, under 
the terms mentioned above, the half fare tor third-class carriages. 


154 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Goods of every description, containing a less weight per cubic meter than 150 kilo¬ 
grams, will he charged, without reference to origin, accordiug to the ordinary normal 
tariff, without any increase. 

All objects of art or of value, and such whose length exceeds the ordinary dimen¬ 
sions of the truck or its carrying capacity, are not included in the above arrangements. 

The Upper Italian railways will, in addition to the above general tariff, make an ad¬ 
ditional charge of 10 per cent, for carriages and other luxurious traveling vehicles 
which are conveyed on a special truck. The several aforementioned reduced tariff's 
will be also available for the return journey for exhibition-goods which are not sold, 
in which case it must be so certified by the chief manager of the exhibition, and must 
he accompanied with the respective advice-note. The above-mentioned tariff will be 
in force for the dispatch of goods three months before the opening, and for their re¬ 
turn three months after the official close of the exhibition. 

All exhibition-goods must be accompanied by the advice-note alluded to above, and 
a certificate of the chief manager of the exhibition, containing name and address of 
consignor, as well as detailed specification of the goods. 

In addition to this, the exhibition-goods must be provided with a label which must 
be stamped by the chief manager. 

All goods sent to the exhibition must be addressed either to the chief manager or 
to the respective exhibition commissions, and the freight prepaid to the place of exhi¬ 
bition. 

X. The directions of the Italian Southern Railways will convey exhibition-goods ac¬ 
cording to their own present special tariff, 1, that is to say, they will charge according 
to these special normal rates. 

The description of goods which will be included in this tariff are : Machines, natural 
productions or manufactures which are forwarded to the agricultural, industrial exhi¬ 
bitions, and will be charged for upon the following basis of freight, namely : 

(a) For goods conveyed by goods-trains, the half tariff rate for each class, in which 
the goods are classed, with the condition that the freight shall not be less than 6 
centimes per ton and kilometer. 

Goods of less weight than 200 kilograms per cubic meter will be conveyed at 
a reduction of only 25 per cent. 

Inseparable (belonging together) packages with a weight exceeding 3,000 
kilograms will be conveyed according to the ordinary tariff of each class to which 
they belong. 

Machines and machinery in cases which on account of their shape or bulk 
occupy a whole truck, will be charged the rate of 35 centimes per truck and 
kilometer. 

No reduction will be allowed on the fixed charges. 

(h) Express-goods, machines, and machinery, in cases which on account of their bulk 

occupy a whole truck, will be charged 44 centimes per truck and kilometer. 

No reduction will be allowed on other description of goods. • 

XI. The directors of the Austro-Bavarian-Netherlauds Railways, namely : 

(a) The Dutch State Railway, 

(b) Dutch Rhenish Railway, 

(c) Rhenish Railway, 

(d) Cologne-Minden Railway, 

(e) Hessian Ludwig Railway, 

(/) Bavarian State Railways, 

(g) Bavarian Eastern Railway, 

(h) Maln-Weser Railway, 

have agreed to give the same advantage for the conveyance of exhibition-goods as de¬ 
cided upon by the South German Union lines at the conference held in Vienna on the 
19th June last; these advantages were published in a special x)rogramme, No. 59, on the 
1st July last. 

XH. The directions of the Swiss railways agree to convey exhibition-goods, horses 
and cattle which are delivered as freight, at a reduction of rates ot 50 per cent., in this 
way : that the goods to the exhibition, whether prepaid or not, shall be charged the full 
tariff’ rates, and on the return journey to the forwarding station, if the goods remain 
unsold, they shall be conveyed freight free. 

Incidental expenses, such as are not included in the freight, as cartage, loading and 
unloading, weighing, warehousing, and custom-house charges, will be charged in full. 

The following are excluded from these advantages, namely : 

Articles of art and value, all express-goods, therefore also horses and cattle, if they 
are to be forwarded by passenger-trains, as also goods classified in the two last classes 
of railway loads. 

No conclusion has yet been come to respecting the reduction of fares for passengers. 

XHI. The direction of the Eastern Railway of France have agreed to the following 
arrangements : 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


155 


a. GOODS. 

Goods of every description (articles of fine arts and of value, carriages, cattle, and 
railway material excepted) will be conveyed at half the usual rates of the general and 
special tariifs of the company. The reduced tariff, however, must not be in any case 
less than the minimum rate of 4 centimes per ton and kilogram. 

The consignor has also the privilege of electing to be charged by the general tariff, 
if he considers it to be to his advantage. 

The conditions of the general and special tariffs will be in force for the carriage of 
goods to the exhibition in Vienna. 

The conveyance of goods is subject to every additional charge which the adminis¬ 
tration has the right to make, also the usual booking charges and the charge for 
stamps, which latter has to be credited to the state. 

On account of the reduQtion of 50 per cent., the railway company exempts itself, in 
the conveyance of live cattle, from all responsibility of accidents, whatever the cause 
may be, even in the loading or unloading. 

h. OBJECTS OF ART AND VALUE. 

The conveyance of objects of art and value will be according to the rates and usual 
c onditions of the general tariffs. 


C. TARIFF EXCEPTIONS. 

Inseparable masses are excluded from the present reduced tariffs (excepting machines, 
tenders, and wagons running upon their own wheels) if exceeding a weight of 100,000 
kilograms ; also objects for which, on account of their bulkiness, the means of convey¬ 
ance will not suffice. 

The rates for such descriptions of goods will be determined upon according to cir¬ 
cumstances. The same will apply to locomotives, tenders, and wagons which do not 
run on the rails. Goods forwarded to or from the exhibition must be accompanied by 
a certificate, in order to prove their being exhibition-goods. 

The freight for exhibition-goods must be prepaid when dispatched to the exhibition; 
and when returned, which must be within a time after the close of the exhibition, the 
charges may be either prepaid or forwarded. 

d. PASSENGER-TRAINS. 

Passengers to Vienna will be allowed a reduction of 25 per cent, from the passenger, 
fares. 

Parties of least two hundred persons taking tickets direct from Paris to Vienna will 
be allowed a reduction of 50 per cent from the passenger-fares. 

XIV. The boards of the following Russian railways and steam-navigation companies, 
namely: 

1. The Kursk-Kiew Railway Company, 

2. The Great Russian Railway Company, 

3. The Warsaw-Vieuna and Warsaw-Bromberg Railway Company, 

4. The Charkow-Nikolajew Railway Company, 

5. The Poti-Tiflis Railway Company, 

6. The Riison-Koslow Railway Company, 

7. The Tarabov-Koslow Railway Company, 

8. The Riga-Diiuaburg Railway Company, 

9. The Ribinski-Bologow Railway Company 

have reduced their tariff on goods conveyed to and from the exhibition by 50 per cent. 

10. The Baltic Railway Company, 

11. The Orel-Witebsk Provincial Railway Company, 

12. The Schuja-Iwanowo Railway Company, 

13. The Nowo-Torschok Railway Company, 

14. The Riga-Mitau Railway Company, 

15. The Diinaberg-Witebsk Railway Company, 

16. The Woronesh-Rostof Railway Company, 

17. The Kursk-Charkow Railway Company, 

18. The Koslow-Woronesh Railway Company, 

19. The board of the Libau Railway Company, 

20. The Nowgorod Narrow-tracked Railway Company, 

21. The Wolga and Don Railway and Steam Navigation Company, 

22. The Grjasi-Zarizyn Railway Company 

have agreed to convey goods to and from the exhibition at the reduction of 30 per cent, 
off’ the regular tariff rates. 


156 


REPOKT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


23. The Rjashsk-Morschansk Railway Comx)any have reduced their tariff rates for 
the conveyance of goods sent to the exhibition by 25 per cent., and on their return 
from Vienna by 50 per cent. 

24. The Wolga Steam Navigation Company and 

25. The White Sea-Murmau Steam Navigation Company agree to convey on board 
their ships, free of expense, all goods or produce sent to the exhibiton. 

26. The direction of the Scheksna Towing and Steam Navigation Company offer to 
convey, free of expense, parcels destined for the expedition below 100 puds weight, 
and to charge only 50 per cent, of the normal tariff rate on parcels exceeding 100 puds. 

27. The steam-navigation companies Druschina, Coronia, and Vulcan have declared 
to reduce their tariff to 50 per cent. 

28. The Dnjeper Steam Navigation Company have agreed to a reduction of 30 per 
cent, off their normal tariff. 

29. The Wolga-Twer Towing and Steam Navigation Company between Twer and 
Rybinsk, 

30. The steam-navigation and commercial companies the Kaukasus and Merkur, 
and 

31. The Kama-Wolga Steam Navigation Company have agreed to a reduction of 25 
per cent, off their normal tariff rates. 

32. The direction of the Russian Commercial and Steam Navigation Company and 
the Odessa Railway Company have declared their readiness to convey, free of expense, 
on board their steamers, as well as on the Odessa Railway, all goods sent to the Vienna 
Universal Exhibition, on their way to and from. 

XV. The railway companies of Turkey, namely: 

1. The Varna Railway Company agree to allow upon goods conveyed to the exhibi¬ 
tion a reduction of 50 per cent, from the fixed scale of charges. 

These goods must be accompanied by a declaration stating their place of destination, 
signed and sealed by the agents of the said company at Constantinople. 

2. The Tschernavoda-Kustendji Railway Company allows for exhibition-goods dis¬ 
patched to Vienna 50 per cent, reduction from the fixed tariff. 

42 Pjraterstrasse, October 31, 1872, Vienna. 

The president of the imperial commission : 

ARCHDUKE Rl^GNIER. 


The chief manager: 


BARON i)E SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 


INCREASE OF TRAVEL ON RAILWAYS. 

The receipts of the principal railways of Austria during the month, 
of May, 1873, show a marked increase over the similar period in 1872. 
The aggregate increase .was not so much from iiasseugers as from 
freight, as will be seen by the annexed figures. Possibly the returns of 
some of the roads show a larger increase of passenger-traffic, but it was 
too early in the exhibition season to expect any great augmentation of 
the number of passengers. 


Period. 

1872. 

1873. 

Passengers. 

Freight, cwt. 

Passengers. 

Freight, cwt. 

May. 

January to May.. 

May. 

January to May. 

3, 466, 589 
12, 044, 944 
Florins. 

4,743, 808 
Flo] 
60, 07 

44,704,417 
204,425, 836 
Florins. 

8,468, 392 
rins. 

8,611 

3,426,915 
14,121,000 
Florins. 

4, 975, 665 
Flo 
68, 32 

55,927,153 
261,531,653 
Florins. 

10,567, 607 
rins. 

5, 317 


The increase of freight was 11,219,736 centners, or 25 per cent. The 
money-receipts on passengers were 4 per cent, greater than in 1872, and 
on freight 2,099,215 florins, or 24 per cent. Taken together and includ¬ 
ing some roads of minor importance, the increase of receipts in May, 
1873, over those of May, 1872, was 2,349,597 florins, or an increase of 
17 per cent. 


















VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 157 

The returns for a i^eriod of five mouths, from January to June 1, 
show an increase of 2,070,056 passengers, or 17 per cent, more than in 
the corresponding period for 1872, and the freight increased 57,105,817 
toll centners, or 27.93 per cent. 

The money-receipts increased 8,246,700 florins, or 13.73 per cent. The 
same proportion of percentage to the end of April amounted to only 
12.67 per cent. 

Of the companies separately the Sudbahn (southern railway) reports 
an increase of 11.36 per cent., and the Erste Liebenburger Bahu 23.63 
per cent. Partial returns in the summer-season also show a consider¬ 
able increase, as may be seen from the subjoined table of the receipts 
in Austrian florins for one week, June 25 to July 1, iu 1872 and in 1873, 
for two first-named roads and for the entire month of June for the last 
two. 


Railway. 

1872. 

1873, 

Increase. 

Sudbahn . 

669,992 
530,859 
214,957 
101,090 

789, 401 
720, 089 
313,689 
243,563 

119,409 
189,230 
98,732 
142,473 

Staatsbahn... 

Lemberg-Tznernowitzerbahn. 

Bohmische Westbahn. 



The receipts of tlie horse-railway company for the twenty-seventh 
week, ending July 5, 1873, amounted to 92,182 florins. From 1st Janu¬ 
ary to the 28th June it was 1,353,807 florins. Full returns of the receipts 
of the Vienna tramways for 1873, as compared with 1872, could not be 
procured in season for the report. 

But no better illustration of the effect of a great exhibition upon the 
receipts of railways is needed than that presented in the final official 
report of the Imperial Commission upon the Paris Exposition of 1867. 
It is there shown that the percentage of increase of profit in the year 
1867, as compared with the previous year, ranges from 0.8 per cent, to 
22 per cent. A resume of the different means of transport and the 
results, as compared with those of other years, will be found full of 
practical suggestions. 

DIFFERENT MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION OF VISITORS TO THE PARIS 

EXPOSITION. 

The position of the Champ de Mars, so near the populous centers of 
the city, rendered it possible for a large proportion of the visitors to 
reach it on foot. Nearly 50 per cent, of the visitors are supposed to have 
reached the exhibition in that way. A special railway-service was pro¬ 
vided from the ceinture or girdle-railway of the city, so that access was 
rendered rapid and easy from even the distant parts. Five new lines 
of omnibuses were establishel especially for the exposition, and had 
over two and a half millions of passengers during the year. There were 
also the older established lines* and an increased number of public car¬ 
riages of all kinds. In addition the small passenger-steamboats, called 
“ omnibus-boats,” upon the Seine, were found to be very serviceable. 

The extent to which these several modes of getting to the exposition 

* There were 31 Hues of omnibuses in Paris. The trips commeuced at 8 iu the 
morniug and contiuued until II p. m. The usual uuuiber of passengers carried yearly 
before the exposition was eighty to one hundred millions, at a fare of six sous for the 
inside and three sous for the outside, on top. The omnibus company paid the city 
1,000,000 francs annually for the right to run 500 omnibuses. 
















158 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


was availed of is shown in the following tabular exhibit, where the 
number of visitors, taken at 15,000,000, is doubled to represent the trips 
to and from, making 30,000,000 trips in all: 

Use by visitors of the dijferent modes of transport, Paris, 1867. 


Number of trips. 


Conveyance. 

Whole period. 

Average per 
day. 

Railway..... 

1, 472,969 

2, 787, 620 
7,169, 606 
2, 328, 000 
1, 486, 000 

371,000 
14,384,805 

6,788 
12, 846 
33,041 
10,724 
6, 848 
1,710 
66, 291 

Boat-omnibus .....-... 

Omnibus........ 

Tapissieres, vans...-.. 

Public carriages..... ...... 

Private carriages..... 

Visitors on foot....-.... 

Total... 

30, 000, 000 

138,248 



An approximate classification of the 15,000,000 of visitors will be 
found in the section of this report upon the number of visitors, &c. 

By the omnibus lines in Paris in 1867 there was a decidedly greater 
traffic than in either 1866 or in 1868. The total number of passengers 
carried for the three years and the receipts were: 


Passengers. Receipts. 

1866 . 107,212,074 21,365,058.73 

1867 . 118, 317, 372 24,154, 660. 25 

1868 .. 113, 348, 041 22, 362, 992. 41 


If we take the mean of the number of passengers carried in the two 
years 1866 and 1868, before and after the exhibition, as 110,000,000, we 
may allow the increase of 8,000,000 in 1867 as due to the exposition. 
This is about 7 per cent, of the total, and corresponds to an increase of 
1,500,000 francs in the receipts. 

The results of the’operations of the compagnie generale des voitures 
of Paris in 1866 and 1867 show a marked difference in favor of 1867. 

Upon the 31st day of December, 1866, the number of available 
horses belonging to the company was 10,741. During the months of 
May and June, 1867, the number was increased to 11,200, and was af- 
- terward reduced to 10,355 on the 31st of December, 1867. The total 
receipts of the company were, in 1867, 19,474,490 francs 55 centimes ; 
1866, 16,209,278 francs 35 centimes, showing a difference of 3,265,212 
francs 20 centimes in favor of the year 1867. In the first three months 
of the year there was a loss of 100,923 francs 33 centimes. In seven 
months, notwithstanding the high prices, the company realized a profit 
of 3,121,640 francs 79 centimes, which was reduced to 742,254 franca 
by the two unfavorable months at the end of the year. The average 
receipts per diem for each voiture, deducting the drivePs wages, was 
16.41 francs, while in 1866 it was 13.52 francs.* 

* The cost of feeding horses rose in 1867 to 7 francs 97 centimes per voiture. In 1866 
it was 7 francs 64 centimes; in 1865 it was 6 francs 40 centimes, and in 1864 6 francs 
15 centimes. 



























VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


159 


MODES OF REACHING THE VIENNA EXHIBITION FROM THE CITY. 

The following general observations upon the access to the exhibition 
from the city were transmitted in the dispatches of April 15 and May 7 

April 15.—Horse-railways along the new streets and lines of omnibuses facilitate 
access to the Prater and exhibition, but visitors to the exhibition have to pay a second 
fare, or double what is charged for the regular route, besides losing time by stopping 
at the station en route just outside the Prater. The present indications are that the 
horse-railway service will be inadequate and unsatisfactory, and that most of the vis¬ 
itors will be obliged to hire carts or carriages. The distance from the principal hotels 
is from one and a half to two miles. Eveu now, at certain hours of the day, it is im¬ 
possible to obtain seats in the horse-cars. Steam-service, like the girdle railway of 
Paris, is needed, with a station at the very entrance of the building. The revenues of 
an exhibition must suifer greatly where access is difficult and costly, for few persons 
can endure the fatigue of long visits, and the only way to study exhibitions, with com¬ 
fort, is to go often; but if this requires great effort, and perhaps an expense equal to 
the entrance fee, a second or third visit usually suffices. The public are also threat¬ 
ened now with a strike of the hack-drivers, who object to the tariff of fares estab¬ 
lished by law, and who propose to avail themselves of the opportunity to refuse to 
take people to the exposition except at their own prices. All this shows the impor¬ 
tance of having independent steam-railway service to the exhibition. 

ACCESS TO THE EXPOSITION. 

Vienna, Austria, May 7, 1873.— Sir: I have already directed your attention to the 
manifestly inadequate provision for rapid and cheap access to the exposition, and to 
the effect which must result to the receipts. (See ante, page 19.) This great fault was 
made manifest upon the opening-day to thousands of i)ersons, and I may say has since 
been experienced by every visitor. 

Upon the day of the opening, the imperial regulations required visitors to present 
themselves at the doors between the hours of 9 and 11 in the morning. As there was 
really no other way for persons in full dress to go than by carriage, nearly all the pub¬ 
lic and private carriages in Vienna were engaged, and it w'as exceedingly difficult to 
find one even at ten times the usual price. Between 9 and 10 o’clock the vehicles be¬ 
gan to accumulate upon the avenues leading to the exhibition, and at 10 o’clock the 
line of carriages extended from the exhibition-gates to and beyond the Grand Hotel, 
about a mile and a half distant. So also long lines extended up all of the principal 
avenues converging toward the Prater. The cars upon the horse-railway added to the 
confusion and jam. Progress was well-nigh imiiossible. Two-thirds of the invited 
guests, and the holders of season tickets, and tickets purchased at a high price for the 
purpose of seeing the ceremony, were hopelessly’" excluded from the building before 
the ceremony. Many did not arrive until hours after it was over. The chief United 
States commissioners, with their families, who started at 10 o’clock, did not reach 
there until after the ceremony. 

The police preserved excellent order by keeping the carriages in line, while they 
left an open, free drive for the court carriages and those holding well-known Austrian 
officials and the diplomatic corps. Most of the carriages were from two to three hours 
on the way. 

The arrangement’s for the reception of the carriages at the exhibition were most 
faulty. The guests were set down at the outer gates on the south, or priucipal side, 
and had to walk the length of a square or two before they could reach the building. 

The long walk from the gates to the building, and the traverse of the open court, 
were rendered more than disagreeable by the fact that it was a stormy day, the rain at 
times falling in torrents and saturating the newly-made gravel-paths. For gentlemen 
this was sufficiently uncomfortable, but for ladies, who, in accordance with the regula¬ 
tions, had put on gala attire, it was cruel. At the west door—at the extreme end of 
the building where the yellow and green tickets were received—carriages were allowed 
to deliver persons at the entrance, but this required a long walk through the building 
to the rotunda. 

I give these details in order that we may not neglect, from inadvertence, our duty in 
1876. We must, in inviting a great concourse of people, be prepared to deal with them 
en masse. Their health and comfort must be regarded as well as their other rights. Pur¬ 
chasers of tickets to view a ceremony, especially strangers from abroad, have a right 
to expect the place to be accessible. A great but an inaccessible exhibition is an ab¬ 
surdity. Ordinary means of conveyance fail at the time when most required. To 
expect that the ordinary means of movement of persons in our great cities will, by a 
little improvement or extension, suffice for the needs of great exhibitions, is a grave 
error. We all know that the street-railway service, the omnibuses and cabs of New 
York and Philadelphia are already overburdened and insufficient, and that the evil is 



160 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


increasing. The people must have something better irrespective of the exhibition. 
For Philadelphia the centennial celebration gives a grand opportunity to secure rapid 
and cheap access to its park. Such access is a public want to-clay, and each succeeding 
year will make it more and more evident. 

In some respects the conditions of transportation in Vienna are like those of Phila¬ 
delphia. The city is divided by the Donau Canal, and most of the travel to the Prater 
crosses two bridges, over one of which the horse-railway extends. These bridges of 
course concentrate the travel on certain lines. Any great increase of the travel causes 
a delay, if hot a blockade. Even now, here, the omnibuses are frequently delayed at 
the bridges. 

The loss of time in visiting the exhibition at the Prater is serious. There are but 
four available ways of getting there: 1. By carriage or cab. 2. By omnibus. 3. By 
horse-cars. 4. On foot. 

By the first, from the Grand Hotel, a central point on the line, three-quarters of an 
honr, at the least, are required, provided there is no jam or accident. The fare is 20 
kreutzers, (about. 10cents.) The cars are generally full and the platform crowded, as 
with our own at home, and they are hardly accessible to ladies. At the end of the 
route the passengers find themselves nearly a square distant from the west end of 
the machinery-hall and the Industrial palace, and they have to walk over loose gravel 
to reach the entrance. 

By the omnibus, the fare, time, and other conditions are nearly the same. A carriage 
is the most rapid and comfortable conveyance, and costs from one and a half to two 
florins, about seventy-five cents for one or for two persons. 

Of the total number of visitors to the exhibition, probably eighty per cent, take the 
cost of getting there into consideration, and govern the number of visits accordingly. 
It is tolerably certain that for those who walk a distance of one or two miles the 
fatigue of a visit is so great that they will not repeat it. 

The more this subject is examined the more clearly it will appear that a wise policy 
requires the access to an exhibition to be not only cheap but rapid and comfortable. 
It should be more—it should be inviting, and, if possible, the cost should be covered in 
the cost of entrance. In other words, the would-be visitor should be able to buy his 
transportation and entrance-ticket together, and for a price which, to him, is satisfac¬ 
tory for the entrance alone. This plan works well in London for the Crystal Palace, Sy¬ 
denham. That marvelous structure, with its beautiful gardens and other attractions, is 
in direct communication with almost every part of London and its suburbs for 
miles around ; and tickets to go and return may be had for from one shilling and six¬ 
pence to two and sixpence, according to the class of carriage taken. More than this, 
visitors are now set down inside the building. The trains are frequent, and the ride is 
alone worth the whole cost. 

There are four direct routes from London and environs to the Crystal Palace : 

I.—FROM VICTORIA. 

1. Brighton Co., (via Streatham, Lower Norwood, &c.) 

2. L. C. & D. Co., (to High Level.) 

3. L. C. & D. Co., main line, (to Sydenham Hill.) 

II. —FROM LONDON BRIDGE. 

1. L. B. & S. Co., (via Sydenham.) 

2. L. B. & S. Co., (Tulse Hill.) 

III. —FROM LUDGATE HILL. 

1. L. C. & D. Co;, (to Pligh Level.) 

2. L. C. D. & Co., main line, (to Sydenham Hill.) 

IV.—FROM BLACKIIEATH HILL. 

1. L. C. & D. Co., (via Nuuhead and High Level.) 

Another great advantage of steam-railway communication is the possibility of ac¬ 
commodating societies, schools, and parties of excursionists. Special trains can be run 
upon such occasions, setting down from 50 to 200 or 500 persons as a unit. 

I feel that I cannot sufficiently urge the importance of the subject of rapid and cheap 
transportion to and within our coming exhibition. I hope that it will be thoroughly 
considered, and that effective action will be taken in time. I am sure that the receipts 
at this Vienna Exhibition will be seriously diminished by the difficulty of getting to 
it, and I now roughly estimate the loss at not less than 25 per cent.; or,in other words, 
the receipts would, I believe, be 25 per cent, greater, if the conditions of access had 
been as they should be. Most of the money spent in visiting the exhibition goes to 
the cab drivers or owners. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


161 


DECEPTION OF YISITOKS ARRIVING BY CARRIAGES. 

[From dispatch June 14, 1873.] 

Even at the west entrance there is no suitable provision made for taking up and 
setting down carriage loads of people. There is no shelter. The carriages are not 
allowed to stand near the entrance, and when wanted are called up by telegraph. If 
it rains it is almost impossible to procure a carriage ; and ladies who do not own one 
have sometimes to wait for a long time upon the steps before they can get away. A 
long, covered porch reaching to the carriage-stand should be provided, or, at least, 
there should be as much protection from the weather as we find at the main entrance 
of any well-appointed theater or opera-house. 

The peculiar elongated form of the building is the cause, to a great degree, of the 
discomforts of access and of getting away. 

The principal inlets and outlets are three only, in the center and at each end. The 
two end entrances are three-quarters of a mile apart. The art-gallery is more than 
three-quarters of a mile from the west entrauce. If a person wishes to return to the 
city from the art-gallery, or from the eastern end of the building, it is easier to walk 
inside the long building than to walk on the rough gravel in the sun or rain outside. 
There are two covered ways extending from near the building southward to the main 
south gates, but these ways are circuitous, and do not lead to any line of omnibuses or 
of horse-cars, and, moreover, are not in the most direct line to the city. They are not 
therefore much used. But even if any person desires to use them, it is almost impos¬ 
sible, when inside the building, to know which transept to take to reach them. 

But all these details pertain to the question of accessibility, upon which I have 
already expressed my views with sufficient distinctness. I will, therefore, only add 
that it'is not enough to take people to one or to both ends of a great exhibition like 
this. Interior transportation is required. Steam-railway service into the heart of 
the exhibition is the remedy. 


PUBLIC CARRIAGrES—REGULATIONS. 


cal) or fiacre is required to have posted in a conspicuous place 
iu the interior printed copies of the law and tariff of fares, with the 
number of the vehicle. On the opposite side of the paper there is printed 
a blank form for complaints, addressed to the ‘‘Police Direction,” and 
which can be sent free in the port. A blank copy of one of these tariffs, 
&c., is appended. 


General list of rales for carriage-hire. 


For conveyance within the city 
are as follows: 


limits of Vienna, not including the Prater, the rates 

Florins. Kreut7.er.s. 


For use of carriage for one-quarter of an hour or less. 

For more than one-quarter of an hour, aud not more than one-half 

hour. 

For every additional quarter of an hour. 

From any point within the city limits to any of the places below- 
narned, the rates are as follows: 

1. Gaudenzdorf, Upper and Lower Meidling, Funfhaus, Sechshaus, 
Rudolfsheira. Neulerchenfeld, Ottakring, Hernals, Wiihring, Wein- 
haus. Upper Dobling, Simmering, and the Meidling railway-station, 
to the arsenal and the estate fronting the faverite line, or return.. . 

2. Schdnbrunn, Hietzing, Peuzing, Gersthof, Lower Dobling, Zwischen- 

briickeu, or return.-... 

3. Lainz, Speising, Upper and Lower Saint Veit, Hacking, Baum- 

garteu on the Wien, Breitensee, Hetzendorf, Altmannsdorf, Dorn- 
bach, Neuwaldegg, Polzleinsdorf, Lievering, Grinzing, Heiligenstadt, 
Nusdorf, Floridsdorf, and the station of the Drahtseil railway at 
Kahlenbergerdorf, or return. 

4. For conveyance to and from the Vienna railway stations, from one 
principal railway to another, from the western station to Sechshaus, 
Fiinfhaus, Rudolfsheim, Gaudenzdorf, Upper and Lower Meidling, 
from the southern and state railway station to the arsenal and the 

estate, or return.-.;.-.-..- 

For conveyance from the Vienna railway stations to places not 
mentioned in paragraph 4, outside of the city limits, the rates for 
those mentioned in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 may be charged. 

S. Ex. 30—11 


40 

50 

20 


20 

50 








162 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


One-horse carriages, No. 932— Special list of rates. 

Florins. 

I. For drives to the prater : 

From the districts of Leopoldstadt and Laudstrasse, or return. 1 

From the interior of the city, or return. 1 

From other districts, including hack-stands on the line, or return- 1 

From places mentioned in paragraph No. 1, or return. 2 

From those mentioned in paragraph 2, or return. 2 

From those mentioned in paragraph 3, or return. 3 

From any point within the limits to the summer-house in the Freud- 

enau to the steamers’ landing-place near the Imj)erial mills, 

(Kaiseriuuhleu,) and the I. and R. shooting-ground at the Saeulen- 

haufen. 2 

Parties visiting the places mentioned in paragrai)hs 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be required to 
pay, for any extra use of the carriage, for the time that it is detained, and for the time 
occupied in returning; also for the time that the carriage is detained when the prater 
is visited, at the rate of 20 kreutzers for each one-quarter of an hour. 

From 11 o’clock p. m. to 5 o’clock a. m. the above rates will be increased one-half. 

For light baggage taken into the carriage there will be no charge ; if carried on the 
box or behind the carriage, a charge of 20 kreutzers may be made. 

Further particulars may be found in the hack-regulations, which every hackman 
must produce for inspection when requested to do so. 

For complaints there is room on the back side, (below.) 

To the I. and B. director of the police at Vienna : 

COMPLAINTS AGAINST IIACKMEN. 

Complaint: 

Name ) 

and [ of the complainant, 
residence ) 

Notice. —This complaint may be transmitted immediately to the director of police 
either free by mail or through the first policeman one meets. 

MANAGEMENT OF VEHICLES. 

But whatever conveniences may be provided for the multitude in going to or leaving 
an exhibition, the necessity of due provision for setting down passengers arriving by 
carriages will remain, and also of making proper regulations for the movements of 
vehicles upon the streets and the principal avenues of ap})roach. 

Carriages should, if possible, be allowed to drive up to the very doors of the building, 
or to some central place, and yet there must be ample spaee and no contusion. To 
avoid the latter at this exhibition, all carriages are kept at a distance, half a mile from 
where they are wanted. They are invisible, except at the west end, and even there 
must be sent tor by a servant or by telegraph. Archdukes, princes, kings, and empe¬ 
rors are allowed to drive inside the gates, (they are exceptions to the rules,) and they 
can then drive to the main entrances of the building, or to the doors of their pri¬ 
vate palaces on the grounds. They do not know of the inconveniences I have noted. 
Their equipages are allowed to stand in the grounds, convenient to call, and the com¬ 
fort and pleasure of the visitors are not impaired by them. 

STREET-MANAGEMENT OF VEHICLES. 

The management in Vienna of the vehicles upon the streets it must be said is admi¬ 
rable, though such rapid driving is permitted that the lives of foot-passengers are in 
constant jeopardy. But this rapidity of movement allows a great number of carriages 
to pass iu a short time. In no city have I seen such regularity and celerity of movement 
of vehicles, and in streets so narrow that only one caiViage can pass at a'time.* Carts 
and traffic wagons at certain hours are excluded from certain streets. In the narrow 
streets vehicles can only pass in one direction. None are allowed to stand in the 
thoroughfare; no obstructions are tolerated. Stringent rules are adopted, and the 
police are constantly on the alert to enforce compliance with them. Policemen are 
stationed in the middle of the main carriage-ways and give their orders peremptorily. 
At the Prater-stern, where the avenues converging from the south, the center, and 
north of the exposition unite, mounted policemen direct the constant streams of vehi¬ 
cles. One avenue is exclusively for carriages, the next is used by the omnibuses and 
traffic-wagons, and a third by the horse-railways. In the two first all carriages going 
in must keep to the left, and on no account are allowed to take the center or right side 
of the road; those coming out pass on the other side, and thus there is no confusion. 

*In the Karnther, hotherthurm, and other narrow streets of the old city the carriages pass only one 
way. The pavements are very narrow as well as the roadway. ^ 


Kreutzers. 

20 

50 

50 










VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


163 


The statements regarding the inadequacy of transportation to the 
cxliibition were fully sustained by subsequent experience. It was al¬ 
ways difficult to reach tlie exhibition with rapidity and comfort without 
taking a carriage, and at the close of the day all vehicles were over¬ 
crowded and thousands were compelled to walk. The struggles at the 
entrances to the cars of the horse-railway and at the omnibuses were 
positively dangerous to life and limb. These ordinary modes of con¬ 
veyance were most crowded and unavailable to thousands of persons 
when most needed, as in case of a storm, a shower, or some unusual at¬ 
traction drawing a greater number of persons than usual. 

The horse-railway company did its utmost doubtless to meet the 
pressing demand, and the cars were run one after another at such short 
intervals that, on reaching the branch track to the exhibition, they were 
crowded upon it in close contact. This resulted in a constant jam of 
the cars at the terminus and such a delay to the hiudermost car that its 
occupants generally left it long before it reached the extreme end of the 
track and thus had to walk from an eighth to one-quarter of a mile 
before they could reach the entrance to the exhibition, and tliis entrance 
at the extreme west end, opposite the machinery-hall and a half a mile 
or more from the great music-stand where, toward the close of the day, 
the greatest numbers were congregated. The terminus itself was 
placed inconveniently far from the entrance-gates. Instead of deliver¬ 
ing passengers under cover at an entrance from which they could pass 
by covered ways into the building, they were set down several hundred 
yards from the gates, at one side, and were obliged to cross streets and 
newly-graveled road-ways without any pavement. Once inside the 
gates, there was a long walk before shelter could be reached. 

It was surprising that, with such a manifest need of some transporta¬ 
tion into the precincts of the exhibition and with a constantly-expressed 
desire to have horse-railway service inside the grounds, and there being 
a track laid from one end of the grounds to the other, i)arallel with the 
industrial palace and the machine-hall, nothing was done to satisfy the 
public wish until late in the season. In October the “experiment’^ was 
tried of running a horse-car from one end of the grounds to the other 
upon the existing track. This being at once gladly avrailed of, a steam- 
car was added, and, finally, several cars made regular trips and were 
always filled with passengers, thankful for the relief thus afforded them 
and the time saved. 

^ RECEPTION AND DELIVERY OF GOODS. 

This subject may be introduced by an extract from the dispatch of 
April 15, from Vienna, which shows the condition of the work of recep¬ 
tion and distribution of the goods at that time. 

It -was only in the last week of March, arul the first week of this month, that mer¬ 
chandise began to arrive here in quantity for the exhibition. Since then it has been 
concentrating rapidly, much to the embarrassment of all concerned. The Northern 
Railway has been blocked for several days. Four hundred freight-cars are jammed 
together, and still others come. The road from Trieste, fortunately, not being so much 
crowded, remains open, and several trains loaded with the cargo of the Supply, recently 
arrived from the United States, were en route last night, (14th.) 

From the 10th to the 23d of March, C57 freight-cars transported within the inclosure 
of the exhibition 31,280 quintals'^ of objects. From the 24th to the 31st of March, 675 
cars delivered 60,777 quintals, among which were 2,006 quintals from Japan. From 
the 31st of March until the 1st of April, 774 cars delivered 60,560 quintals. From the 
7th to the 13th of April, 1,156 cars brought 79,403 cwts.; from the 13th to 20th, 11,844 


*Tlie quintal = one hundred pounds, nearly. 




164 


EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


cars, 78,795 cuts. From the 28th of April to the 4th of May, 907 cars delivered 63,455 
cwts., aud from May 4, to May 18, 1,20a cars delivered 83, 053 cwt.,of which 2,050 were 
from the United States. 

I have already heen much instructed by watching the reception of these packages. 
Although the long buildings have one or more railway-tracks extending parallel with 
them on both sides, and alongside of parts of the industry-palace there are three par¬ 
allel tracks, these tracks are, more or less, encumbered by the work of construction 
still going on, and by cars either full or partly empty, so that a car arriving with 
goods, (say for the United States section,) cannot reach that end, (arriving as it would 
from the east,) and must wait its turn or opportunity. In consequence of such delays 
aud difficulties, some cars are unloaded at a distance from the part of the building for 
which their contents are designed, and then commences a struggle to get the cases for¬ 
ward. I have seen from ten to twenty sailors tugging away at enormous cases of 
goods, striving to x^ush or haul them on little ordinary barrel-trucks over the loose, 
uneven, gravelly ground from the cars to the buildings, or from one side of the building 
to the other, outside. Some cases are rolled over and over, some are carried on the 
shoulders of men, and the wonder is how they get into the building without the de¬ 
struction of the contents. The necessity for transverse tracks is clearly shown, and 
for the adoption of a good system of unloading and subsequent distribution. It is to 
be jiarticularly noted that the ground about a new building is new, aud, as usual, is 
greatly encumbered with all sorts of debris, with timbers, stone, mortar-beds, scaffold¬ 
ing, aud the like; aud even if the roads are made, they are soft and almost impassable. 
No adequate j)reparation appears to have been made for the unloading and reception 
of the goods. This is a subject which should engage attention in connection with the 
plan of the building for the exhibition in 1876. 

Branch tracks from the railways are also extended alongside of, and into, the ma¬ 
chinery-hall, on both sides. This greatly facilitates the ijlacing of the machinery. In 
addition, an elevated track is constructed, along which a truck fitted with hoisting- 
gear traverses back and forth directly over the foundations for the machines. The 
tracks are laid upon the tor) of the supports provided for the shafting on one side, and 
upon a similar line of supports on the other next to the wall of the hall. This elevated 
railway is reju’esented upon the drawings and i)lans of the machinery-hall which you 
already have in the office. Theoretically, this elevated hoisting-truck appears to afford 
all the facility for the installation of heavy machinery that could be desired ; but, 
practically, the working does not appear to have been satisfactory, and little use, so 
far, has been made of these exx)en8ive arrangements. One good reason is, the track is 
not made continuous from one end to the other of the building. It is broken into sec¬ 
tions. Numerous trucks are therefore required, aud the range of movement of each is 
confined to the section on which it is placed. If the track were made to be continuous 
from one end of the building to the other, one hoisting-truck on a side would answer. 
The floor-tracks, being continuous, heavy objects are taken upon the platform-cars di¬ 
rectly to the jdace where they are to be laid down, aud for objects of moderate size 
and weight a steam-crane mounted upon a platform-car suffices for the rapid unload¬ 
ing and transfer to the precise si)ot designed for them. 

QUANTITY OF FREIGHT DELIVERED BY THE RAILWAYS AT THE PARIS 

EXPOSITION. 

The report of the Paris Exposition shows that the railway which ex¬ 
tended to the Champ de Mars conveyed 9,63G tons of 1,()()6 kilog^rams 
and in 2,091 cars, l^early all arrived between the 10th of Eebruaiy 
and the 30th of March. These figures do not show the total tonnage 
of the goods received in the exposition, for a large portion, 0,277 tons, 
was sent direct from the several railway-stations about Paris on carts 
and wagons to the exposition, giving a total of nearly 16,000 tons 
arriving by rail. The total tonnage of the exixosition is reckoned at 
22,224. There were over 50,000 packages. In the exhibition in 1855 
the total weight of objects was only 7,898 tons. 

At the end of the exposition 18,850 tons of freight were taken by the 
different routes, the difference between this figure and that of the in- 
w^ard freight being explained by the numerous sales aud deliveries during 
the progress of the exhibition, by the abandonment of materials which 
were used in installation, and by the numerous deliveries of cases and 
objects not packed by porters, of which no account was taken. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


165 


Vll.—CLASSIFICATION AND ARRANGEMENT. 

The classification of an exhibition may be said to be its organic life, 
the basis of its growth, the frame-work or skeleton from which it takes 
its shape and character. The groups and classes are like crystalizing 
points, drawing to themselves like objects. The elaborated system stimu¬ 
lates and directs effort and is the basis of organization of the work of 
collecting, arranging, and examining the objects. The classification is 
intended not only as an expression in general and in detail of what the 
exhibition is to be, and as the guide for the arrangement or placing of 
the objects, but it should be at the same time a guide to the exhibition, 
useful alike to the exhibitors, the jury, and the public. The system, 
whatever it may be, characterizes the whole exhibition, pervades its 
literature, and is the basis of the descriptions, the catalogues, and the 
reports. It has no eiihemeral influence, but modifies virtually and for 
all time the results of the undertaking. It is therefore of first im¬ 
portance to secure a well-devised system. Its range or comprehensive¬ 
ness depends of course upon the nature of the exhibition to be made, 
Avhether local and partial, including only the results of certain indus¬ 
tries or the products of one country or state, or international and uni¬ 
versal, taking the products of all countries and of all human effort. 

Of all the great exhibitions the two last only can be said to have 
been ‘‘ universal,’^ and these were but incompletely so in their plan as well 
as in their realization. In the exhibition at London, 1851, the great 
starting-point of modern international exhibitions, important products 
and groups of objects were not mentioned in the classification and were 
not exliibited, but have had conspicuous places in later exhibitions. 
The Paris classification of 1867 was marked by its universality and the 
prominence given to the unfolding of the efforts for the amelioration of 
the condition of man. 

The classification for the Vienna Exhibition was announced as early 
as September, 1871, in the second of the printed programmes, and was 
freely distributed in Austria and other countries. There were twenty- 
six leading groups or divisions, subdivided in classes as follows: 

Classification of the Vienna Exhibition 
Group I.—Mixing, Quarrying, and Metallurgy. 

Class 1.—Mining. 

Class 2.—Iron metallurgy. 

Class 3.—Other branches of metallurgy. 

Group II.—Agriculture, Horiiculture, Forestry. 

Class 1.—Farming. 

Class 2.—Animal products. 

Class 3.—Forestry. 

Class 4.—Products of the vine and fruits, vegetables, and gardening. 

Class 5.—Agricultural machiues. 

Group III.— Chemical Industry. 

Class 1.—Chemical products for technical purposes. 

Class 2.—Pharmaceutical products, volatile oils, perfumery, drugs, and other raw 
material for pharmacy and chemical industry. 

Class 3.—Industry in fat substances. 

Class 4.—Products of dry distillation. 

Class 5.—Matches, colors, dye-stuffs, and other products of chemical industry. 


16G 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS 


t 


Group IV.—Food as Products of Industry. 

Class 1.—Flour anti products derived from it. 

Class 2.—Sugar, confectionary, chocolate. 

Class 3.—Wine and wine surrogate, beer, and other fermented liquids, viuegar. 

Class 4.—Preserves, extracts, aiid meat. 

Class 5.—Tobacco manufactures. 

Group V.—Textile Industry and Clothing. 

Class 1.—Woolen fabrics. 

Class 2.— Cotton fabrics. 

Class 3.—Flax fabrics. 

Class 4.—Silk fabrics. 

Class 5.—Fringe-work, gold and silver web, lace, net and embroidery goods^ fancy- 
feathers, and artificial liowers from cloth, paper, leather, &c. 

Class 6.—Ready-made linen, clothing, and fur-goods, hats, and gloves. 

Class 7.—Boots and shoes. 

Class 8.—Upholstery-work. 

Group VI.—Leather and India-rubber Manufactures. 

Class 1.—Leather, fur-skins. 

Class 2.—Leather goods. 

Class 3.—India-rubber goods 

Group VII.— Metal Manufactures. 

Class 1.—Gold and silver goods, jewelry. 

Class 2.—Iron and steel goods. 

Class 3.—Arms, excluding military arms. 

Class 4.—Manufactures of other metals. 

Group VIII.— Wood Industry. 

Class 1.—Carpenters, joiners, and cabinet-makers’ work, inlay, molding, turnery 
cut and carved work. ■* 

Class 2.—Specimens of split-wood, wood-ware, cork-goods, basket-work. 

Class 3.—Wood-painting, staining and gilding. 

Group IX.—Stone, Clay, and Glass Ware. 

Class 1.—Stone and cement-work. 

Class 2.—Clay ware. 

Class 3.—Glass ware. 

Group X.—Small Ware and Fancy Goods. 

Class 1.—Alanufactures of meerschaum, tortoise-shell, horn,bone,ivory, mother o’pearl^ 
whalebone, &c. 

Class 2.—Toys, wax-wares. ^ 

Class 3.—Fancy-leather goods, bronze-work, and lacquered goods. 

Class 4.—Walking-sticks, whips, umbrellas, and parasols. 

Group XI.—Paper Manufactures. 

Class 1.—Paper material, pasteboard, paper. 

Class 2.—Colored paper, paper-hangings, playing-cards, cartoon-paper. 

Class 3.—Writing-paper, drawing and painting materials. 

Class 4.—Book-binding, mill-board, jiort-folio, and papier-mache. 

Group XII.— Graphic Arts and Industrial Drawing. 

Class 1.—Letter-press printing, copper-plate and steel engraving, lithography and 
chromography. 

Class 2.—Engravings and guillochee-work, wood engravings. 

Class 3.—Photography. 

Class 4.—Drawings of patterns and decorative paintings. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


167 


Group XIII. —Machinery and Conveyances. 

Class 1.—Prime movers, sliafting, &c., elementary parts of machines. 

Class 2.—Machines in motion, (excepting agricnltural machincvs, which are placed for 
examination in Group II. ) . 

Class 3.—Engines and other rolling stock for railways. 

Class 4.—Street conveyances and other means of transport. 

Group XIV. —Scientific Instruments. 

Class 1.—Mathematical, astronomical and philosophical instrnmeuts, and chemical 
apparatus. 

Class 2.—Clocks and watches. 

Class 3.—Surgical and technical instruments. 

Group XV. —Musical Instruments. 

Class 1.—Touch-hoard instruments, (harpsichords, pianofortes, organs, harmoniums.) 
Class 2.—Stringed instruments, (harps, guitars, &.c,) 

■ Class 3.—Wind instruments, drums, music-boxes. 

Group XVI. —Military Objects. 

Class 1.—Armament and erpiipment of troops. 

Class 2.—Accouterments, artillery and engineer service. 

Class 3.—Sanitary appliances. 

Class 4.—Military education and means of instruction, maps, and historiography. 

Group XVII. —Marine Objects. 

Class 1.—Sliip-building and ship-fittings. 

Class 2.—Constructions for navigation, hydrographjL 

Group XVIII. —Architectural and Civil Engineeihng. 

Class 1.—Buildings. 

Class 2.—Water-Engineering. 

Class 3.—Construction of roads and railways. 

Group XIX. —The Private Dwelling-house. 

Group XX. —The Farm-house. 

Group XXL— National Domestic Industral 

Group XXII.— Representation of the influence of Museums of Fine Arts 

APPLIED TO InDUSTRA'. 

Group XXIII.— Ecclesiastical Art. 

The objects exhibited in Groups XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, and XXIII will be examined 
by special juries, which will be composed of jurors of groups where the objects 
belong to, either from an industrial point of view or as a whole. 

Group XXIV.— x\mateurs’ Exhibition. (No examination.) 

Group XXV. —Fine Arts of the present. 

Class 1.—Architecture. 

Class 2.—Sculpture. 

Class 3.—Painting. 

Class 4.—Arts of drawing. 

Group XXVI.— Education, Teaching and Instruction. 

• 

Class 1.—Plans, arrangement, means of teaching and work of people’s schools. 

Class 2.—Plans, arrangement, means of teaching and work of middle-class schools. 
Class 3.—Plans, arrangement, means of teaching and work of professional schools, 
of upper technical schools and universities. 

Class 4.—Helps and means for the progress of adults. 


168 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


In addition to these groups provision was made for special exhibi¬ 
tions and competitive trials of machines and methods, for the history of 
inventions, the history of industry, of prices, and au exposition of the 
commerce and trade of the world, as fully stated in the official announce- 
nlent made with the publication ot the classilication, as follows: 

III. There will be competitive trials of machinery, apparatus, processes and methods 
of work of different dates, showing their successive improvements; for example, 
sewing-machines, weaving-machines, telegraphy, photography, &c.; an attempt will 
thus he made to give an epitome of the history of inventions. In addition to tliis, au 
attempt will he made to place side by side the productions of machines and hand-work, 
and to show how in some cases machines have superseded hand-work, while in others 
they have aided and'increased its products. 

IV. By exhibiting also analogous products of industry, manufactured at different 
epochs, with their relative prices and with samples and models, it is intended to show 
the increasing power of different industries, their dependence on the changes in taste 
and their influence upon taste as well as their imj)ortance in national economy at dif¬ 
ferent epochs, thus exhibiting the history of industry. 

V. To show by a retros])ective view the influence of science on the progress and de¬ 
velopment of manufactures there will be exhibited the gradual conversion of waste into 
use, or the increase in the employment of the former, by comparing the waste with the 
articles manufactured therefrom, and also the intermeeliate i)roducts, so far as these are 
the result of inventions and discoveries since the hist international exhibition of Lon¬ 
don, in 1851. 

VI. A further aim in this exhibition is to give the history of ])rices; to exhibit from 
the chief districts of jiroduction the prices of more important articles, going as far back 
as possible and placed side by side in average periods of five years and illustrated by sam¬ 
ples and specimens. 

VII. To show the international exchange of products, a representation of the com¬ 
merce and trade of the world will be formed. For this purpose samples and specimens 
of the articles of trade and commerce of all the important harbors and sea-ports are to 
be exhibited. 

On each sample will be marked its origin, its destination, its price and v.alue. the 
quantity of import and export, &c.; along with these will be shown statistical and 
graphic tables, the movement of the navigation and commerce of each seaport during 
the last ten years. 

VIII. The intention just expressed of aiding the study of this exhibition by the help 
of statistical and graphical tables will be carried into effect in all the departments of 
the exhibition, by showing, from official records, the industrial progress made by each 
country since the first international exhibition of London in 1851. For example: there 
will be exhibited tables of the increasing areas of cultivated soil, the annual quantities 
of agricultural products, the value of the land, the interest on money, the traffic and 
capital of railways, the increase of population, Arc., as they have appeared at each of 
the periods of subsequent international exhibitions, viz : Paris 1855, London 1862, 
Paris 1867. 

Thus there will be shown the productive powers of different nations in the respective 
departments assigned to their products in the exhibition-building. 

On the other hand all particulars of the different articles to be exhibited, such as 
the name of the exhibitor, the description of the objects, the price, (which the exhib¬ 
itor is at liberty to attach if he please,) may be shown on labels attached to each arti¬ 
cle. 

In the same manner all other informations of public interest the exhibitor may wish 
to have published, such as the history and importance of the establishmeut, its pro¬ 
gressive development, its annual production, may also be written or printed and an¬ 
nexed to the objects exhibited ; in contradistinction to former international exhibi¬ 
tions, which confined these informations to the printed catalogue. 

IX. For the purpose of rendering this exhibition especially instructive and educa¬ 
tional, it is intended to make comparative trials and experiments on processes new or 
hitherto little known. The value of objects exhibited will be submitted to x^ractical 
tests. For example: Experiments will be made regarding the production of wines, 
(application of the hydro-extractor, heating of wines. Arc.,) trials with machine-tools 
of every description, application of the electric light, utilizing of aerostation, (captive 
balloons, A:c.,) experiments with explosive materials, with steam-plows, transmission 
of power by wire ropes, locomotives, engines on common roads, steam fire-engines, A:c. 

Lectures will be given on these subjects in a special lecture-room of the exhibition, 
and international i)rize-problem8 issued, as, for example, on the best implements for 
the cultivation of beet-roots for the fabrication of sugar. 

X. Arrangements will be made for a series of temporary international exhibitions 
of such articles which, by their nature, do not admit of an exposition of long duration. 
They will comprise— 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


169 


Liviu" animals, (horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, fowls, game, fish, &c.) 

Poultry, venison, butcher’s meat, lard, &c. 

Dairy produce; milk, cheese, &c. 

Vegetable produce ; fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, flowers, plants, &c. 

Living plants, injurious to agriculture and forestry. 

Dynamometric experiments will be made on the tractive force of animals. Also 
international races, at the time of tlie exhibition of thoroughbred-horses, will take 
place, and for these races prizes will be awarded. 

Representations of all other kinds of sports, (regattas, Ac.,) and also national games 
and plays will be arranged. 

Some of these temporary exhibitions will give rise to i)ractical experiments and prac 
tical discussions on the matters to which they refer. For example: the exhibition of 
dairy-produce will give rise to a series of experiments on the improvements relative to 
the manufacturing of butter and cheese, Ac. 

To enable the public to appreciate alimentary substances exhibited, refreshment- 
rooms (tasting-pavilions) will be erected, where each exhibitor can sell samples of his 
products even in the shape of cooked food. 

XL During the exhibition various international congi'esses and conferences will be ar¬ 
ranged for discussing important matters, to which either the exhibition itself may give 
rise, of specially selected as subjects of international discussion. 

More especially there will be international congresses of men of science, teachers and 
artists, physicians, directors of museums of fine art applied to industry, teachers of draw¬ 
ing, architects, engineers, representatives of chambers of commerce, economists ac¬ 
quainted with the questions relative to banking and insurance, of agriculturists, foresters, 
mining engineers, Ac. 

Among questions subject to such discussion will be the following: 

The question of intellectual property, of the improvement of public taste, of the pro¬ 
motion and diffusion of arts of design, on economy of transport, on obtaining the high- • 
est efficiency of machines, on the extension and development of forest statics, on reduc¬ 
ing the price of food, whether by increased production, better organization of markets, 
reformed cookery or new methods of preserving food ; on the nourishment and early 
rearing of an infant, on early healthful training and gymnastics, on the exertions of 
our time in regard to the curing of deformed children, on the education of woman and 
improvement of her social condition. 

These projects were in most cases realized. This was notably true 
of section VIII. The statistical and grai)hical tables of the exhibition 
were numerous and highly instructive, but exhibitors too often neglect¬ 
ed to avail of the opportunity to give much desired information con¬ 
cerning the objects displayed. 

The international congresses were held in succession as planned. 
Prominent among these for the number.in attendance and the general 
interest were the patent-congress and the medical congress ; reports of 
these and their conferences will be found under a separate head. 

THE ARRANGEMENT OF OBJECTS. 

A classification presupposes some arrangement or placing of objects 
in accordance with itbut, though connected classification and arrange¬ 
ment are not necessarily one, objects may or may not be placed in the 
order or relations established by classification. They were not at 
Vienna. The division or apportionment of space was geographical and 
without, at the same time, being made in such a shape that similar 
objects could be placed in parallel zones, as they were at Paris. The 
form of the building rendered any such combination of the geograph¬ 
ical and systematic elements impossible. The space was given to each 
country eA hloc^ and the arrangement of the objects was left to the fancy 

or convenience of each commission. 

There was conse<iuently no system comparable with that at Paris. 
The classification did not become a guide to- the exhibition, and one 
great result attained at Paris was lost or not realized. 

The comparative element was completely sacrificed to the geograph¬ 
ical ; that is, it was not possible to place objects of similar kind or nature 
side by side, in lines, for comparison. Idiere was no fixed system of 



170 REPORT OF THE CENTENNRVL COMMISSIONERS. 

arrangement to govern the placing of objects within the spaces so allot¬ 
ted to the countries. The geographical idea was the only one, or at 
least the dominant one. If we suppose that each transept was given 
to a single country, or a group of contiguous countries, we had a series 
of separate exhibitions which the main 'building served to connect to¬ 
gether. 

It appears to me to be very unfortunate to lose the advantages of an 
arrangement according to the nature of the objects. To sacrifice this 
to the geographical idea seems a retrograde movement in the experience 
of exhibitions. 

Tlie form of the building conformed to the geographical idea, not to the 
other, for the transepts, were too narrow to allow of any systematic ar¬ 
rangement of tlie objects. Convenience and adaptation of the space alone 
could be consulted. 


VIII.—INSTALLATION. 

The work of installation* combined with the allotment of space is 
perhaps the most difficult, embarrassing, and annoying of all the duties 
which fall to the lot of exhibition officials. Large sums are expended 
by individual exhibitors, and their wishes, or the views and oinnious of 
their architects, are not always in accord with those of the administra¬ 
tion. The rights and convenience of the general public have to be main¬ 
tained, and a corps of architects has to be employed for the general su¬ 
pervision of this part of the exhibition-work. 

At no preceding exhibition has there been such a lavish expenditure 
of money in the work of installation of the objects as in this of 1873 in 
Vienna. 

Obviously the tendency on the part of all ambitious exhibitors is to 
make a more effective and artistic display of their fabrics and products 
than they hitherto have. They evidently feel it to be for their interest 
in every way to have a showy and attractive arrangement of their 
goods. Theoretically, it is the object itself that the visitor regards and 
judges, and not the way in which that object is placed before him. The 
style or mode of showing the object should not affect his appreciation of 
its excellencies or its defects. But there is no doubt that even the care¬ 
ful observer, or the most judicial member of a jury, is more or less in¬ 
fluenced by the icay in which objects are shown to him. On carefully 
considering the subject we must conclude that the mode of displaying 
the various objects in a great exhibition is a very important and intri¬ 
cate problem, connecting itself with the construction and decoration of 
the building, with the grouping or classification, with the commercial 
interests of exhibitors, and with the aesthetics of the whole. 

At Vienna the visitor is impressed by the succession of costly show¬ 
cases along the whole length of the industry-palace and in most of the 
transepts. They are in general most artistically designed, and they con¬ 
tribute in a great degree to the magnificence of the exhibition. Large 
sums—thousands of dollars by single exhibitors—have been expended 
in placing their objects. The work has been done on a most liberal 
scale, and shows great earnestness and enthusiasm on the part of exhib¬ 
itors, and, at the same time, shows conclusively that such opportunities 
have a real money-value to them of no small amount. The same gen- 

* The word installation in the technical exhibition sense in which it is here nsed 
means the placing of objects in position for exhibition. It does not in any sense refer 
to the system according to which they are grouped and located in the buiiding, but to 
the setting up in stands or show-cases. 



VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 171 

erous and tasteful style of arrangement and installation pervades the 
agricultural halls and the special exhibitions. In the latter the vis¬ 
itor is not so much impressed by elegant show-cases as by the very 
efiective manner in which the objects are grouped and arranged. Even 
the simplest objects, such as specimens of wood, of grain, of ores, and of 
iron and steel, become attractive to the eye chiefly for the artistic man¬ 
ner in which they are displayed. There is in such work a great field 
for the exercise of critical and cultured taste. And it is a pleasant con¬ 
viction that onr people are not lacking in the possession of just the 
qualities which will induce them to make equally attractive displays 
when they come to rightly understand the spirit and objects of great 
universal exhibitions. 

To attempt to describe in words the many and varied exhibitions of 
skill in the work of installation would be a failure. Thev must be seen 
to be appreciated. Photography alone or reproductions of outlines 
from photographs can alone partially supply the want. I therefore 
make reference to a series of photographs selected with reference to the 
illustration of this part of the report. 

VARIOUS MODES OF INSTALLATION. 

The nature of the goods to be exhibited necessarily determines in a 
general way the form and style of the case or support. Thus, for rich 
silks and woven fabrics, which must be kept from the dust, a broader, 
higher, and more ample show-case is required than is needed for jewelry 
or fancy goods. 

We may specify the various forms of installation under seven heads: 

1. Show-cases of whatever form inclosed with glass. 

2. Open stands or shelving of wdiatever form. 

3. Alcoves. 

4. Canopied spaces. 

o. Platforms with railings. 

G. Inclosed courts or room-like space. 

7. Trophies or displays. 

We have also separate exhibitions, not in the principal buildings, but 
in isolated special structures erected for the purpose apart from the main 
buildings, and often at the sole expense of the company or individual 
making the exhibition. In such structures there may be found examifles 
of all of the above-mentioned classes of installation, or, as is commonly 
the case, the objects are displayed along the sides on tables or on the 
walls, so that the whole building becomes a sort of show-case, into 
which visitors are admitted. 

Of such classes of exhibitions there are several notable examples in 
the exhibition-grounds. I cite particularly that of the Prince of Saxe 
Coburg, of Prince Schwarzeuberg, and of the Prince of Monaco. They 
are all (Axiwmmg chef-(Voiivres of installation and of judicious and sen¬ 
tient selection of objects. A special photograph of the first-mentioned 
is annexed. There is an octagonal central building with four wings 
and a continuous veranda around the whole. The outer walls m’e cov¬ 
ered on one side with sections of the forest-trees of the principality, and 
on the other with samples of the cereals, grasses, and other agricultural 
products, and with collections of the agricultural implements and small 
manufactures of wooden ware. Nothing appears to have been forgotten. 
Every product, every art, and every industry finds in that attractive 
little building its appropriate place and recognition. Even the plants, 


172 


KEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


flowers, and forest-trees of the estate are shown growing in the parterres 
around the building. It may be regarded as a typical model effort of its 
kind, wortliy of close imitation. 

We may look to State effort and to great corporations for similar re¬ 
sults in i876, but in no case are such exhibitions to be permitted to 
prevent a proper display of just such objects as they include under the 
a])propriate heads and in the j)laces assigned to them under the system 
of classification. 

The unity of the exhibition, and of the system of representation, must 
be preserved scrupulously, and all special exhibitions, in separate con¬ 
structions, can be permitted only as additional and beyond the usual 
systematic .display. In Prince Schwarzenberg^s special exhibition, for 
example, there is a fine exhibition of graphite, in its crude and its man¬ 
ufactured state, but this is only a duplicate of the exhibition he also 
makes in the Austrian department of the main industry-palace. 

1. Shoic-cases and their various forms .—It is well to analyze, in a gen¬ 
eral way, the forms and various styles of show-cases. Their forms are 
not as intricate as their elaborate ornamentation and the diversity and 
richness of their contents lead most persons to suppose. The ground 
plan, or the outline-of the base upon the floor, may usually be reduced 
to two simple fundamental forms, the square and the parallelogram. 
Circular cases are rare. The departure from the rectangle is usually by 
cutting oft the corners; thus making an octagonal base, this being the 
nearest ai)proach to a circle. 

In elevation there is of course a much greater variety of form. It 
varies with the nature of the objects the cases are intended to contain, 
and with the taste of the exhibitor. The position also has to be taken 
into consideration. A wall-case is finished in front onlv, while those 
which are to stand alone must be finished on all sides. The glazing 
may extend to within a few inches of the floor, or be confined to the 
upper portion of the case. The usual practice here is to have a pan¬ 
eled base about two feet high, fitted with doors, so as to give stowage- 
room. Some of the cases are open below the glass, and are supported 
on legs or carved stands. The annexed outlines will serve to illustrate 
the prevailing forms. 

Some of the finest samples of show-cases, as well as the most costly, 
are to be found in the Austrian and British sections. In the latter the 
case of Messrs. Elkington & Co., silver and plated ware, is the most val¬ 
uable. It cost £1,000, and is from the establishment of J. Drew, Hatton 
Garden, London, who also furnished many of the other principal cases 
in the British section. It is made double, the front and back being of 
plate-glass, and it has the form of a hollow square, so that a space or 
court some 15 feet square is inclosed. 


There are two doors or entrances to this court, on opposite sides, 
closed by an ornamental railing. The interior has a raised carpeted 
floor and is furnished with divans for special visitors. It is a choice, 
retired spot, away from the crowd, and under the control of the ex¬ 
hibitor. It is adorned with some of the choicest artistic work of that 
celebrated house. 


In order to illustrate the general style and form of the better class of 
show-cases, I have jirocured, and forward as a jiart of my report, a 
series of designs with dimensions copied from working drawings of 
show-cases. I am indebted to Mr. Drew for permission to make copies 
of these designs, which are all new and were made by him expressly 
for the Vienna Exhibition. 

The height of the principal cases in the exhibition does not usually 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


173 


exceed ten feet, but in the Frencli and Austrian sections cases fifteen to 
twenty feet in height are common. The architectural beauty of the de¬ 
signs for the frames, bases, and the cornices show that first-class talent 
has been employed upon them. The ])revailing styles are the Corinthian 
and composite, and the color usually is black, with gilded trimmings. 
The material used for the frames and columns is either wood, steel, or 
wood and zinc combined. Plate-glass, about the time of the opening of 
the exhibition, nearly doubled in price,* in consequence of the great de¬ 
mand for it for the cases of the exhibition. Either ebony, mahogany, 
pear, or pine wood is used in preference to any other j the two last, as 
well as mahogany, are stained in imitation of ebony. Pine answers re¬ 
markably well, and is much cheaper. It is primed with a coat of lamp¬ 
black and glue or dead-black varnisl), and cases so finished off would, 
by most persons, be thought to be ebony. But mahogany and pear-tree 
are the best substitutes for ebony, and make stronger frames than pine. 
Both of these woods take the black stain and a high polish remarkably 
well, and have all the appearance of ebony. 

Among the many beautifully made and decorated show-cases, that of 
Weidmau, the manufacturer of fancy leather-goods, may be particularly 
noted. It is adorned with white arabesques upon the black ground of 
the case, and appears to be inlaid with ivory. These arabesques are 
said to be drawn upon leather. The large dealer and manufacturer, 
Klein, also has very costly cases. 

An elegant octagonal show case, containing a very artistically ar-' 
ranged exhibition of cotton and cotton yarn, as used in spinning and 
weaving, is placed in the rotunda by Breiller & Co. This is such a fine 
example of tasteful installation that I append a photograph of it. The 
draj)ery at the base of the pyramid is made of light-blue satin. (Pho¬ 
tograph No. 411.) 

Photograph No. 510, also annexed, gives a very good view of several 
different styles of cases and methods of installation. It represents 
the groups of apparatns for physical research, for telegraphy, &c. 
Another interesting example of installation is shown by i)hotograph 
No. 429. It is a square case, containing fine leather, standing upon a 
low platform. Beyond it is the remarkable exhibition of stearic industry 
in a monumental form, surmounted by a bust of Be Milly. 

2. Open stands or shelving .—For all articles such as porcelains, glass 
ware, iron castings, &c., which do not suffer by exposure to dust, oneu 
cases answer very well, and, of course, are much cheaper than those 
with plate-glass sides. Their forms are various. Usually there is a 
square or rectangular counter-like base, forming a broad, flat top, 
above which shelv'CS are supported on brackets. The annexed outlines 
will give an idea of many of the forms in use. 

3. Alcoves .—Alcoves formed along the center of the grand nave of 
the industrial palace are common, particularly in the French section. 
They are made by erecting a central wall of boards with a ceiling or 
roof projecting about eight feet on each side, and supported by a line 
of columns in front. These columns serve also to sustain the low parti¬ 
tions which separate the spaces allotted to exhibitors. 

At night a curtain is let down from the top, and completely closes the 
front of the alcove, so that dust is excluded. Such alcoves are about 10 
to 12 feet long and 15 to 20 feet high. They are occupied chiefly by 
French bronzes, gas-fixtures, and fancy enamels. The compactness and 

^‘The breakage of glass was enormous. Several thousands of pounds-sterling worth 
was broken in the British section alone. 



174 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


iiiiiforrnity of tliis installation is pleasing in contrast witli the great 
diversity of form of the cases in the other departments. Tlie con¬ 
struction of these alcoves is simple and not expensive. Eougli pine 
boards may be used for all of the parts except the cornice-columns and 
pilasters. A covering of thin maroon-colored stuff hides all imperfec¬ 
tions of the back-ground. 

4. Canopied spaces .—These differ from the alcoves simply in being 
open on all sides, the roof or canopy being supported by four posts, in¬ 
stead of two i^osts in front, with a partition in the rear. The frame of 
the canopy is usuall}^ festooned with cloth, cords, and tassels. It is 
customary to have a carpeted platform, from which the crowd is ex¬ 
cluded by a cord supported by posts, or by a light, perforated railing. 
One of the best examples of such canopies is shown on photograph No. 
—, representing the collective exhibition of porcelain, &c., from Dres¬ 
den. It is in the main nave at the entrance from the rotunda, and is a 
conspicuous object. The counters and hangings are upholstered with 
crimson cloth, fastened with large gilt nails and golden cords. The 
great expense of this stand is divided pro rata among the exhibitors, 
according to the space they occupy. There is in the same picture a 
good example of an octagonal glass-case, and of a i>yramidal one, cover¬ 
ing a piece of highly-wrought metal-work. In the back-ground there 
is an upholstered archway in crimson and gold, marking the limits of 
the Prussian exhibition in the main uave. 

5. Platforms icith railings. —The use of platforms, rising from 8 inches 
to 16 or 20 above the general level of the floor, is much in favor with 
American exhibitors, but they are rarely used by exhibitors from other 
countries. The object of these platforms appears to be to show the exclu¬ 
sive occupancy of a certain space, which is generally more than the size or 
form of the objects shown actually require. We see the most notable exam- 
])les in the American part of the agricultural hall, where all of the machines 
on one side are arranged on platforms hardsomely carpeted and spaced off 
by silken cords drawn through iron or wooden standards. The access of 
the public generally to the machines is thus prevented, and it is question¬ 
able whether it is true policy to keep people at a distance in this 
way. The use of platforms for the support of glass cases much 
smaller than the platforms is decidedly objectionable, particularly 
along the passage-ways or galleries. They obstruct circulation and 
cause people to stumble, thereby endangering both the visitor and the 
glass cases. There is, again, an economical consideration. If the ex¬ 
hibitors generally erect platforms, the first heavy flooring laid down by 
the exhibition commission might be dispensed with. 

G. Inclosed courts or room-like spaces. —This style of installing objects 
is adapted particularly for the display of the interior decoration of halls, 
dining-rooms, saloons, and other apartments, and also for displaying 
rich furniture and upholsterers’ work. 

In many instances exhibitors have placed show-cases or stands at the 
four corners of a square or rectangular space, as for example the Elk- 
ingtons’ case, in such a way as to form an inclosure within which they 
Im ve a central table with chairs for the convenience of visitors and pur¬ 
chasers. 

7. Trophies .—These are attractive and desirable in the main avenues of 
entrance, or as center-pieces of special exhibitions about which, as 
center-pieces, other articles are grouped. 

Many manufactures which are not specially attractive in their ap¬ 
pearance or forms, become so when they are tastefully grouped in pyra¬ 
mids or upon upon the walls; as for example, iron rods and bars, rail¬ 
way-iron, mining tools, shovels, car-wheels, axles and tires, &c., &c. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


175 


There are many fine examples tlirongliout the exhibition of such artis¬ 
tically arranged displays. The cotton-bales sent from Louisiana make 
the foundation of a high pyramid of tliat material, hanging in festoons 
among plows and other agricnltnral implements, and surrounded by a 
stack of sugar-cane and flags. 

In the agricultural hall there are many very attractive exhibitions made 
by the wine-producers and by the manufacturers of canned vegetables 
and fruits. Pyramidal stacks of champagne-bottles are adorned by 
artificial grape-vines, bearing large clusters of white and purple grapes, 
as roughly indicated in the annexed pen-sketch, but shown with accu¬ 
racy in photograph, (N'o.-, Spanish section.) Photograph 1:^0. 180, 

agricultural hall, “Belgium and the IS^etherlands,” shows several dif¬ 
ferent styles of cases of stands, and of the ways of exhibiting wines and 
cereals. For the exhibition of wheat and other grains glass jars of large 
size, with the openings at the base, are generally made use of. A very 
metliodical and neat display of grain and flour and other agricultural 
produce is made by tlie Vienna Fruit and Meal Bourse. (See photo¬ 
graph.) 

METHODICAL EXHIBITION BY LARGE I RON-WORKS. 

Creusot, 40 by 20 feet. (Machinery-hall.) 

Bochum. 

Stiermark. (Special building.) 

Karnther. (Special building.) 

Krupp. (S[)ecial pavilion.) 

Prussia, Bussia, Sweden. 

The exhibition of iron and of steel were remarkiible for their extent 
and perfection, and for the tasteful manner in which the objects were 
arranged. 

The Creusot collection in the machinery-hall was a notable example of 
completeness, compactness, and elegance. It occupied a space of about 
40 by 20 feet, and yet contained a very large locomotive, a steam-engine, 
car-wheels, samples of forging and bending, and numerous tours de force^ 
besides a complete suite of the ores, fuel, slags, and the various grades of 
iron and of steel, with hundreds of samples of steel bars bent and broken 
under stress. There were also water-color drawings of large bridges, 
and other work executed by the firm, and a large map of the works and 
a general view. Tlie space between the cases was carpeted, and an 
agent was in attendance to give information to those who sought it. 

The three special buildings devoted to the Prussian exhibition in 
Group I, mining and metallurgy, together with Krupp’s special building, 
were good examples of eflective display of such objects. The general 
ground-plan of these buildings, showing the size and arrangement of the 
cases, is annexed. Each building was about 200 feet in length. 

The Bnrbach iron-works built a frame of peculiar construction for the 
support of the assortment of long iron girders which they sent in. 
Stone piers were built up below the floor, and the iron supports were 
bolted to the cap-stones. 


ORGANIZATION OF THE INSTALLATION BUREAU. 

The installation bureau at Vienna had one administrative chief, llerr 
Professor Hornig j and at the head of the technical department, Archi¬ 
tect Herr Weber, who had six to eight architects under his direction as 
assistants. Mr. Weber’s duties from the first were to confer with the 
commissioners of the diflerent foreign‘countries, to find out how much 



176 


EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


space, both of gTouud-space aud wall-space, they required. In his office 
all the available ground and wall space was drawn upon a map on a large 
scale and properly calculated. After sufficient space had been allotted 
by Weber, Professor Hornig instructed the exhibitors how they were to 
display their goods, aud where, so that the proper passages and ways of 
communication about the building were maintained. Kegard ought 
always to be had in arranging the show-cases to the convenience of 
overlooking them, so that the police can have full view of the crowd in 
every direction, especially Avhere articles of great value, such as dia¬ 
monds, jewelry, &c., are exhibited. 

The desires of the exhibitors have been complied Avitli as much as 
possible in the arrangements for the dis])lay of their articles, but there 
are maiiA^ questions which have arisen which have had to be referred to 
other officers, such as the imposition of enormous weights, as, for ex¬ 
ample, safes, iron rails, &c., on certain spots, or the hanging of ex¬ 
tremely heavy articles from the ceiling, such as chandeliers, heavy 
carpets, N:c., or the opening through wails of doorways not existing in 
the original design. All such questions as these were referred to Mr, 
Schmidt as engineer of construction. 

This question of iustallation is one which must not be lost sight of by 
the engineer aud architect or the designers of the exhibition-buildings. 
In all cases provision ought to be made as regards strength, not only 
for the stability of the structures themselves, and for the moving masses 
of people which will pass over the doors, but also for the possible im¬ 
position of an object of enormous weight, or the suspension from the 
roof of the structure of articles equally as heavy. 

Every country here had its own iustallation bureau, and was allowed 
full scope. Cases and installations are very often put up by the separate 
commissions, and are occupied by dve or six or up to twenty different 
exhibitors. The best upholsterers, decorators, and carj)euters are em¬ 
ployed for this work ; also architects and case-makers. As soon as the 
case is tiuished aud the cost known, it is divided up between the 
exhibitors proportionately to the space occupied by each. These are 
called “ collection exhibitions,’’ and are usually goods of like nature^ 
such as all jewelry, all porcelain, and glass ware, or all dry goods, 
silks, &c. The chief object of these associations is to produce a showy 
case aud handsome effect at a moderate cost to each individual exhibitor. 

The manner of arranging the goods inside the cases is left entirely to 
the taste of the exhibitor, but one of the installation officers says that 
more than once he has had removed articles unworthy of exhibition, or 
articles displayed which did not belong to, or were not produced by, the 
country in which they were offered for exhibition. 

REGULATIONS RELATIVE TO INSTALLATION. 

The official regulations issued in January, 1872, (Nos. 19, 20,) in re¬ 
gard to the assignment of space, required a plan drawn to a scale, to be 
sent in, at the latest, by the 1st of January, 1873, showing the sub¬ 
division among the exhibitors of the space granted to each country. 
The exhibitors were not to be required to pay the expense of a boarded 
ffoor or to contribute to laying out of the adjoining gardens, as at Paris; 
but instead thereof a total sum was exacted of each foreign nation for 
the total superficial space allotted to it in the industrial palace and 
machinery-hall, with a given fixed ground-floor, and calculated by the 
square meter.* 

* Vide chapter on regulations, &c., infra. 





VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 177 

REGULATIONS AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION. 

In Paris, in 18G7, the responsibility of the labor of installation was 
placed upon the commission from each country, but the imperial com¬ 
mission reserved to itself the surveillance of the work in order to secure 
harmonious results. In the French section the work was distributed 
amon^ syndicates elected for each group, or class of iiroducts, by the 
exhibitors, with the concurrence and advice of the committees of admis¬ 
sion. General rules were established not only for the French section, 
but for the whole. The commission, for their general supervision of the 
work, organized three principal services: one for the foreign sections, 
one for the French section, and one for the machinery-gallery. A fourth 
service was organized for the decoration of the outer gallery, and other 
committees were organized and empowered, as necessity required, for 
special work. 

The main avenues of entrance and the chief radial avenues were 
ornamented at suitable points by some of the most elegant objects from 
each group. There are many choice objects which appear to much better 
advantage when set out singly, with a broad passage-way about them, 
than they do in a gallery in close i)roximity to other objects. Here in 
Vienna the same idea finds expression in placing some of the choicest 
objects in the rotunda and along the main nave of the industry palace, 
but in both cases the objects are too much crowded. There is not suffi¬ 
cient room about them, and the discordance between objects totally dis¬ 
similar is very objectionable. In radial avenues crossing the several 
groups selected objects may be placed by themselves, and yet be in the 
zone of the groups to which they pertain. Putin the Vienna build¬ 
ing such grouping was not possible. 

At Paris the hanging of pictures and all the furnishing of the fine- 
art gallery was at the expense of the iuqTerial commission ; so also was 
the labor and expense of Ainpacking and placing the collections in the 
gallery of the history of labor. 

NECESSITY OF TIME FOR INSTALLATION. 

« 

In neither of the great international exhibitions has there been suffi¬ 
cient time allowed for the work of installation. The difficulties and the 
importance of this branch of exhibition-work are apparently soon for¬ 
gotten, and the same costly and annoying experience is repeated at each 
succeeding exhibition. The work requires deliberation, care, and the 
exercise of taste and skill. If the work is crowded into two or three 
weeks, or a month, it becomes almost impossible to find the needed 
workmen. All are engaged, and at double wages. It is wise economy, 
therefore, to begin in better season, and to have at least double or treble 
the time usually allowed by the most prudent hitherto. In Vienna the 
official regulations allowed only five weeks—from February 15 to April 

25_for the active work of installation. This was manifestly too short 

a period. Goods were, however, to be admitted by February 1. The re 
suit is well known. On the day of opening not one-third of the objects 
had been properly placed, and the work of installation extended through 
the months of May and part of June, so that the exhibition was not fairly 
ready until the middle of June. In consequence it lost the prestige of 
comparative perfection, and failed to produce a favorable impression at 
the first. This, considering the short period of six months allowed to 
the exhibition,'is a vital defect, operating most injuriously to the suc¬ 
cess and usefulness of the whole. 

S. Ex. 30-12 



178 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The French commission, in 18C7, urged upon foreign commissions the 
importance of having their show-cases and all constrnctions I'or mount¬ 
ing and displaying their products made in their respective countries, 
and that they should send their own workmen to put the cases together 
and place their products at the exhibition. This was done extensiv^ely 
at Paris and also at Vienna. 

As proposed in the draught of regulations reported to Congress* in 
February last, the buildings should be ready for the interior work of 
installation before November, 1875. The work of receiving and plac¬ 
ing objects should then commence in earnest. All the heavy objects 
should be received and placed, and the construction of the show-cases, 
courts, platforms, trophies, &c., should proceed vigorously, so that the 
greater part of the objects could be secured and installed long before 
the 1st of April. Even a longer period, and in more favorable weather, 
than is here proposed is desirable. Less time will not suffice. I liave 
already, in my weekly reports of irrogress, described in some detail the 
deplorable condition of affairs just before the opening—the delay, con¬ 
fusion, and waste incident to hurried installation—and it is not perhaps 
advisable to repeat the facts here. They all teach one lesson: take 
even twice the time and have even twice as efficient an organization 
as at any other exhibition, and there will not be an hour to spare. 

One important practical suggestion has grown out of the exigencies 
of the work in Vienna before May 1. There was great need of power- 
machinery for working wood. A typical sawing and planing mill on 
the ground at Fairmouut Park, and intended to form part of the exhi¬ 
bition, would be of great service from the very beginning of operations. 
As the installation ])rogresses the means of cutting and shaping boards 
and timber must be had, and great losses of time and money would be 
prevented by having a good job-mill on the ground. The same may be 
said in favor of having a forge and machine-shop, and of a stock of 
small hardware and ordinary tools within easy reach of the thousands 
of persons who will be actively working on the installation. 

The advisability of our commission assuming the care and responsibil¬ 
ity of providing cases and protection for foreign goods and perhaps for 
all exhibitors is sijggested. It might be desirable to have cases made 
by the quantity, in a plain uniform manner, and rent them out to exhib¬ 
itors. Instead of charging for space, as is done here, a small charge 
might be made for the use of a show-case according to the space occu¬ 
pied. We shall need to offer all possible inducements to secure a com¬ 
plete representation of the industries and manufactures of Europe, and 
this might be one that could be offered. 

A good systematic classification and plan of arrangement simplifies 
and lightens the work of installation. It makes a place for everything, 
permits of organized effort, and saves confusion and wrangling. But 
to secure any such, or other benefits from the classification, the construc¬ 
tion of the buildings must be subordinated to it. In other words, the 
building must be made to fit the objects it is to protect. It must 
not be a procrustean bed for the utter destruction of a well-devised plan. 
To make the building first and the plan of the exhibition afterwards is 
to reverse the logical order of things. The building is not the exhibi¬ 
tion, it is to protect the exhibition. At Vienna, the building did not 
recognize or permit bf the installation of objects upon any system except 
that the machinery was in one building, the agricultural machinery 
in another, and the remaining objects in a third. 

Forty-second Congress, third sess., Mis. Doc. No. 99, p. 10. 




179 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 

EXPENDITURES BY THE NATIONS. 

A large part of tbe money appropriated by the nations for the exhi¬ 
bition is expended in the work of installation. I include in this the 
special exhibitions and the buildings for them, such as the palace of the 
Viceroy of Egypt, the exhibitions by Prince Schwarzenberg, Prince 
of Saxe-Gotha, and others. {Some of the nations have been extremely 
liberal in this way. Turkey, it is said, appropriated £100,000 and Egypt 
£100,000, or equivalent to $500,000 each ; the United States appropri¬ 
ated $200,000, and so on. In some cases a very large part of these 
appropriations is devoted to decoration and to the erection of arches 
and other constructions to mark the entrances to their sections or divi¬ 
sion of the exhibition. An example of such an arch erected at the 
entrance to the Denmark court is here shown by photograph. Another, 
in the main nave between Prussia and France, has been mentioned. 

CONDITION OF THE INSTALLATION AT THE OPENING-DAY. 

{Extract from thepreliminari/ report, April 15, 1873.) 

This great miuI laborious part of the enterprise should now be nearly or (piite coui- 
}>leted in order to open the exhibition with Mat, according to the programme, on the 
1st of May. Wheu I arrived I was astonished to hud that the work had only just 
commenced. I may still say that it is only begun ! Chaos reigns where order is ex¬ 
pected. The work is two months behind. No amount of effort, no money, can receive, 
distribute, open and unpack the cases in time. It is a great disaster, and is a great 
lesson to ns, yet an often-repeatdd lesson taught by each exhibition in succession. 
Want of time! Not enough time allowed for construction, not enough for the trans¬ 
portation and reception of goods. 

The loss to the exposition, the delay of the work, is a gain so far as my mission is 
concerned; for the whole experience of the installation may be had. The work is very 
instructive, but has not progressed far enough to allow me to report upon it in time 
for the May meeting of the United States Centennial Commission. It will require my 
close attention from this time onward, probably until the 1st of June, or later, for I 
fear that day will not find all the articles duly placed. 

Some preliminary statements of the i)resent condition of the work will, however, be 
instructive; and may serve to impress upon the commission the vital importance of the 
early commencement of the work of consfruction of our buildings, of their early com¬ 
pletion and the early reception of articles, some of them months before the exhibition 
is to be opened. 

It was only in the last week of March, and the first week of this month, that mer¬ 
chandise began to arrive here in quantity for the exhibition. Since then it has been 
concentrating rapidly, much to the embarrassment of all concerned. The Northern 
Railway has been blocked for several days. Four hundred freight-cars are jammed 
together, and still others come. The road from Trieste, fortunately, not being so much 
crowded remains open, and several trains loaded with the cargo of the Supply, recently 
arrived from the United States, were en route last night, (14th.) 

The work of installation of machinery is yet far behind. There are but few pieces 
of machinery yet set up, and much of the shafting is yet to be hung. Mr. Pickering, 
the American machinist, is here, and is now actively engaged in preparing the United 
States section of the machinery-hall for the reception of the machinery. 

Much anxiety and delay have been caused in the installation work of the United 
States section in all of the departments, by reason of the absence of any plan drawn 
to a scale of the space assigned to the country, with the portions of space allotted to 
each exhibitor marked off upon it, as was required by the circular-letter of the general 
director. No. 20, in which each foreign commission wuis enjoined to have such plans 
ready before the first day of January, 1873. No such plan has, up to this time, been 
sent in or exhibited, by the United States Commission ; and the exhibitors w’ho are 
here and ready to commence the construction of cases and foundations for their goods 
are obliged to wait. 

In the British section nearly all of the spaces allotted were first marked off' on the 
plans, and from thence were marked off“ upon the fioorof the hall. In walking through 
the British section one sees everywdiere, in red lines painted upon the floor, the exact 
size of the base of the case to be erected upon that site, and the name of the person 
to whom the concession has been made. This system is very convenient and sjitisfac- 
tory to the managers and exhibitors, and saves much confusion and delay. It is diffi- 


180 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


cultj especially in the Ilnited States, to obtain a full response to the invitation to ex¬ 
hibit in season to permit of this way of allotting and indicating the space, but it should 
be insisted on as far as it is possible to enforce it. The merit of the system is very 
clearly shown at the ])resent time in the building where the British exhibitors or their 
agents are progressing favorably in the erection and placing of the cases, while in our 
section no exhibitor yet knows where to begin to work, and not a single case is in 
readiness to receive goods. The door has first to be marked off according to a pre¬ 
arranged plan. Similar embarrassment and delay occurred from the same cause in 
Paris in 1867. At that exhibition the imperial commission re(|[nired each committee 
of admission to have a plan prepared upon a scale of 0“*.020 to the meter, indicating 
exactly the partition of the space among the exhibitors in the respective groups. Con¬ 
ferences were held ui)6n the subject of the form and style of the cases, the effort being 
made to adapt them to the nature of the objects to be exhibited, and to secure such 
harmony in the form and decoration as would produce the most satisfactory effects. 
So far as yet appears, little or no attention has been given to this subject here, and the 
stall-like constructions which I see looming up in the center of some of the transverse 
halls cause me to fear that the general effect will be, in very many places, greatly im- 
jiaired by such constructions. 

The construction of cases is a very important matter connected with exhibitions, 
and they cost no small part of the whole outlay. Large establishments in England 
already have their agents here who are prepared to supply cases out of stock at a few 
days’ notice. 

GENERAL REMARKS ON INSTALLATION. 

The true spirit of exliibifions does not require great sacrilices of luouey ‘ 
ou tlie part of exhibitors for the sake of making a dazzling dis])lay 
of their objects. Costly cases, thougli attractive, and not to be rejected, 
are not essential for the majority of articles that represent the industry 
and the resources of a country. Skill and good taste, both trained by ex¬ 
perience, have liere produced very ])leasing etfects and at comparatively 
little cost. The forestry and agricultural exhibitions are conspicuous 
examples; so also are those of wines, preserved fruits, chemical products 
and minerals. Tlie series of photograplis of the interior of the several 
departments of this exhibition, as well as those of the Paris Exhibition 
of 1867, may be studied with much })rofit by the intending exhibitors 
in 1876. 

DR. EXNER ON INSTALLATION. 

(A free translation of an article in German.) 

Hundreds of experienced men are now engaged with critical exami¬ 
nations of every detail in the separate groups of the Vienna Exhibi¬ 
tion, in order to publish the results of their observations in a compre¬ 
hensive manner, but they will not be influenced solely by the contents 
of the show-cases, but also by the form and style in vdiich the objects 
are exhibited. The installation having great influence upon the 
msthetic sense, requires a careful and earnest examination, particularly 
as such investigations would prove of great benefit in future exhibitions. 
Upon whichever basis future expositions are organized, the business, 
the technical part of exhibition systems, will always remain an impor¬ 
tant question. 

The installation of an exhibition is a technical problem wdiich to solve 
requires as much knowledge and experience as any other technical 
problem. In spite of the tremendous magnitude and the great number 
of such undertakings the exliibition system has, in a technical sense, 
not yet reached perfection. The Vienna Exhibition proves how danger¬ 
ous amateur proceedings are in such important work. The peculiar 
charm in the life of an exhibition official, the possibility of satisfying 
one’s ambition in a short time with comparative little exertion, calls for¬ 
ward a great many ambitious individuals. Of such persons everyone 
believes himself to have been born with special genius for such work, 
and through such amateurs and volunteers the technical part of an 
exhibition is endangered. It is a work which can only be mastered 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-KEPOET OF W. P. BLAKE. 181 

tliroiigli knowledge,* skill, and experience. The principles and rules may 
be simple enough, but they must be understood to apply them well. 

The business or art of installation is important enough to be discussed 
at a public meeting, and, like the contents of the exhibition, to be dis¬ 
cussed and considered from every point of view in order to secure the 
best results in the future. The few rules which will now be brouglit 
forward, are abstracts of the exhibition experience for the last ten years. 
The general public does not jmt understand these princi[)les and feels 
only the results of the installation. The wisitor experiences discomfort, 
fatigue, and even physical pain in studying an exhibition without know¬ 
ing why. He might instead be at ease and be satisfied and instructed 
without knowing why. 

The installation of an exhibition is divided in two principal groups, 
the distribution of space and selection of colors. To these belong a 
third, artistic decoration. In regard to the distribution of the existing 
space, the arrangement of buildings is the first consideration. Next is 
the arrangement of the plan of the separate buildings in the exhibition- 
grounds, and thirdly the assignment of space for objects, like tables, for 
wall-cases, and for objects to occupy space on walis. Kegard must be 
had to the natvvre of the object in assigning it space. The question must 
be decided whe ther horizontal, vertical, or other inclined surfaces should 
be used, and also the manner of arranging these spaces, whether througli 
tables, counters, steps, pyramids, &c. All these matters are influenced 
by the size of the place, the number and kind of objects, the number of 
exhibitors, the existing capital, and finally by the duration of the ex¬ 
hibition. The more that is known of these essential conditions, tiie less 
difficulty there will be in making the proper installation. 

If, as in Vienna, one is uncertain, even at the last moment, about the 
proportion of space required for different groups, or, as in former exhi¬ 
bitions, the administration is to receive an increase of space, or of capi¬ 
tal, at a time when the installation has already begun, then confusion is 
the result, for which technical men cannot be made responsible. With 
regard to tiie selection of size of Infiazontal cases, we have a number of 
established rules. The height of a table-case above the floor should be 
0.8 meter. The height of cases depends entirely upon the stand-point 
from which they are to be viewed. This point may be considered to be 
about the middle of the open space between the cases. 

If the passage way is three meters wide, the visitor generally stands 
IJ metre from the object exhibited. The height of cases should in such 
cases be 2.0 meters. If the visitor stands three meters distant, the 
height should be 3.5 meters. The average height of the eye is here ac¬ 
cepted as 1.5 meter. The inclination of counter-cases should never be 
more than fifteen degrees from the horizontal. If a counter stands 
against the wall the side against the wall should be one metre above the 
floor, and the front side 1.2 meters from the wall. The middle line of 
double counters should also not exceed one meter above the floor, and 
the width on the surface not more than 2.4 meters. Shelves can be in¬ 
clined on either side. Overhanging shelves are not as much used as 
they should be. They are excellent for installation pur{)oses. It is also 
a rule that one shelf should never cover or hide another from view. 

STORAGE OF PACKING-CASES. 

There is a system of labeling cases and of recording them as they are 
delivered at the building. Storage has been provided for em[)ty pack¬ 
ages and boxes in the vicinity ot the exhibition, and to these depots 
workshops have been added, so that all the packing-cases which require 
it may be repaired and put into perfect order for the reception of the 


182 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIO^^ERS. 


goods at the close of the exhibition. A fixed tariff of*the charges for the 
storage has been adopted and published as follows : 


Tariff of charges for storing empty paclcages, including porterage and 

7'epairing. 


Cubic contents 
in meters. 

Rent. 

CHARGE FOR REPAIRING. 

Slightly damaged 
cases. 

1 Class. 

Badly damaged 
cases. 

II Class. 

Broken glass. 

Ill Class. 

FLORINS IN AUSTRIAN CURRENCY. 

Up to ^ 

0.60 

.10 

.20 

.40 

“ 1 

0. 80 

.15 

.30 

.60 

“ H 

1.00 

.20 

.40 

.80 

“ 2 

1.20 

.25 

.50 

1.00 

“ 2i 

1.40 

.30 

.60 

1.20 

“ 3 

1.70 

.40 

.70 

1.40 

“ ^ 

2.00 

.50 

.80 

1.60 

4 

2.30 

, .60 

.90 

1.80 

“ H 

2. 60 

.75 

1.00 

2. 00 

“ 5 

3. 00 

.90 

1.15 

2.30 


3. 50 

1.10 

1.35 

2. 60 

6 

4.00 

1.30 

1.55 

2. 90 


The official contractor is accountable for all packing-cases except 
when damaged by fire or by unforeseen circumstances. 

Applications for the return of packages with the exact, destination 
must be made at the office of the warehouse. 

All charges must be paid in advance upon the delivery of the voucher. 


Specimen of the record of the work of administration of the installation syndicate at Paris, 

in 1867.^ 


Designation of the classes. 

Areaoccupiad. 

Objects. 

Expenses. 

o 

cz 

rt 

a 

Weight—tons of 
1,000 kilos. 

Value— fraiic.s. 

General, t 

Special to each 
exhibitor. 

Total. 







Francs. 

Irancs. 

Francs. 

Class 54—Machine-tools. 

806 

341 


618 

822 523 




Classes 55, 56 — Spinning, rope- 

1,895 


:8C2 

300 

400; 000 

34,118 

12,000 

46, 118 

making, and weaving. 









Class 57—Sewing and making up 

238 

50 

179 

26 

89, 375 

8, 202 

13, 224 

21, 426 

clothing. 









Class 59—Paper-making, dyeing. 

538 

468 


140 

522, 350 

25, 861 



and printing. 







Class 60—Machines, instruments. 

95 


67 

19 

82, 310 

4, 418 

4, 272 

00 

^■z> 

o 

and processes. 









Class 61 — Carriages and wheel- 

408 

143 

240 

80 

383, 260 

21, 984 



weights work. 









Cla.ss 63—Railway apparatus. 

552 

597 

160 

734 

1, 069, 000 

29, 594 

79, 092 

108, 686 


* From the report of the Imperial Commission, p. 44. 

t The general expenses of each class comprise the preparation of the surface, (flooring or paving,) the 
balustrade around the class, the accessories of the general decoration, the expenses of surveillance and 
of the administration of the syndicate, and the expenses of the construction of the annexes of tlie park 
when the allotted spaces did not appear to the syndicate to be sufficient. The syndicate not only 
managed the general interests of the class, but it also undertook for those exhibitors who wished it 
special installation-work. 

J This rigure includes the boxes sent by the railway only. 

























































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


183 


INSTALLATION AND CASES. 

IX.—GENERAL AND SPECIAL REGULATIONS AND AR¬ 
RANGEMENTS FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF VISITORS. 

The general regulations of the exhibition were published for the 
guidance of foreign exhibitors and commissions in programme Nos. 
19,20, January 27, 1872, (English edition.) Reference may be made to 
this for the details, which were in most cases adhered to. 

Exhibitors were not required to pay for a boarded floor or to con¬ 
tribute to laying out the gardens, but x^aid for the space they occupied 
according to a fixed tariff*. Each foreign nation paid for the whole 
space occupied and arranged in regard to it with its own exhibitors. 
The tariff* x)er square meter was as follows: 

Florins. 


Ill the industrial palace... 10 

In the machinery-hall... 4 

In the court-yards of the palace. 4 

In the jiark, open air.. 1 

In the spaces covered at the cost of the exhibitor. 3 


Those who exhibited objects of fine art and who contributed objects 
to the amateurs^ exhibition had no charge to pay for space. 

The exhibition-grounds were considered as a bonded warehouse. 

Objects exhibited could be removed before the close only by special 
X)ermission of the general manager. 

At the close, objects not removed before January 1, 1874, were to be 
sent to warehouse at the cost and risk of exhibitors, and finally sold, if 
not called for. 

Foreign commissions were requested to send the necessary data for the 
catalogue juior to January, 1873. 

Dangerous and inflammable substances were excluded. 

All expenses of forwarding, unpacking, and placing objects were to 
be paid by the exhibitor. The period of admission was from the 1st of 
February until the 15th of April; but there were many exceptions in 
favor of those whose goods arrived late. Exce])tion was thus made in 
favor of the United States and of other countries. 

Exhibitors were to insure their objects if they wished, at their own 
expense. So also with works of art, the responsibility and expense of 
insuring was left to the respective foreign commissioners. No charge 
was made for space in the art exhibition. 

In the art exhibition the local arrangement was geographical, and, 
as far as possible, the works of different countries were in different 
rooms. All copies, as well as any pictures not properly framed, were 
excluded. Round or oval frames were not received. 

General and special regulations were issued in regard to nearly every 
department of the exhibition in connection with the printed programmes 
relating to such department. This was the case especially with the de- 
})artments of agriculture, forestry, and horticulture, and the exhibitions 
of cattle and of horses. 

For the machinery-hail special regulations were issued March 15, 
1872, in x^rogramme No. 49. 

Exhibitors of mayhinery were required to state in their apiffications 
the length and breadth of space required in meters; the actual horse¬ 
power required ; the quantity of steam ; quantity of water, and quantity 
of gas required x)er hour. The power was supxJied without charge. 
Exhibitors furnished all i)ulleys and belting at their own cost. The 
main lines of shafting were erected and kept in order by the imperial 







184 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


commission. Railings around macliines in motion were required. A 
small workshop was erected on the grounds for the convenience of the 
exhibitors, and was found very useful. One upon a larger scale, and 
with a variety of machine-tools, should be established at the exhibi¬ 
tion-grounds, Fairinount Park, before the construction commences ; 
and a shop for sawing, turning, and planing wood is also desirable, and 
woukl be well employed during the season of construction and of in¬ 
stallation. 

Special regulations were issued from time to time, according to cir¬ 
cumstances, and all announcements to the public were conspicuously 
placarded upon bulletin boards along the avenues leading to the exhi¬ 
bition, and were published in the exhibition'paper. 

FORWARDING, RECEIVING, AND ERECTING OBJECTS. 


The following are copies of the imperial regulations relating to for- 
Avarding, receiving, and erecting objects designed for the exhibition: 

(See rules 22, 23, 24, 25, 20, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39 and 40 of 
the general regulations issued by the Austrian Commission, 1873.) 


TIME OF OPENING AND CLOSING. 


In the month of May the exhibition AAms opened to visitors at 10 
o’clock in the morning and closed at 0 o’clock in the evening, until the 
25th, when the doors were opened an hour earlier, or at 9 a. m. In June 
and July the doors of the building were closed at 7 p. in., but visitors 
Avere alloAved in the grounds until 10 p. m. In August and September 
the building opened at 9 a. m. and was closed at G p. ra., and no one Avas 
allowed to enter tlie grounds later than 7 p. m. The grounds and restau¬ 
rants Avere lighted with gas, but no lights were [lermitted in the exhibi¬ 
tion-buildings. 

CUSTOAI-IIOUSE REGULATIONS. 


By a decree of tlie ministry of finances, dated August 9, 1872> 
repertorj^ of laws, (Reichsgesetzblatt, part xiv, page 380, 'So. 127) the 
exhibition-buiUling and its precincts Avere made a bonded warehouse. 
That decree is as follows : 


No. 63.] UNIVERSAL EXIIIBITION, 1873, IN VIENNA. 

Custom-house and excise regulations for foreign exhibition-goods. 

1. The frontier cnstora-honse offices have to dispatch direct, without opening, the 
packing-cases and parcels, with advice or way-notes, and the custorn-house seal attached 
either to the cars, or to the parcels, all exhibition-goods arriving accompanied by due 
certificates of admission from tlie respective foreign exhibition-commissions, to the 
delegate of the chief cnstom-house office stationed in the exhibition-grounds. 

A list with details of contents of the packing-cases and parcels furnished for each 
consignment by its exhibitor must accompany every advice or way-note for the goods. 

2. The exhibition custom-house office examines and removes the seals of each con¬ 
signment and books all the lists specifying the goods arrivdng with the advice or way- 

' note, and delivers the goods to the respective foreign commissions whose duty it is to 
keep an exact account of the goods handed over to tliem, and to submit the same, when 
required, to the custom-house authorities for inspection. 

3. The list of details of contents which is to accompany each packing-case and par¬ 
cel need not contain a description of the goods such as is required by the customs tariff; 
it will be sufficient that the goods are specified according to their commercial denomi¬ 
nation as to kind and quantity. 

It will be the duty of the exhibition custom-house office to complete the lists of de¬ 
tails, by the addition of the exact tariff classificatiou to which the goods belong, and 
to make the entries in the register in accordance therewith. 

4. No goods are permitted to leave the exhibition and its precincts without a proper 
pass. Such pass will be issued by the commission of the country whence the goods 
have been sent, and must have attached to them, in order to make them valid, the seal 
of the exhibition custom-house office, in proof of having been officially dealt with. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 185 

The pass for foreign goods will he distinguished by a different color from that for in¬ 
land goods. 

5. ^ Goods which are being sent back to the foreign countries must be directed by the 
exhibition custom-house office to the respective frontier custom-houses and accom¬ 
panied by an advice or way-note. 

6. For goods which remain in Austria-Hungary and within the excise-district of 
Vienna, import duty, and respectively excise duty, must be paid according to the 
cliarges which will be made by the exhibition custom-house office, after examination 
of the goods. 

7. The exhibition-goods and the owners of the same are held answerable, in the first 
instance, for the custom and excise duties; anffin the second place, the responsibility 
devolves upon the respective foreign commissions. 

The responsibility is transferred to the forwarding agents when thev take charo-e of 
the goods. ° 

8. Unexplained discrepancies between the actual contents of the packages and par¬ 
cels as to the quantity and kind of the goods and the list of details, as well as the un¬ 
authorized removal of goods from the exhibition buildings and grounds, and also the 
unauthorized sale or disposal of goods in the exhibition buildings and grounds, will be 
dealt with according to law. 

9. Tobacco, and goods manufactured of tobacco, are not permitted to be sold in the 
exhibition-buildings, nor are they allowed to be removed for such a purpose from the 
place of the exhibition. 

10. Foreign exhibition-objects which have not been presented to the exhibition cus¬ 
tom-house office for the purpose of obtaining the necessary orders for their exportation 
within three months alter the close of the exhibition, will be liable to the payment of 
import duty, and if they are subject to the excise duty, to the payment of the same 
likewise. 

(Decree of the ministry of finances, dated August 9, 1872, No. 127, repertory of laws, 
[Reichsgesetzblatt] part xlv.) 

It was part of the duty of officers on watch at the exit-gates to ex¬ 
amine every package or parcel taken out, to see whether it contained 
dutiable articles, or whether accompanied by a pass or not. 

FORM OF WAGON-PASS. 

The annexed is the blank form of a pass for a loaded wagon in dupli¬ 
cate, the stub or duplicate being retained in the book, and its number 
in manuscript corresponding with the number of the pass issued. It 
will be noted that the number of the gate by which the vehicle is to go 
out is specified, and the nature of the goods, for whom destined, and the 
name of the driver. It is dated, signed, stamped, and sealed. 


WELTAUSSTELLUNG 1873 WIEN. 

Ausgang beim Thor Nr.. 

Fassirschem A>. 21601. 

Fiir.Wagen beladen mit. 


WELTAUSSTELLUNG 1873 WIEN. 

Ausgang beim Thor Nr. 

Fassirschein Nr. 21601. 

Fiir.Wagen beladen mit. 


bestimmt fiir. 

Name des Fuhrmannes. 

Name seines Kutschers.!.. 

Ausstellungsplatz im Prater, 
am.187 . 

(Unterschrift.) 


bestimmt fiir.. 

Name des Fuhrmannes. 

Name seines Kutschers. 

Ausstellungsplatz im Prater, 


am.. 

(Siegel.) 


187 . 

(Unterschrift.) 
























186 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


MEMORANDUM OF SALES. 

The following is a copy of the blanks used in the custom-house as a 
memorandum of sales made iu this case by the Japanese, stating the 
object and its destination. Size of ticket, 4J by 3§. 


WELTAUSSTELLUNG 1873 WIEN. 

Nr.... 


a 


WELTAUSSTELLUNG 1873 WIEN. 
Nr.... 


Japan (Park.) 

Verkauft: 

Object:. 


An Herrn. 

Adresse:. 

Wieu, den 


r- 

3D 

O 

p 

p 

p 

p 

H 

cc 

m 

P 

<! 

H 

P 

P 


Japan (Park.) 

Verkauft: 

Object:. 


An Herrn. 

Adresse:... 

Wien, den 

Dieser Schein ist behnffs Legitimation 
aufzubewahren. 


CERTIFICATE OF DUTY PAID. 

Annexed is the form of certificate of duties paid, or Zolb-quittung.” 
It appears to be the same as those in general use at the custom-houses, 
but is stamped Weltausstellung iu colored ink. 

Provinz: 


K. K. Zollamt 


-y ( Magazins-Buclies. 

Nr. desv- 

f Waaren-Protokolls. 





























VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 

ZOLL-QUITTUNG Nr. 2620. 


187 


Am 28-10, 1873, uni 
entricbtet Maiquez 


Ubr 


von 


laut 


fiir Waaren iin 


aiif 


Register 


Ein- 


( an8 

gange <? - 

Aus- S ( uacb 


als: 35-10. H. Watson. Mittalf, E. G., II, b. 


Giltig zum Transporte: 
im Grenzbezirke iiber 
nacb bin non 


nnd ini inneren Zollgebiete fiber 


nacb 


bis 


Mittags 


Eutricbtete 

Gebiibren. 



Eiugangs-Zoll__ 

Ausgangs-Zoll___ 

Durcbfnbrs-Zoll_ 

Waggeld. 

Zettelgeld. 

Siegeltaxe. 

Lagerzius. 

ZoIIznscblag. 

Tabak-Licenz. 


Verzebrnrigssteuer . 


Stun den Genieinde-Zuscblac: 


Znsanimen 


17 



1 • 29 

A. Nr. 76 a. Streng verrecbenb. Drneks. 1873. Muster 16 zum Amtsimterricbte 


THE TASTING-IIALL. 


Provisiou was made for tlie erection of a tasting-liall” in which ex’ 
hibitors could sell small portions of their wines, beer, or edible products, 
under strict rules, which were published in programme No. G5. It was in 
fact a great refreshment saloon, or a series of bars in alcoves, side by 
side, where Jhe viands of almost all countries were retailed. There was 
only one main passage-way or hall for the imblic, and all chairs or seats 
were strictly excluded. The smallest compartment or alcove had a coun¬ 
ter two meters long. The rent, 200 florins per meter, was paid in ad¬ 
vance at the time of application, and only exhibitors were allowed to rent 
compartments. The sale of produce not exhibited was prohibited, and 
also beverages on draught. Only such articles were admitted and sold 
as were capable of being stored in the ordinary way of trade, such as 
bottled wine, liquors, preserved fruits, and canned meats and fish. The 


% 




























188 


RP]P0RT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


regulations even prescribed the maximum of a “ drink.’^ For wines it 
was not to exceed 0.044 liter, and for liquors half as much. 

The duty on all articles liable to it was paid in advance. One ?fdvan- 
tage the exhibitor had was the reduced freight on all goods intended 
for the exhibition or the “tasting-hall.’’ 

Water was supplied by hydrant to each alcove, but all other fittings, 
furniture, or any decorations were to be supplied by the tenant. JNo 
underletting was permitted, and compartments not occupied for three 
weeks were relet. 

GENERAL INQUIRY AND RECLAMATION OFFICE. 

At the entrance of the office of general direction there is a bureau for 
general inquiry and reclamation, where information may be asked for 
by any one, and replies can be given in the German, French, English, 
and Italian languages. This is furnished with tables and chairs, and 
one or more intelligent and good-humored persons are stationed there to 
answer the thousand questions constantly asked b}" inquisitive and 
thoughtless persons as well as those from people who really need some 
information. The office serves also as a place for lodging complaints 
of an^^ misdemeanor or incivility on the part of the guards or servants 
of the administration. 

In response to urgent requests from many quarters, Professor Han- 
sheck and Exner have been appointed to furnish visitors with informa¬ 
tion regarding the various objects exhibited. The former can be con¬ 
sulted every Wednesday afternoon and the latter every Saturday after¬ 
noon at their office in the additional exhibition called Historv of Trades 
and Inventions. 


READING AND WRITING ROOM. 

In the post and telegraph building, at the right of the chief entrance 
of the exhibition grounds, two reading-rooms are opened, which can be 
used for writing letters and for preparing telegraphic messages. At 
these rooms there are 140 home and foreign nevvspapers on tile. En¬ 
trance price, 5 kreutzers, equal only to 2.J cents United States currency. 

ROOK STORE. 

The exhibition book-store is located opposite the jury pavilion. A 
list of all publications that are ])laced for sale in this store is published 
weekly. All newspapers and catalogues can be procured here. Stands 
for the sale of articles from this book-store are to be found in every 
part of the exhibition and grounds. 

SEATS FOR VISITORS. 


The general direction provided benches for the free use oT visitors to 
the exhibition and grounds. These were placed at intervals along the 
covered ways and in shaded places. In addition to these, 12,000 arm¬ 
chairs and seats, made of iron and weather-proof, were furnished and 
distributed all over the grounds and in the covered ways for the use of 
the public. The charge for an arm-chair was 10 kreutzers, and for a 
seat, 5 kreutzers. There were also some fifteen hundred or two thou¬ 
sand chairs placed in semi-circles fronting the orchestra-stand, for the 
comfort of those desiring to hear the music in the afternoon. The 


I 


VIENNA EXPOSITION 


KEI'ORT OF W P. BLAKlJr. 


189 


charge for these chairs was 20 kreiitzers. This sum is collected by fe¬ 
males, who watch every new-comer, and, as soon as a seat is taken, de¬ 
mand payment. They carry a leathern pouch and a package of small 
paper checks numbered in sequence. One of these checks is handed to 
each occupant of a chair when he pays, and serves to show to the con¬ 
troller, who may ])ass by at any moment, that the money has been paid. 


ROLLING -CHAI us. 


Five hundred or more rolling-chairs have also been furnished for the 
use of visitors, and are to be found at all the entrances about the rotun¬ 
da. The charge for the first hour is one fioriu fifty kreutzers, and for 
each following hour one florin ; for half a day five florins, and for the 
whole day ten florins. These chairs are similar to those used in Paris in 
3867. They are indispensable to the comfort of some persons, and in¬ 
deed invalids and feeble persons could not see the exhibition without 
them. Even strong men become greatly fatigued by a visit to the exhi¬ 
bition. There is not only the physical exertion of walking, and bending 
over, and of using the eyes, but the mind is actively employed at the 
same time. After four hours’ labor in seeing and noting the peculiarities 
of objects, the back, limbs, eyes, and the braiu are simultaneously ex¬ 
hausted. 

The wheeled chairs are used in the grounds as well as in the industry- 
])alace, but they are pushed with great difficulty over the loose gravel. 
The floor also of the industry-palace is so uneven that the motion to an 
occupant of the chair must be like that of a coach over a conluroy road. 


CLOAK-ROOMS AND PARCELS-OFFICE. 

It was found desirable to have near each of the principal entrances at 
the west end, places where visitors could leave their overcoats, umbrel¬ 
las, or small parcels during the day while at the exhibition. These 
depots were well patronized, and were a great convenience. A fixed 
charge of a few kreutzers made tliem self-sustaining. 

POST-OFFICE. 

A post-office was established within the exhibition for the delivery of 
letters to persons calling for them—a paste restante —in addition to the 
regular delivery service by carriers, which was extended to all parts of 
the exhibition. At this office stamps could be purchased and letters 
mailed to any part of the world. There were also letter-boxes at many 
different points in the building and grounds. The postal-service there, 
as well as in Vienna generally, was conducted in a most efficient and 
satisfactory manner, and merited close attention and investigation. . 

X.—THE POLICING OF THE AHENNA EXHIBITION. 

The preservation of order and the protection of property at the ex¬ 
hibition-buildings and in the grounds is confided to a mixed service of 
civil police and of the military. The same regiment of sappers and 
miners, which has been engaged on the ground from the commencement 
of the work, has been retained, and now acts as guard and as a reserve- 
force in case of accident or fire. 

The civil branch of the service‘consists of twelve hundred men de¬ 
tailed from the Vienna city-police, but under separate direction and 


190 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


control of one chief, Herr Steiskel, and five captains or assistants, 
organization is as follows: 


The 


Chief of police. 

Five assistants or captains. 

(Five police-stations. 

Six large guard-houses. 

Twelve smaller guard-houses.) 

Eight “ inspectors of quarters’^ for each station. 

Twelve hundred policemen. 

Six hundred sappers and miners, 

(Under separate direction and orders.) 

Twenty detectives in plain clothing. 

Two or more men are placed in each transept within sight of each 
other.- They have their assigned beats, and the number of men is de¬ 
termined by the density or number of the objects and the possibility of 
seeing them all, and by the extent to which the public usually resort to 
that "group or portion of the building. The military and the police 
work together. They are relieved every two hours.* At night, after 
the public have been excluded from the building, the police and guard¬ 
ians, (of which each commission has usually several,) are called to¬ 
gether and leave also. The doors are all locked. The inspectors walk 
through to see that all is safe and then withdraw. The buildings, at 
least the industry-palace and the machinery-hall, are thus vacated by 
every person at night, and are watched on the outside at every door and 
Avindow by the military sentinels and the hre-patrol. 

The inspectors of quarters are assigned to the following portions of 
the building : One in the rotunda ; one in the east wing ; one in the west 
wing; one in the art-gallery; one in the machine-hall, and two in the 
grounds. 

Most of the larger exhibitors in the Austrian section, especially those 
who have any trading interests, keep one or more agents constantly 
with their objects in the building, who thus serve the purpose of guard¬ 
ing their goods, and at the same time, perhaps, keeping watch of some of 
the exhibitions made by their neighbors. These persons, also, in part 
relieve the administration from the necessity of having so large a force 
of policemen as would otherwise be required. The special exhibitions 
in the detached buildings, especially those made by large incorporated 
companies, or the German princes, are protected or watched over by 
special guardians in the service of the exhibitors. Many of the foreign 
commissions also employ guardians, whose duty it is to keep the dust oft* 
from the exhibits, to give information, and to keep watch over the 
property. 

In the United States section the whole care and direction of the work 
of guarding and attending to the condition of the section has by ar¬ 
rangement been given over to the general administration. At night no 
one connected with the commission is allowed to enter. The property 
is in charge of the imperial commission. 

The employment of detectives does not need explanation. It is a 
lamentable fact that there are those who need watching, and probably 
the faithful attention to duty by the police-force is promoted by their 
knowing that they are secretly watched, as well as the visitors. 

The provision made for the discovery and extinguishment of firecon- 


* This statement has been made to me, but I have doubts as to its correctness. 




VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


191 


nects itself with the police service. In case of Deed the police and fire 
service of the Prater cao be called upon, as well as those of the city it¬ 
self, to act in conjunction with the specially organized and distinct ser¬ 
vice of the exhibition. »» 

POLICE ARRANGEMENTS AT PARIS, 1867. 

In Paris, in 1867, until the 1st of February, 1867, the police service 
of the e?:position was performed entirely by men from the 7th arrondisse- 
ment (district.) Forty-two men at least were employed each day. 

After the 1st of February the number w^as increased by men selected 
from the old sergents deville, from different districts. The total number 
of men in force in the interior of the exposition was 623. To this num¬ 
ber should be added 60 guards, charged with the care of the park. This 
number was placed under the direction of an officer specially designed 
for the service of the exposition. 

Independently of these different services, the prefecture of police 
furnished during the whole of the exposition 85 sergents de mile, to be 
on guard from 10 o’clock in the morning until 5 o’clock in the evening, 
on the outskirts of the Champs deMars, and to have supervision of the 
carriages and hacks. 

In the interior of the palace the same men or agents had always the 
same place to guard. There were great advantages arising from this 
arrangement, for these men became acquainted with the different exhi¬ 
bitions and their exhibitors, and consequently could at once observe 
any displacement of articles not made by the exhibitor. The cases of 
theft during the whole time of the exposition were very few. 

XL—FIEF DEPAETMBNT, WATER SERVICE, SAlSlTx^RY 

FITTIMIS. 

PROVISION AGAINST FIRE. 

Inasmuch as most of the buildings of the ex})osition are not fire-proof, 
and contain combustible materials, provision against fire is of extreme 
importance, and has received the careful attention of the direction. 

It has very justly been considered that it is not only essential 
to provide the means of putting out a fire as quickly as possible, but to 
establish a thorough guard or watch over the premises, so that the first 
signs of a fire may be detected and reported without loss of time. * 

The watch or patrol service is performed during the day by the local 
police and guards stationed throughout the buildings in conjunction with 
the town police and soldiers of the corps of engineers, and at night by 
the town police and soldiers only. The duties of the service are carried 
out, as experience has proved, with the utmost attention and conscien¬ 
tiousness. In addition to the above-named force, there are for the night 
season sentries in all quarters of the building and grounds. Notwith¬ 
standing their immense extent these sentries are visited periodically by 
patrols of the fire-brigade conducted by officers. The buildings are 
watched and guarded outside as well as inside, and in fact the service 
is so complete that it can safely be maintained, as has already several 
times been proved, that any fire which arises must be discovered and 
extinguished before it becomes destructive and unmanageable. 

* These details concerning the fire-brigade service are from an official source, and 
have been freely translated for this report. 






192 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The fire-brigade is composed exclusively of soldiers of the corps of 
engineers, of which there are four companies in the exhibition and 
grounds j consequently it is organized on a military basis. The first 
working company of this regiment, with a force of eleven officers and 
one hundred and eleven men, was detailed for this duty. More than 
one-half of this number served in the city fire-brigade for four mouths 
last year, and are skilled firemen; the military commander having 
selected these men, by consent of the municipal authorities, in exchange 
for others not familiar with the duties. This body was a^t'terward 
trained and drilled in the use of fire-engines and the different extin¬ 
guishing apparatus by one of the captains of the city fire-brigade. Of 
this body of men there are daily on duty two officers and twenty-five 
men ; in readiness for duty, two officers and twenty men; in reserve, 
two officers and twenty-five men; altogether six officers and seventy 
men. The others are used for duty about the barracks, and part are off 
dut3\ The men on duty and in readiness are quartered in the two watch- 
houses between the industry-palace and the art-gallery. The watch- 
houses are in telegraphic connection with the barracks, as also with all 
the offices all over the exhibition-grounds with which it is necessary 
that a rapid means of communication should exist. 

The formation of the military fire-brigade was an indisputable neces¬ 
sity, because the total force of the town fire-brigade is only twenty 
officers and one hundred and eight men, of whom daily in the central 
ward six officers and thirty-six firemen are on duty, and in the other 
districts eight officers and forty men, altogether fourteen officers and 
seventy six firemen, while the remainder are partly off’ duty and partly 
on home-duty. It was consequently impossible for the town fire-brigade 
to undertake the arduous duty required for the exhibition fire-service, 
so that all that has been done has been to establish a telegraphic con¬ 
nection between the exhibition and the Central and Leopold stadt 
wards, so as to be able to fall back upon their resources in the case of 
urgent necessity, which, however, is never likely to happen. It is or¬ 
dered that any help whatever from the volunteer fire-brigade of the 
suburbs is to be radically avoided. 

Although the military fire-brigade, which is very good and well 
drilled, does not quite equal the city-brigade as regards practice and 
reliability, it is nevertheless composed of intelligent and practical 
people, mostly men engaged in house-building, who, under the di¬ 
rection of trained officers in this branch, will be able to do very good 
service in case of fire. 

Moreover, the fact is not to be overlooked that the number of the ex¬ 
hibition fire-brigade is nearly equal to that of the whole city, and that 
in the exercise of their duties they will not have so many complex 
problems to solve, but can set about them in a much quicker and satis¬ 
factory manner. 

In conclusion, in case of great emergency there could be placed at 
the disposition of the military commander a force of from two hundred 
and fifty to three hundred mrn, well armed and equiiii)ed, besides the 
fire-brigade and safety-service, without weakening any service whatever. 
For the preservation of public order, such force could be on the site of 
the fire within ten minutes after the alarm was given, and, if required, 
could lay aside their equipment and be used for extinguishing the 
flames. 

The fire-apparatus for the military fire-brigade comprises two com¬ 
plete and fully-equipped fire-engines, two large-sized ^^liydropliores^^'' two 
water wagons, two hose-carriages, each with about GOO linear feet of 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


193 


hose, tool-carriage, ladders, &c., and all necessary eqnipinents and hel¬ 
mets for the men. Two companies have been formed with this equip¬ 
ment, and by the employment of all the means afforded four powerful 
streams can thus be brought to bear on the flames. 

The most ample precautions have been taken to guarantee a sufficient 
supply oi water under all circumstances. A network of piping underlies 
and branches out into all parts of the exhibition-grounds. There are 
ninety-one fire-plugs and one hundred and seventy hydrants. The water 
flows from elevated reservoirs, which are supplied by one high-pressure 
and two low-pressure engines from mammoth wells sunk in the gravel, 
which are practically inexhaustible. 

Fifty-seven of the fire-plugs are inside the industrial palace; the other 
thirty-four are in the art-gallery. By proper use of the fire-plugs every 
part of the building can be reached by the streams of water. The hy¬ 
drants are in the courts, between the cross galleries of the industry-pal¬ 
ace, and are distributed along the roads and in the gardens over the 
whole exhibition-grounds. Inside the building the fire plugs are kept 
in constant readiness for use, and are fitted with leather hose already 
screwed on, with nozzle attached, so that in the simplest manner possible 
they can be put in operation by a single man. The hydrants work in a 
similar way, but with the exception that a goose-neck has to be first 
screwed on. All the members of the militar^^ fire-brigade have • been 
instructed in the management of these hydrants so as to be familiar with 
their use. 

All fire-plugs and hydrants are put in operation several times during 
the day, firstly, for the purpose of obtaining the water necessary for 
sprinkling the floors, and then for watering the gardens and roads. By 
doing this, the assurance is obtained of their being constantly in good 
working-order, and an opportunity is afforded for remedying without 
delay anything interfering with their functions. 

In addition to all these the bodies of water contained in eleven large 
fountain-basins, and also the water of the Henstadt, can be brought into 
use if required, together with that of nine large wells, sunk six feet 
below the mean-level of the Danube Biver, and walled up, from which 
source alone, with the help of the hose to be found in all quarters of the 
exhibition and grounds, all the objects within the exhibition domain can 
be reached, and thus, under the most unfavorable circumstances, there is 
no cause whatever, in the opinion of the direction, to fear any insufficiency 
of water. 

The telegraph-service, in as far as it is connected with the military 
bureau, is worked day and night in three stations in the exhibition, 
by men specially appointed for this duty from the military force. The 
signals employed are bell-signals which are situated at the east end, 
west portal of the industry-palace, and both portals of the machine 
hall, and, worked by a system of wire and iron triangles, convey the 
intelligence of the outbreak of a fire to the fire and safety watchmen ; 
then there are horn signals, which, as well as the telegraph, are used for 
giving the alarm at the barracks; and, lastly, whistles, which are used 
by the safety-watch for communication with the military. 

There have already been at least four cases of fire in the industry- 
palace and the machinery-hall. In two cases which came to my knowl¬ 
edge the fire originated among the papers, straw, and litter of a mass of 
packing-cases recently emptied, and was caused, probably, by some 
smoker, who either lighted a pipe or cigar, or dropped matches upon 
the floor. 

In all of these instances the fire was quickly extinguished. But not- 
IS. Ex. 30-13 



194 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS, 


witlistaiidiiig’ all of tbe precautions taken, I cannot but feel tliat there 
is very great danger of a destructive contlagTation among those 
buildings. 

The experience of our Crystal Palace in Kew York is still fresh in 
the minds of many, and it is well known tliat the open floor gave the 
greatest possible opi)ortunity for the rapid spread of the flames when 
the wood was once ignited. The fate of the Alexandra Palace is another 
warning, and it is our duty to secure, as far as practicable, fire-proof 
structures for our purposes in 187G. 

In the Paris exposition of 1867 there were four or five incipient con¬ 
flagrations, but all were arrested in good season, and were hardly known 
to the public. 


THE WATER-SERYICE. 


’ging 


AVater can be obtained almost anywhere upon the Prater by dig 
from 6 to 12 feet. The formation is alluvial, and is raised but little 
above the level of the water in the Danube. Beneath the soil is a con¬ 
tinuous substratum of clean water-rolled gravel, whicdi permits the 
free i)ercolation of water from the river. 

This.formation is also just what is best adapted to the successful op¬ 
eration of the American tubular well, and many such wells or tubes 
have been driven for water in all parts of the grounds. This, it will at 
once be seen, is a great advantage, for at whatever place a supply of 
water is required, all that is necessary is to drive down a })ipe to the 
water-level and then attach a pump to the top. There is also another 
great advantage. The water-bearing gravel will receive an almost un¬ 
limited amount of surface-water. The cost of sewerage is thereby less¬ 
ened. In many places no sewers are required. Pits sunk in the gravel 
are sufiicient. Water, as, for example, the drainage from the rotunda 
roof, soaks rapidly away, and finds its level in the general subterranean 
reservoir. The sewerage thus contaminates the water; there is but one 
receptacle, but the immensity of the supply doubtless dilutes the evil, 
and it is not noticeable upon the Prater. In the city, however, it is dif¬ 
ferent; the Avell and cistern-water is notoriously unwholesome. 

Yet notwithstanding this fact, it was a long time after the subject of 
supplying the city with water had been agitated that it was decided 
to bring water from a distance in aqueducts in preference to pumping 
it directly from the ground. But the latter system is still in use, and 
the absence of aqueduct-water necessitated the use of wells at the 
Prater. 

The water works were planned and carried into execution by the en¬ 
gineers Grimberg and Hauber. The capacity of the water-works is 
more than half a million of cubic inches to . The works 
consist of a well of the kind described, 18 feet by 22 feet deep, from 
Avhich water is pumped by a 50-horse-power engine, and is forced to the 
reservoir on the top of the water-tower. This water-tower is erected 
near the west end of the grounds between the iuduvStry-palace and the 
machine-hall. It is 138 feet high. The foundations are of stone and 
the frame of iron. Light cast-iron pillars securely braced and 105 feet 
high support the reservoir. Two of these pillars serve as conduits for 
water, and the water is pumped up to the reservoir through a third or 
central pipe. The iron reservoir, 20 feet high and 24 feet in diameter, 
has a capacity of 8,000 cubic feet of water. This circular reservoir is 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OP W. P. BLAKE. 195 

surrouiKled by a gallery and is accessible by means of a winding iron 
staircase between the columns. 

From this elevated reservoir the water is distributed in ])ij)es over 
the whole of tlie iudustry-pidace and the intermediate buildings. There 
are one hundred hre-plugs, one hundred and eighty-six hydrants, 
and nine fountains, besides the water-engine of the IS’ew Freie Presse. 
This reservoir with the pumps is capable of suppl^ung from 10,000 to 
18,000 cubic feet per hour. 

There is another water-pumping establishment erected near the jury- 
l)avilion which is tributary to the first system and supplies the two cir¬ 
cular water-fountains, in front of the industry-palace. These fountains 
require 0,000 cubic feet of water hourly. 

Tliere is for this service a machine-house, with two steam-x^umps each 
of 50-horse-power, made on the American pattern. These pumps draw 
the water from a well 12 feet by 20 feet, and force it directly into the 
pipes leading to the great fountains. 

There is a third establishment in the east end of the machinery-hall 
where water is drawn froui tubes or wells and is forced by steam-x)umps 
into a reservoir 18 feet above the floor of the machinery-hall. This 
reservoir serves to supply the boilers and condensers. The entire 
net-work of pipes connected with the water-service is more than two 
and one-half miles long. 

DPAINAGE AND SANITAKY FITTINGS. 

For a general and detailed description of the drainage and sanitary 
fittings, i cannot do better than to present entire the comprehensive 
and carefully iirepared rexiort which was published in ‘‘Engineering” 
November 28, 1873, a copy of which follows: 

Ono of the most important of the many arrangements which received the attention 
of his excellency Baron Schwarz-Senborn, the general director of the exhibition, for 
the accommodation of its host of visitors, and for its preservation from insanitary in¬ 
fluences, was the establishment of a number of retiring-rooms in the industrial jialace, 
and in the open grounds, and also of a system of drains for removing the sewage there¬ 
from, as well as from the restaurations, pavilions, and other buildings—the well- 
arranged and abundant water-sujiply laid down at all parts aflbrding facility for the 
perfect working of the fittings and drains. Early, therefore, in 1872, his excellency 
contracted with Mr. George Jennings for xiroviding and fixing his patent water-clos¬ 
ets, lavatories, and urinals in the several retiring-rooms, and for laying the system of 
drains ; and Mr. John Phillips was dispatched to Vienna, as engineer, to arrange and 
execute the works, under the direction of Professor Ritter von Grimburg, the chief of 
the mechanical engineering section of the exhibition. 

. It was intended at first to use the New Danube Regulation Canal at the back of the 
-exhibition for the drainage outlet. But, owing to the absence of a stream therein at 
the time, the work being then incomplete, it was deemed prudent not to do so, but to 
use the Danube Canal instead. This is a swift stream, a branch of the Danube itself, 
running eastward at the boundary of the Prater, three-quarters of a mile from the 
south front of the exhibition. When the locations of the several buildings and retir¬ 
ing-rooms and the exact position of the drainage outlet were determined, plans and 
sections of the system of drains, showing their courses, inclinations, depths, and sizes, 
were ju-epared by Mr. Phillips, and, these being approved by Professor Grimburg, the 
works in accordance therewith were commenced. 

By reference to a record of the levels of the Danube Canal for a number of years, it 
appeared that it was subject to a rise and fall of about 12 feet, its highest level having 
been nearly 9 feet 6 inches above, and its lowest 2 feet 6 inches below, the city datum. 
It also appeared that the palace floor was 16 feet 6 inches, and the ground along its 
front and back 12 feet, above this datum. Consequently the floor was 7 feet, and the 
oTound only 2 feet 6 inches, above the highest flood level in the canal. From this it 
was evident that, to lay the drains at sufficient depth to carry off the sewage from the 
retiring-rooms, jiavilions, restaurations, and other buildings, and with sufficient fall for 
it to flow without depositing, they would be subject to long periods of flooding, and 
that, as no head or pressure of water could be gained to produce an outward current, 


196 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


so as to force the sewage tlirongE the water lying in the drains, they would soon 
choke up. 

In order, therefore, to give the drains ample depth and fall, to prevent them from 
being flooded, and to produce a constant flow of the sewage along them, and a dis¬ 
charge of it at the outlet, it was determined, after mature consideration, to place the 
main drain at the outlet one-fourth of the rise of the stream above its lowest level, 
namely, 6 inches above the city datum, or 9 feet below the highest flood level, and 11 
feet 6 inches below the ground in front of the palace, to fix a valve on the outlet, and 
to pump up the sewage when the stream in the canal was above the outlet. 

The arrangement by which this plan was carried out was as follows: At a short dis¬ 
tance back from the canal, and in the line of the main drain, two 10-feet cylinder res¬ 
ervoirs of wood staves, 20 feet in length, were sunk 6 feet below the level of the main 
drain, one for receiving, and the other for discharging, the sewage. A 15-inch pipe 
was fixed between them, opposite to, and level with, the drain, with a valve hung on 
its outlet end in the discharging reservoir, and a 15-inch pipe was laid from this reser¬ 
voir into the canal, with its outlet carried 2 feet under the lowest water level therein. 
When, therefore, the stream iu the canal wms above the main drain emptying into the 
receiving reservoir, its pressure closed the valve in the discharging reservoir, and, by 
means of a lO-horse-power steam-engine and a 6-inch centrifugal pump, the sewage 
was lifted from the former into the latter, whence it flowed by its own gravity through 
the pijie into the canal; and when the stream therein was below the drain in the re¬ 
ceiving reservoir, the valve was opened, and the sewage passed direct through both 
reservoirs into the canal. 

In determining the sizes of the main drains, two material points presented them¬ 
selves for consideration. The first was to reduce the cost of the drains, and also that 
of pumping up the sewage, as much as possible. The second was to give the drains 
such gradients and sizes that, Avhile the sewage streams should have sufficient velocity 
to prevent the matters in suspension from depositing, they should fill the drains, and 
so prevent the sewage itself from emitting ofl'ensive gases. The first was accomplished 
by excluding from them the rainfall from the roofs and surface, the water in the sub¬ 
soil, and the waste and condensing Avater from the steam and other engines in the 
Machinery Hall, the whole of Avhich Avater, if it had been admitted into them, would 
have increased their capacities threefold, and correspondingly increased their cost, as 
well as that of pumping. The second was accomplished by giAung the drains such gra¬ 
dients that the sewage was discharged Avith the velocity of about 80 ft. per minute, 
that velocity having been found by the engineer to produce sufficient energy iu highly 
diluted sewage from closets to prevent it from depositing, and proAudiug such capaci¬ 
ties that they were nearly ahvays running full. 

With regard to the Avater from the roofs, surfaces, and engines, which was compara¬ 
tively clean, separate proAusiou was made for discharging it by small pipe-drains, 
which were laid from the rain-pipes, the gullies and the engines, into dry brick wells 
sunk through the subsoil into a stratum beneath, Avhich, as it consisted of large shingle 
and small boAvlders, readily receiA^ed and dispersed it. This stratum was, moreover, iu 
tree communicatiou Avith the beds of the Danube and Danube Canal, and therefore 
was always charged with water from these streams; in fact, it formed an underground 
lake which was practically inexhaustible. It Avas from this source that the water Avas 
obtained for the steam and other engines in the Machinery Hall and elsewhere; for 
charging the tire-mains; for the fountains; for watering the roads, avenues, walks, 
floors, laAvus, and plants; for the offices, restaurations, aud pavilions ; for the retiring- 
rooms ; and for flushing the drains. 

Before describing the drains as laid down, it may be observed that owing to the ex¬ 
tremely loose nature of the subsoil, which consisted of sand, gravel, aud beds of small • 
shingle, like peas and beans, it was necessary to use great precautions in excavating 
and strutting the trenches for the drains, so as to prevent the sides from falling in 
and burying the workmen. Hence, iu order to avoid this the engineer was compiled 
to send to England for a number of men skilled in this kind of work, whom he distrib¬ 
uted among the natiA^e workpeople. These latter consisted of Austrian, Hungarian, 
Bohemian, Sclavouian, and Italian men and women, who were employed for more than 
six months—the men in digging and aiding to strut the trenches, and lay the pipes, 
and the women in filling iu aud ramming the ground as the pipes were laid. The fol¬ 
lowing was the system of drains as laid down. 

From the pumping station near the Danube Canal a main 15-inch drain was laid 
northward across the Prater, and along the Central or Kaiser Allee, to near the south 
front of the palace for a length of 4,000 feet, and Avith a fall of 1 iu 1,000. Into this 
drain a 6-inch drain Avas laid from the retiring-rooms near the post-office, the leusth 
being 600 feet, and the fall 1 iu 300. 

At the upper end of the 15-iuch drain a curved double junction was formed of brick¬ 
work iu Portland cement. From this junction tAvo 12-inch drains were laid—one east¬ 
ward and the other westAAuird—along the Elizabeth avenue, parallel Avith the palace 
the length of each drain being 1,250 feet, aud the fall 1 iu 800. Into these drains 6-inch. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


197 


drains were laid from the Kaiser pavilion, the jnry pavilion, the two retiring-rooms 
in the palace, east and west of the chief central entrance, the two retiring-rooms in 
front of the palace towards its east and west ends, and the Russian, French, Italian, 
Swiss,-and Liesinger restaurations. 

At the upper ends of the 12-inch drains curved junctions were also formed of brick¬ 
work in cement. From the eastern junction a 9-inch drain was continued in that direc¬ 
tion for a length of 650 feet, and with a fall 1 in 400. Into this drain 6-inch drains were 
laid from the police station, the Egyptian, Turkish, and Persian pavilions, and the 
Turkish restauratiou and coffee divans near the southeast end of the palace. Also 
from the western junction a 9-inch drain was laid in that direction for a length of 400 
feet, and with a fall of 1 in 400. Into this drain 6-inch drains were laid from the Hun¬ 
garian, the Pilsner Actien, the Pilsen Biirgerlich, and the American restaurations, near 
the southwest end of the palace. 

The foregoing drains completed the sewage drainage of the several buildings along 
the south front of the palace. It would be impossible for drains to he subject to a 
greater ordeal to keep them free from deposit and clear than these were, especially the 
western 12-inch and 9-inch branch, and its 6-inch tributaries. At the Liesinger, the 
Hungarian, the Pilsner Actien, and the Pilsen Biirgerlich restaurations tens of thou¬ 
sands of persons dined daily from the opening to the closing of the exhibition. 
Sometimes as many as ten thousand persons dined, and twenty-two thousand five hun¬ 
dred seidel glasses of beer were drank per day at the Pilsner Actien alone; and pro¬ 
portionate numbers of persons dined, and glasses of beer were drank, at the other 
restaurations named, except the Hungarian, where the staple drink was wine from 
Hungary. Hence the quantity of sewage that came from these places, particularly 
washings, refuse, and fat from the kitchens, was enormous. In the drains from the 
kitchens special traps were provided by the engineer for intercepting the refuse and 
fat. But so great and continuous was the cry from the crowds of diners for “ kellner, 
speisen, and bier,” that no one had time to attend to them, or, indeed, to anything but 
the demands on the kitchen and the beer-barrel. Now and again one or the other of 
the tributary drains would stop up, and then came a dead-lock at the closets and the 
sinks, and a request from the restauratiou proprietor for the immediate attendance of 
the “ ober iugeuieur.” Upon opening the drains they were invariably found to be 
stopped by a pair of trousers, a pair of stockings and a newspaper, some table napkins, 
some dish-cloths and brushes, some large pieces of meat and bones, or some broken 
beer-glasses, whicli had been forced through the closets and sinks; and bushels of fat 
were taken out of the drains, as well as out of the reservoirs at the outlet. 

From the junctions at the upper end of the 12-inch drains, already mentioned, two 
9-inch drains were continued northward across the palace, one to its northeast end 
and the other to its northwest end, the length of each being about 1,100 feet, and the 
fall 1 in 600, and into these drains 6-inch drains were laid from the retiring-rooms in 
the palace at those places. From the 9-inch drain, at the northwest end, the same size 
drain was continued thence northward past the west end of the Machinery Hall, and 
along the back thereof for a length of 1,300 feet, and with a fall of 1 in 500. Into this 
drain 0-inch drains were laid from the British commissioner’s pavilion, the police- 
station, the Vienna bakery, the English restauratiou, the retiring-rooms at the east 
end of the British Agricultural Hall, the three retiring-rooms at the back of the west 
half of the Machinery Hall, the British workmen’s houses and laundry, and the 
Vienna buffet. Also from-the 9-inch drain at the northeast end of the palace the same 
sized drain was continued westward along the back of the palace for a length of 600 
feet, and with a gradient of 1 in 600. Into this drain 6-inch drains were laid from the 
I)olice-station, the Silberegg restauratiou, and the retiring-rooms at the back of the 
Schwarzenberg Pavilion. 

The foregoing were the whole of the drains which discharged the sewage produced 
in the exhibition into the Danube Canal. Their sizes and lengths were as follows: 
15 inch, 4,000 feet; 12 inch, 2,500 feet; 9 inch, 5,500 feet; 6 inch, 5 inch, and 4 inch 
toii^ether, 13,000 feet; making a total length of 25,000 feet. 

Brick shafts, 2 feet 6 inches square, and from 100 to 200 yards apart, were carried up 
from the main drains, at the junctions and other convenient places, to the surface, for 
examining, ventilating, and flushing them. The ventilation was effected through per¬ 
forations in the shaft-covers at the surface. No other provision was found to be neces¬ 
sary, for, owing to the almost perfect clearance of the drains daily by the copious and 
•continuous flow from the retiring-rooms, the restaurations, and other buildings, which 
nearly and sometimes entirely tilled them, deposit and decomposition were avoided, 
little or no effluvium was engendered, and consequently no smell was ever perceptible 
from them. Occasionally strong flushes of water were sent through them from hose 
put down the shafts from hydrants near at hand on the water mains. The total length 
of the main drain and the western branch was 7,650 feet, and the total fall 10 feet. 
Floating substances, which were discharged down the closets at the head of this drain, 
passed through into the reservoir at the outlet in 1 hour and 36 minutes, equal to a 
velocity of 80 feet per minute nearly. 


198 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Before clismissiiif? this part of this article, it may he remarked that, owiiif? to the 
extremely tlat gradients that could he giveu to the main drains, it was necessary, for 
their efficient working, that the pipes should he laid accurately to-the gradients, and 
that the joints should he made perfectly water-tight. With the short, or 2-feet stone¬ 
ware drain-pipes, and the much larger space in the socket ends than the size of the 
hutt ends, as now manufactured, strict conformity to the requirements referred to was 
most difficult to attain. This gave the engineer great anxiety and trouble, as the suc¬ 
cess of the work mainly depended upon it. He therefore, from a spirit-level on the 
surface, put in the exact gradient of each drain at every 10 feet hr 12 feet, and had, as 
far as was practicable, the joint of each ])ipo tilled full all round with Portland 
cement, and pointed, and the inside frill of cement removed and drawn out as each 
pipe was laid. By this means an unchecked flow of the sewage streams was insured 
and maintained, and very little of the liquid was lost by leakage. 

Engineers experienced in sewerage works know that, as the 2-feet stoneware pipes, 
as usually made, necessarily produce a multiplicity of joints, and the large and irregu¬ 
lar space in the sockets causes a drop at the bottom and top of the joints, checking the 
flow of the stream, reducing the bore of the drain, and preventing the joints from 
being made water-tight without a deal of trouble ; no drain can be laid so even and 
uniformly cylindrical, and so water-tight at the joints as it should be. What really is 
required is that the pipes should be in lengths of 3 feet and 4. feet—they are so made 
in Germany and Austria—which would reduce the number of joints one-third and one- 
lialf, and that the socket and butt ends should be formed so that when they are put 
together a part, all round, should fit as .accurately as a ground stopper in a bottle. 
The bore of the drain would theu be regular and concentric, and the joints air and 
water-tight. In Belgium a stout India-rubber ring is sli})ped into a slightly fluted 
groove formed near the butt end of each pipe. When the pipes are laid the projecting 
rings press tightly against the sockets, sealing the joints and insuring the concentricity 
of the drain. 

It may also be remarked that had the main drains been made much larger than 
they were, or large enough to discharge the rainfall and engine-water as well as the 
sewage, the gradients and quantity of sewage remaining the same, the streams would 
have been so spre.ad, lowered, and we.akened, and so exposed to the action^ of air in 
the drains, that doubtless deposit would have ensued and offensive gases emitted; 
and, then, to absorb or carry off the gases, trays of charcoal must have been placed in 
the shafts, or ventilatiug-pipes continued upward from them into a higher stratum of 
the atmosphere. It was demonstrated in the case of this drainage, as it often has 
been in similar cases, that the nearer the capacities of sewers are made to the quanti¬ 
ties of sewage to be discharged by them, taking care to give the streams, by the in¬ 
clinations and contracted form of the sewers, sufficient velocity to prevent deposit, 
the less will be the emanation of gases from the sewage, the freer will be the sewers 
from such gases, the less will they act as retorts to convey, by the house-drains, 
tyi)hoid or other zymotic disease-germs amidst the living, and the sweeter will be the 
air within and surrounding the houses in connection with them. 

There were twenty-four sets of retiring-rooms, twelve for ladies and twelve for gen¬ 
tlemen. Six were in the palace, two in the building near the post-office, and eighteen 
in specially-constructed pavilions in the open grounds. Each set of rooms for ladies 
consisted of a rece])tion, a lavatory, and a closet-room ; aud each set of gentlemen’s of 
a reception, a urinal, a lavatory, and a closet-room. The rooms were approached in 
the order named, and were large, lofty, well lighted, and well ventilated at both ends. 

The lavatory-basins were “Jeuniiigs’s patent tip-up,” fixed mostly in pairs, and 
some in threes in a semi-circle, with polished-marble .and enameled-slate tops aud 
back-skirtings carried on ornamental wood-eased stands. In each ladies’ lavatory-room 
in the palace there were four pairs of these basins, and in each gentlemen’s room 
three pairs aud a range of five. There was also a separ.ate tip-up pillar-lavatory in 
these rooms. In each ladies’, as well as gentlemen’s, lavatory-room in the open 
grounds there were two pairs, vis-a-vis. 

The water-closets were “ Jennings’s patent closets,” provided with polished mahogany 
seats. There were ranges of ten and six of these, vis-a-vis, in each ladies’ closet-room 
ill the palace; and ranges of six and two, vis a-vis, in eacli gentlemen’s room. There 
was also a range of seven in e.ach ladies’ closet-room in the open grounds, and a range 
of four in each gentleman’s room. Fluted matched boarded x>-trtitions, 7 feet high, 
divided the closets from each other. 

The urin.als were “.Jennings’s patent three-person and six-xierson,” with central 
basin of galvanized iron, partitions of enameled slate, and iron foot gratings. Four 
“ three-person” were fixed in each of the three urinal-rooms in the palace, aud two 
“three-person” and one “six-jierson ” in each of the nine urinal-rooms in the open 
grounds. 

In the Kaiser xiavilion there were four separate closets, three being of superior 
quality, and three ti])-up pillar lavatories ; and in the jury pavilion a range of three 
closets, two tip-up pillar lavatories, and six white flat-back’urinals. The British com- 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF \V. P. BLAKE. 


199 ^ 


missionera’ pavilion was provided witli two separate closets and three lavatories, one 
closet and one lavatory beinoj specially litted up in connection with the Prince of 
Wales’ apartments. In the Khedive of Egypt’s pavilion there were three closets, one 
of which, of special construction, was attached to the Khedive’s suite of rooms. These 
closets, with seats, were quite a novelty to the Egyptians. They do not sit but stand 
on a broad stone step raised 4 inches above the lioor, with a hole 14 inches in diameter 
near the back of the step, and a narrow slit, 4 inches wide, coming from the hole 
toward the front. In the several restauratious, before mentioned, there were ranges of 
closets for ladies, and ranges of closets and nrinals for gentlemen. At the back of the 
machinery-hall two sets of free latrines were provided for the male and female work¬ 
people engaged in the machinery-hall and in the open grounds; anti fourteen “ six- 
person” nrinals were distributed about the grounds for the accommodation of the 
visitors. 

Under the floors of the retiring-rooms in the palace, and in the open grounds, drains 
were laid from the lavatories, closets, and urinals, into general siphon-traps formed 
just outside the buildings; from the traps 6-iuch drains conveyed the sewage into the 
main drains; and from over the outlets of the traps pipes were carried above the tops 
of the buildings for ventilating the drains between the traps and the main drains. 
The workpeople’s latrines were also drained into the main drains, as were several of 
the “ six-person ” nrinals in the grounds. 

To all the lavatories, closets, and urinals in each set of retiring-rooms, there was an 
ample supply of water. This was taken to the fittings by branch pipes from a hori¬ 
zontal pipe laid behind the ranges of closets, and carried up the angles of the room to 
two small cisterns placed apart in the roof, the cisterns being supplied from the main 
by a l)ii>e and ball-cocks in the usual way. By this arrangement the pressure from the 
main, which was ecpial to four atmospheres, was broken, and a moderated pressure, and an 
equalized sujiply were obtained at all the lavatories, closets and urinals. As the supply 
in the main was constant, immediately there was a draught at a lavatory or a closet, the 
water in the cisterns sunk, the ball-cocks opened, and the same quantity that was 
drawn off flowed into the cisterns. Even when there was a simultaneous draught at 
two or three lavatories or closets, the quantity and pressure in the pipes descending 
from the cisterns always gave the rcipiired supply and flush in the lavatory and closet 
basins. Water was also supplied, on the same ju'inciple, to the closets, urinals, and 
lavatories in the restanrations and pavilions, and it was laid on to the workpeoples’ 
latrines and the urinals in the grounds. 

The total number of lavatories fixed in the retiring-rooms, pavilions, adn restaura¬ 
tious, was 150, of closets 260, and of urinals 240. When the whole of the drains and 
sanitary fittings were completed, they were thoroughly tested, and found to perform 
thier functions most satisfactorily ; and they continued so to act during the course of 
the exhibition, under the management of ^Ir. Phillips, as engineer for the general 
<lirection, who has been presented with a special testimonial by his excellency Baron 
Schwarz-Senborn, “ for the distinguished services he had rendered in arranging and 
successfully executing the works.” Professor Grimburg and his staff of engineers also 
rendered most earnest and able assistance in carrying out this important work. 

The retiring-rooms were conceded during the exhibition to Mr. Paiisens, of Vienna, 
whose charge's were, in the i)alace, for a lavatory or a closet 20 kreutzers, equal to 10 
cents; and for a urinal 10 kreutzers, equal to 5 cents ; and in the rooms in the open 
grounds half the above. There were two female attendants in each set of rooms, one 
to take the money and issue tickets, the other to receive the tickets, wait on the visi¬ 
tors, and keep the fittings in order. 

XII.—PKINTING xAND PUBLTSni:NrG IX COXXECTIOX WITE 

THE EXHIBITIOX. 


The is the ri^lit arm of ,£>Teat exliibitions. Extreme 

publicity is one of the tirst conditions of their success. Comparatively 
few see the exhibitions, but the mass of civilized populations partici- 
liate in their advantages, and draw both iileasiire and instruction 
Iroin them through the inedinin of the press. 

Probably no one of the series of international displays has been more 
generally heralded than this of Vienna. Among the many great facili¬ 
ties accorded by the government in the inception of the work, was the 
I)rivilege of using the Imperial printing-office, one of the finest in the 
world. Practically, the use was gratuitous, though the actual cost of 
])aper and press-work was charged to the exhibition. This, as has 
been shown under the financial head, was merely transferring the out¬ 
lay from one branch of the government to another. 



200 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


THE OFFICIAL PROGRAMMES. 

Tbe programmes were prepared at an early date^ and were i)ublislied 
in four langnages, German, English, French, and Italian. They were 
liberally circulated, not only in Austria, but in other countries, and 
they were designed to afford all the essential details of information to 
the home and foreign commissions, and to the public generally. They 
were freely distributed in the United States to our public men through 
the mail, and by the Austrian representatives and special agents. Some 
of them were reprinted by the United States State Department, and 
were liberally spread over the country through the mails, and from t)ie 
the office of the Vienna commission. The}^ were also reprinted by 
other countries, and were freely circulated. 

The official programmes have from the first been printed in uniform 
style as respects size, paper, and typography; and they are consecu¬ 
tively numbered in large Arabic numerals, from 1 onward. No. 01 
appeared on the 23d of June. A good quality of printing-paper is 
used, it being cheaper, lighter, and easier to i)rint on than heavy sized 
or writing paper. The size of the sheet is the full quarto ; the printed 
page 8 by 5J. An octavo page would be much more convienant for use 
and reference when bound, and I think should be adopted by the com¬ 
mission. 

These programmes, as far as their terms have been adhered to, serve 
as a history of the successive stages of the exhibition. They form an 
interesting and instructiv^e series, and the instances of want of com- 
formity to them are equally instructive when explained. 

List of the official reports upon the Vienna exhibition, published up 
to the 30th of November, 1873. These were edited by Dr. Carl T. Richter; 
were printed in the Imperial State printing-office, and were on sale 
by all booksellers at from 20 to 1)0 kreutzers eacli, according to the 
size: 

Fl. Kr. 


Ileft 1. Der Pavilion des kleineii Kiiides, von Dr. Ferdinand Stamm. 0 oO 

2. Zucker, Apparate und Einrichtuugsgegeustande fiir Zuckerfabrikeu, 

von Dr. Josef Hanamaun... 0 40 

3. Die Arzneiwaaren, von K. D. Ritter v. Scliroff. 0 50 

4. Die Fettwaareu nndProducte dertrockeneu Destination, von Dr. Hein¬ 

rich Schwarz. 0 35 

5. Wein-, Obst- und Gemiisebaii, von H Gocdhe. 0 20 

C. Seide und Seidenwaaren, von Anton Harpke. Posamentirarbeiteu, 

von Carl Giani. 0 20 

7. Die Stickerei nud die S]ntzen, von Dr. Ferdinand Stamm. Die Frau- 

euarbeiten, von Fran Helene Freiin von Roditzky. 0 30 

8. Mnsikalische Lehrmittel und das mnsikalische Erziehungs- und Bil- 

duugsweseu, von Professor Weinwurm. 0 40 

9. Transportmittel und auderes Betriebsmaterial fiir Eisenbahneu, vou 

Emil Tilp. 0 40 

10. Die Spinuereimaschiuen, von Johann Zemanu. Die Nahmaschineu, 

Strick-und Stickmaschinen, von C. Kohn. 0 40 

11. Zuckerbiiekerei, Conditen und Chocolade, von A. Gerstner. Tabak 

und Tabakfabricate, Von Franz Riedl. 0 20 

12. Die Leistnng< 11 der Statistik, von J. Lowenthal.. 0 60 

13. Baumwolle und Baumwollwaaren, vou Dr. Alexander Peez. Die 

Wirkwaaren, von Ludwig Glogau.... 0 40 

14. Persieu, vou J. E. Polak. 0 60 

15. Rumiinien, von Baron Ernst Haan. 0 20 

16. Bergbau und Huttenwesen, vou Dr. Franz von Viveuot. 0 30 

17. Geographische Bilduugs- und Unterrichtsmittel, vou Anton Steiu- 

hauser. 0 36 

18. Heeresbekleidungs- und Ausriistungswesen, von C. Mayer. Das Ileeres- 

Verpflegsweseu, vou Alex. Poppovi6. 0 30 

19. Kirchliche Kunst, von Hans Petschuig. 0 30 





















YIEXXA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


201 


FI. Kr. 


20. Fertige Kleider, vou Ig. Ortmaun, Aiit. Kreuzig, Josef Migotti, Wilh. 

Pless, Fr. und Max Stiasny. 0 36 . 

21. Leder, vou S. Goldschmidt. Rauh- uud Ktirscbuerwaaren, vou J. Max 

Hirsch. 0 50 

22. Beitriige zur Geschichte der I'reise, von Dr. C. Theodor v. luauia 

Steruegg. 0 60 

23. Conserveu, Extracte uud Fleischwaaren, von Carl Warhauek. 0 20 

24. E)ie Thouwaaren-Industrie, vou Dr. Emil Teirich. 1 

25. Der Unterricht in der Geschichte, vou Dr. Emanuel Hauiiak. 0 40 

26. Der. Bliudeu-uud Taubstummeu-Unterricht, vou Eduard Kaltner ... 0 30 

27. Der Schreibunterricht, vou J. Hiipscher. 0 30 

28. Der Welthaudel, vou Dr. Carl Thomas Richter. 1 

29. Leder, vou S. Goldschmidt... 0 30 

30. Das Hlittenweseii, vou Franz Kupelwieser. 1 20 

31. Chirurg. Instrumeute, vou Dr. Mosetig v. Moorhof, Dr. Haus Adler, Dr. 

L. Schrotter, Dr. M. Beuedikt. 0 50 

32. Tiirkei, von Carl Sax. 0 60 

33. Knpfer-und Stahlstichdruck, vou Louis Jacobi. Lithographic uud 

Chromographie, vou Conrad Grefe. 0 30 

34. Die Ziindwaareu und Explosivstoffe, von Dr. Wilhelm Friedrich Giutl. 0 40 

35. Militiir-Kartographie, von Josef Zahauk. 0 40 

36. Der Zeichnen- uud Kuustuuterricht, von J. Langl. 0 90 

37. Mehl, Mehlfabricate und die Maschineu und Apparate der Miillerei 

und Biickerei, von Fried. Kick. (Mit 2 lithog. Tfl.). 0 40 

38. Papier-Industrie, von Emil Twerdy. 0 40 

39. Musikalische Instrumeute, von Dr.Eduard Schelle. 0 96 

40. Weiu, vou Frauz Leibeufrost. 0 20 


No. 247.—AYELTAUSSTELLUNGS-UOERESPOXDENZ. 

42 Pratersteasse II, 
Fridaa^, April 18, 1873. Aaenna. 

Weltausstellung, 1873. 

[Here follow tlie items relating to the exhibition for publication.] 

EXHIBITION CORRESPONDENCE. 

There has been since August 7, 1871, a system of general announce¬ 
ment to the officials of the exhibition and to the newspaper press by 
means of lithographic notes or slips giving briefly such current informa¬ 
tion regarding the work of the exhibition, and of the executive offices, 
as the general direction thought would promote the success of the 
enterprise, and gratify the curiosity of the public. The idea of litho¬ 
graphing such announcements appears to have been formed in order to 
be able to give quickly the information in a concise and correct form at 
the same time to each of the journals, so that there should not be any 
ground of complaint of favoritism by any of the representatives of the 
press, and so, also, that no mistakes in reporting could occur through 
verbal misunderstandings. 

These lithographs have the appearance of autograph notes. They 
are headed “ VVeltausstellungs-Corresspondenz,^’ and are dated and num¬ 
bered. The last issue (at the time of writing) June 23, 1873, is No. 270. 
Each item is separately numbered. It is, in short, the medium of com¬ 
munication between the direction and the newspaper press ; and most 
of the papers either print the notices entire, or give the substance of 
them. The general orders are issued in the same way. The system is 
cheap, rapid, and eflective, and a similar one would doubtless be useful 
to our commission. 

OFFICIAL CATALOGUE. 

Provision was made in advance, as is usual, for the compilation and 
issue of a general catalogue of the whole exhibition. 






















202 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The eouditions AA^ere made knoAvii in programme No. . These condi¬ 
tions were, that all the necessary particulars slionld be famished in the 
German language to the general direction notlater thanthelothot Febru¬ 
ary, 1873. If this regulation had been faithfully complied with by all of the 
liarticipating nations it is probable that a general official catalogue 
would hav^e appeared in good season and Avould liaA^e been of very great 
seiwice to all concerned, of AvhateA’er nationality. But the requisite in¬ 
formation Avas not given in time, and in some cases (and notably that 
of the United States) not at all. Consequently, the catalogue could 
not be satisfactorily compiled, and it was necessarily very imperfect and 
incomplete. It is a pity perhaps that it appeared at all, for it is com¬ 
paratively useless and is a hinderance to better work. An edition of ten 
or twenty thousand was struck olf rapidly and issued to the public 
directly after the opening. May 1, a copy being placed in the hands of 
the Emperor at the opening ceremony. 

I haA^e conflicting statements regarding the sale of the edition and 
the appearance of a second and better one. Some say that the entire 
edition is sold; some say that it cannot be sold; some say that a second 
edition of 100,000 copies Avill appear shortly; others, that it is uncer¬ 
tain, that it will be kept back until the first edition is sold, Ac.* Mean¬ 
time nearly all the principal nations have published special catalogues 
of their particular ])ortion of the exhibition. If this action had not 
been taken, the exhibition might be regarded as Avithout any catalogue 
worthy of the name, although so much money has been expended on one. 
In respect of a catalogue, the contrast Avith the conditions at Paris in 
1867 is great. There, the official catalogue was of great service from 
the first. It not only appeared in French, but Avas also issued under 
contract Avith J. M. Johnson & Sons, in London, in English. It ap¬ 
peared in tAvo or more parts, and it was enriched with most valuable 
industrial statistics and general information, especially in regard to 
France. These statistical statements Avere prepared by the committees 
of admission in France for the various classes, and they gave in each 
case a clear apergu of the condition in France of the art or industry of 
that class. Here, though one of the features of the plan of the exhi¬ 
bition Avas to obtain statistics of each industry, no such statistics ap¬ 
pear, at least not in the Austrian portion, Avhere they^ Avere most ex¬ 
pected. But we are saA^ed from utter disappointment in this regard by 
the action of some of the nations in printing the special catalogues of their 
portion of the exhibition. Prussia and Belgium may be specially men¬ 
tioned as having performed their duty in tliis respect. From the United 
States there is nothing, not a page of general statistical information, 
though the results of our decennial census have recently appeared, and 
could hav^e been briefly stated in our special catalogue, greatly to the 
gratification of Euro])eans and to the adAuintage of our country. In 
most cases a second edition of the special catalogues has been re¬ 
quired, owing to the imperfections of the first, and to suppl}" the demand 
for them. 

The Britisli catalogue is one of the most neatly printed and carefully 
compiled of all, and it is illustrated by maps and drawings of the exhi¬ 
bition buildings and grounds. It is also enriched by statistical and 
descriptive notices of the colonies of Great Britain. It is sold at the 
low price of one florin ; just sufficient to cov^er its cost. The advertis¬ 
ing patronagt^. assists greatly in paying the expenses. 

The catalogue of the American department was originally printed in 


P. S., July 26.—The secoud edition appeared day before yesterday. 



VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF AV. P. BLAKE. 


203 


New York, before the opening of the exhibition. It is the result of a 
concession granted by the commission and is issued free of cost to the 
country. The publisher hopes to get his return for the time and outlay 
by the sale of copies at a low price. The first edition was made up 
from copies of the permits granted and not frojn the exhibition as made 
here. A second edition, revdsed, augmented, and corrected, has just 
appeared. ^ It has been printed m London in the same style and form 
as the British catalogue, ai 1, through the courtesy of the British com¬ 
mission, contains copies of the same illustrations. It is a pity that this 
edition, like the first, is without statistical information of value. The 
influence of the exhibition on civilization and advancement generally is 
niuch curtailed by neglecting to give statistical and other information 
in the catalogues. Thousands of persons connected with the press at¬ 
tend such exhibitions for the purpose of getting information to publish 
at their homes in the journals and reports. They have no time to waste 
in the fimitless effort to gain such facts and figures as perhaps can only 
be had in the A^arious countries. Unless statistical information is care¬ 
fully obtained in adAmnce and is presented in the first editions of the 
catalogues, the opportunity is lost and cannot be retrieA^ed. 

The Bussian special catalogue is well prepared, in the French lan¬ 
guage, and is enriched by notes. In 18(37 the Bussian government 
printed two costly A'olumes on the resources of the empire, for distribu¬ 
tion to foreign commissioners and scientists; but the government has 
not undertaken so much for this exhibition. The Prussian and Belgian 
catalogues are also full of Auiluable information and are much sought for 
by the public. The first editions are exhausted. Portugal is not be¬ 
hind ill the good work, and has issued a Amlume especially for this oc¬ 
casion, together with several brochures. New volumes appear from 
day to day, and it is probable that before the exhibition closes nearly 
eA^ery country which jiarticipates in the exhibition will have contributed 
to the series. This notice is sufficient to show what a great amount of 
money and labor is expended upon catalogues, and to suggest that if 
this effort could be systematized and directed a much more satisfactory 
result could be attained. 


HISTORY OF AUSTRIAN INDUSTRIES. 


Although the Austrian catalogue is so deficient in annotation and 
general information, the deficiency is supplied, perhaps, if not to the 
general public, at least to specialists, by a valuable work, under the 
auspices of the government, giving a concise history of the rise and 
progress of the trades, industries, and inventions of Austria for one hun- 
dreil years past.* It consists of a series of articles prepared by compe¬ 
tent experts, elegantly printed and combined in a series of \mlumes of 
which the first two only haA^e yet appered. The whole work is under the 
editorial care of Professor Ur. William F. Exner. The first Amlume 
contains essays on the production and manufacture of raw materials, 
&c., such subjects as mining and smelting, agriculture and forestry, 
chemical industiy, dour, bread, food and drinks, textiles, metals, Avood, 
porcelain and glass, fancy wares, paper, bronzes, &;c. The second 
part treats of machines, transportation, scientific instruments, music, 
civil-engineering, education, cartographj', &c. 

I haA"e given these details in order the more fully to direct attention 

* Beitrageznr Gescliichte der Gewerbe uiid Erfinduii<>:en, Oesterreichs von derMitto, 
des xviii Jabrhuaderts bis zur Gegenwart. Exner. AVien, 1873. AATlbelin Brauiniil- 
ler. 




204 


REPORr OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


to a great duty which lies before the commission and the people of the 
United States in regard to similar historical notices of the development 
of industries in the country during the first one hundred years of our 
se])arate existence as a nation. The lion. John Bigelow was the first!, 
I believe, to direct public attention to this subject, in his suggestion 
that a series of memoirs should be written. 

It is very probable that such an undertaking was suggested to him 
by the action of the French government, before the universal exposi¬ 
tion of 1807, instituting a series of reports upon the progress of letters 
and science in France.* These reports were written by the ablest men 
of France, and are regarded as a part of the great exposition scheme 
of 1807. We have thus before us as a people the example of two great 
enlightened nations; and, even if our exhibition in 1870 were not to 
signalize the centenary, it would be a duty to ourselves and civilization 
to secure published contributions to the history of industry and develop¬ 
ment in the United States. 

Time is required for the preparation of such reports, and the period 
between now and 1870 is short. The work should be apportioned and 
undertaken without further delay. 1 suggest that it should be taken in 
hand by each State, in connection with a State - commission, and that a 
general scheme shall be prepared and issued by the Centennial Commis¬ 
sion, so as to promote the work and to secure its efficient and uniform 
execution. An essential feature of this scheme should be the printing 
of these reports by each State, not later than January, 1876, in uniform 
style as regards size, pa^oer, typography, and illustrations, binding, &c., 
in order that when these reports are assembled together at the exhibi¬ 
tion ill 1876, they may be so interchanged that each State can secure a 
complete and uniform series. 

Such a complete series would constitute a vast store-house of facts 
for general use. It would be a foundation for reports upon the exhibi¬ 
tion, and would most worthily supplement aud illustrate the contribu¬ 
tions of each State and Territory. They would be much sought for by 
the active thinking-men of all nations, who will visit the exhibition for 
the purpose of gaining a better knowledge of the extent and growth of 
our institutions, and the conditions that foster such a rapid develop¬ 
ment of wealth and power. To make these known abroad is a national 
desire, and one of the most valuable of the results which may be secured 
by the exhibition. 

Information so disseminated Avould pervade the official literature of 
Europe, and would no doubt notably increase immigration to our shores 
of a superior class of men, and return to the nation tenfold the cost of 
the reiiorts in a very short time. 

REPORTS ON THE EXHIBITION. 

Of the official reports on the Vienna exhibition to be prepared by the 
various commissions, it is yet premature to speak. It can only be said 
now that extensive preparations are making to harvest the wealth of 
information here spread before the world. Each of the great nations 
will, it is believed, publish a series of volumes. Already articles of 
permanent value have been printed in such journals as engineering, 
and in some of the best newspapers. It is an encouraging evidence of 
general intellectual progress, especially in the United States, that the 
popular demand for accurate and special information upon all depart- 


* See New York Tribune. 






VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF AV. P. BLAKE. 205 

iiients of science and industry is so great tliat the journals are justified \ 
in making special efforts to xH’Ocure and publish first-class contributions ^ 
of that nature. 

In 18G7, at Paris, the British commission did good service to the 
literature of that exposition by publishing the reports at an early date • 
in the Illustrated London llS'ews. They were the earliest reports printed 
npon the exhibition, and were eagerly sought for. They were the basis 
for the final and more complete reports which appeared in book-form a 
year later. Exxmdition in the publication of results is most important. 
The value of reports, however excellent they may be, is greatly dimin¬ 
ished by delay in their issue. 

REPORTS FOR THE AVORKINO-CLASSES. 

A programme of a series of reports has recently been issued here in 
accordance with the suggestions and wishes of the president of the 
exhibition—the Archduke Beigner. 

It states, generally, in order that the invaluable teachings of the ex¬ 
position may reach and benefit the greatest number, and especially 
artisans and workmen, it is proposed to publish a series of clearly 
written reports in a chea|> pamphlet-form. They are to be separate and 
distinct, one from the other, so that any artisan may secure the report 
ux)on the art or industry of most interest to him, without having to buy 
others which he does not care for. A full series of reports costs so 
much that the poorer men cannot get them, and they are soon absorbed 
by the great libraries, where they are practically inaccessible to the 
people. On the other hand, the publication of i)artial reports in the 
daily newspapers, though having its advantages, is open to the 
objection that the forai is inconvenient, and does not conduce to the 
preservation; and also, any report or article is so buried with other 
subjects that it may never be known to many who would be profited by 
its possession. 

For these reasons the series of reports has been commenced, and 
they are published cheaply separately. 

There were, likewise, lectures given in the hall of the Society of Arts in 
Vienna, and, thejury-pavilioii at the exhibition, upon all classes of objects, 
the arts, and industries, represented at the exhibition. 

It will be remembered that the plan of publishing reports separately, 
with distinct titles and paging, was adopted in the publication of the 
reports of the United States commissioners to the Paris Exposition, in 
1807. The result was in a high degree satisfactory. Persons interested 
in asphaltum j^avements, for example, could procure the report on that 
subject without having the entire series ; those interested in iron and 
steel could obtain that report, and so on. This system did not inter¬ 
fere, in any degree, with the continuation or subsequent arrangement 
and binding of the reports in a series. 

There are other advantages of a separate issue of different reports. 
The manuscripts of the reports are not all ready at one time ; or, if pos¬ 
sibly they could be, they must wait their turn for the compositor, and, 
in a printing-office like ours in the United States, constant interruptions 
occur from the pressure of congressional printing which needs immediate 
attention. There also is less difficulty about the binding'when the re¬ 
ports are sei)arately paged. After they are all completed they can be 
grouped so as to form volumes of nearly uniform size Again, several reports 
may be in progress of printing at the same time ; whereas, if the paging 
were made continuous, the reports would have to be taken up in se¬ 
quence, and the delay of one would keep back all the others. 


206 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


At the Paris Exposition of 1867, the following sums were paid for 


printing and publishing: 

Printing circulars .... 41, 793. 56 

Printing-entrance tickets. 8, 806.10 

Printing jury-reports. 150, 983. 40 

Catalogues, (purchased for distribution). 13, 622. 05 


Total in francs. 215, 205.11 


DAILY NEtYSPAPER IN THE EXHIBITION. 

A complete ne^vspaper-establishment in operation is not only an at¬ 
tractive but a very useful feature of this exhibition. It is the work of 
the imoprietors of one of the leading journals of Vienna, the Neue Freie 
Presse, and is intended as a first-ciass advertisement. It occupies a 
separate building, just south of the Swiss transept of the industry-pal¬ 
ace, erected, together with the httiugs, at a cost of 250,000 florins. 
There is on one floor a large model composing-room, a stereoty])ing and 
engine room, a press-room, subscription and delivery office, and an office 
for the superintendent. The press, a modification of our American Bul¬ 
lock’s press, is one of the most perfect known. It draws the paper in a 
continuous sheet from a large roll, cuts it off', prints on both sides, folds 
the impers, and counts them. The power is supplied b 3 ^ a comi)act hy¬ 
draulic engine. All is so arranged that the operations can be conveni¬ 
ently seen by the public, and there is a constant crowd of visitors. 

To the usual morning and evening issue of this journal a special sheet, 
giving the current news of the exhibition, has been added, and is fur¬ 
nished gratuitously to the regular subscribers to the paper. This extra 
publication is entitled the “Internationale Ausstellungs Zeitung.” It 
is the official paper of the general direction. It contains all the public 
announcements, regulations, and orders to be promulgated concerning 
the exhibition. It records the principal events and gossip of the exhi¬ 
bition, and has also a series of articles upon it, prepared by competent 
writers. It thus becomes a valuable historical record in detail of exhi¬ 
bition matters, and is serviceable alike to the commission and to the 
public. 

One of the terms of the concession w^as that all notices, announce¬ 
ments, and explanations, to wdiich the commissioners desired to give 
publicity, should be inserted and published in this paper promptly and 
gratuitously. As all such notices are interesting to the people generally, 
it is manifestly to the advantage of the paper to receive and to print 
them, and it involves no sacrifice. Twenty copies of the paper are sent 
daily to the office of the direction. The price to the public is 20 kreutz- 
ers, (equal to 10 cents,) which includes also the morning and the evening 
j)aper. The monthly subscription for the whole, delivered, is only 1 
florin 80 kreutzers, less than $1. The advertising patronage of the sheet 
is considerable. 

Not to be outdone in enterprise, and to satisfy the demand from sub¬ 
scribers for information concerning the exhibition, one or more of the 
rival journals in the city have also started exhibition supplements, and 
also print all official announcements from the direction. Indeed, such is 
the very general inquiry for information concerning the exposition, that 
no journal professing to be au courant with the progress of events can 
aftbrd to be Avithout the latest and most complete intelligence possible 
from the Prater. The lithographed correspondence issued by the com¬ 
mission, to which I have already referred, is the most convenient and 








207 


YIENiXA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 

rapid way of supplying the journals with the information they are con¬ 
stantly seeking. 

The publication of a special sheet or newspaper within the precincts 
of an exhibition is not a new idea. If it has not before been done in 
h..iuo})e,* it certainly has in the Uiuted States, i)articular!y in Califoruia, 
a,t the annual fairs of the Mechanics^ Institute of San Francisco. 

I he publishers of the Mining' and Scientific Press of that city have, 
lor several successive years, erected a press and issued a daily sheet in 
the exhibition, and given publicity to the announcements by the man- 
4igement and to the wants of exhibitors.t 


FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS. 


In this connection it is well to refer to the fact that the principal daily 
Journals of the world are ret)reseDted at ti»e exhibition by correspond¬ 
ents of world-wide celebrity and reputation for ability. Many were 
present at the grand ceremony of the opening, and the rival journalistic 
feats are well known to you. These costly efforts and results are a 
gratifying evidence ot the very general interest felt by the peo^de of all 
lands in international exhibitions. They show, too, that the interest is 
deeper and broader than mere curiosity or a desire for striking novel¬ 
ties, and that it is an intelligent,-progressive interest, demanding the 
first talent and the ablest pens to satisfy it. 

It cannot but be so, and looking back upon the history of industrial 
expositions, and forward to what they are yet to be, we are justified in 
the assertion that the press is to be more and more identified with them, 
and more and more regarded as an element of their growth, vitality, and 
usefulness. 


TECHNICAL NEAVSPAPERS AND .JOURNALS. 

TTie stimulating effect of this exhibition upon the many technical and 
scientific journals is well marked. The older journals of this kind not 
only find here the freshest material for their pages, but it is in general 
prepared to their hands. The new material, also, is so abundant and 
varied, that new journals are started and active competition is engen¬ 
dered. The illustrated journals here find some of their best subjects, 
and not only derive a great profit from such exhibitions, but have the 
satisfaction of largely contributing to the education of the peo[)le. 

EXHIBITION BOOK-STORE. 

For the accommodation of the public, and to facilitate the distribution 
of the publications upon the exhibition, a book-store has been opened 
in the grounds, where a stock of exposition books and papers is kept for 
sale. There are also branches of this establishment throughout the ex- 
liibition, in the form of book-stalls or tables, where a few copies of each of 
the books and papers are exposed for sale. A similar plan was adopted at 
the Paris Exhibition, and was highly conducive to the convenience and 
instruction of visitors. The catalogues and books generally are sold at 
extremely low prices, in some instances barely sufficient to cover the 
cost of paper and printing. 

*Tliere was, I believe, a paper printed in the exhibitions of 1851 and 1862. 
tThe proprietors of this paper have already made formal application to the commis¬ 
sion for the privilege of publishing a daily exhibition-paper in the centennial exhi¬ 
bition. 



208 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


PHOTOGRAPHS. 

The next great adjunct in giving publicity to the work and to the 
results of an exhibition is photography. It has been most useful at 
each successive exhibition, and has been the means of widely distribu¬ 
ting accurate ideas of the visible and outward appearance of them and 
of all the details. On no occasion has the aid of the art been more 
systematically and thoroughly invoked than upon this. From the be¬ 
ginning the progress of the preparation of the ground and of the con¬ 
struction have been indelibly recorded upon the photographic plates. 
A series of photographs, with numbers and dates attached, has been 
I)ublished. New pirdures appear at intervals. They are all prepared 
by one company, the Vienna Photograph Association, to which the 
exclusive privilege of taking photographs within the limits of the exhi¬ 
bition has been granted by the general direction. The work commenced 
in June, 1872, and by the 1st of May, 1873, or during the building 
period, from eighty to one hundred first-class pictures were published. 
Pictures are now taken of many different si^es, and are sold at the 
book-stores and at the stands. The association have their principal 
depot in the city, and another depot in a large building erected in the 
grounds of the exposition exclusively for their work. A corps of men 
with extensive suites of apparatus is employed. Portable dark rooms 
and cameras on high stands may be seen almost any fine day in the 
grounds. The association publish a list of their photographs, and are 
at all times ready to receive and execute orders for special pictures for 
exhibitors or others. The proofs are either mounted on card-board 
in the usual way or are sold not mounted, as the purchaser may prefer. 
The unmounted proofs being much less bulky and being well suited to 
transmission by mail are preferred by many persons. 

Many of the exhibitors find it for their advantage to have large-sized 
pictures taken of their show-cases. The photographic association has 
a special tariff for this class of work, which is annexed : 

TARIFF OF PHOTOGRAPHS FOR EXHIHITORS/ 


Size. 

Preparatory plates. 
Florins. 

Copies, (1 copy on 
Florins. 

42 by 54 centimeters. 

70.00 

6.00 

34 by 40 centimeters. 

50.00 

4.00 

21 by 27 centimeters. 

25.00 

1.50 

Cabinet. 

10.00 

.60 

Stereoscope. 

10.00 

.60 

Visit. 

10.00 

per 100, .30 


There are, no doubt, advantages in placing the entire privilege of 
taking photographs of the exposition in the hands of one association; 
but there are also many disadvantages. The spur of competition is 
wanting to drive forward the work so as to secure to the public a fine 
selection of pictures at an early date. The demand is great, but the 
pictures are not to be had in that variety of form and size the people 
desire. The season is half over and not a single stereograph has ap¬ 
peared. A few pictures of statuary of cabinet size and a few views are 
to be seen upon the book-stands; but there is no assortment satisfac¬ 
tory to those who wish to buy. There may be, in the far future, after 


"" Cabinet, stereoscope, and visit-plates only taken for those persons who had large 
plates of the same objecC 

In ordering a large quantity of copies a proportionate discount was allowed. 

For very difficult photographs, such as living animals, momentous photographs, 
photographs of groups, and in general such photographs which require special^’prepa- 
ratiou, are not included in the above prices. 




VIEIsNA EXPOSITION-KEPOKT OF AV. P. BLAKE. 


209 


the exhibition is over and the people from all parts of the world have 
gone home, a lair series of pietures worthy of preservation ; but the op- 
portunit 3 " to secure a wide distribution of instructive photographs will 
have been lost. A concession of this kind appears to me to be practically 
a restriction upon the general usefnluessof theexhibition; it is something 
like giving, if such a thing were possible, the exclusive right of viewing 
the objects. Unless guarded so as to fully secure the rights of the pub¬ 
lic, it would, be better not to give any exclusive privilege, but, on the 
contrary, to give a premium to the individuals or companies who pro¬ 
duce the best series of pictures at the earliest date, and at the most 
reasonable prices. If a participation in the profits is deemed essential, 
it would be sufficient to have a percentage on the sales within the exhi¬ 
bition limits. 


XIII.—HOTELS AND ACCOMMODATIOXS FOR VISITORS. 

Within the past ten years the city of Vienna has been greatly im¬ 
proved and made a modern cajutal. The elegant and commodious 
Ringstrasse, and its continuations, have taken the place of the old forti¬ 
fications and the moat. The land has been rented at a very low rate, 
and free of taxes for a long period. Millions of florins have been drawn 
to Vienna, and expended in the erection of splendid buildings in all 
parts of the city. Along the ring streets these buildings are liigh, 
artistic, and imposing. They are of brick covered with cement, and are 
substantially fire-proof and fitted with modern a])pliances. Among these 
new buildings are many first-class hotels which did not exist one year 
ago, and some of which were not completed and ready for visitors until 
June 1 of this year. These hotels, added to the list of older houses of 
long-established reputation, offered a wide range of choice to persons 
arriving in the city. The list of the hotels which may be considered 
as highly respectable, and most of them first class, comprises no less 
than seventy-nine. These are all upon the European plan. The stranger 
pays for his room and attendance, and may or may not, as he chooses, 
take his meals in the house, where there is invariably a restaurant and 
an excellent cuisine. 

The following is a list of some of the largest of the new hotels : 

Grand Hotel, built in 1871, (170 by 180 feet,) 300 rooms. 

Hotel Austria, (41 by 46 meters,) 150 rooms. 

Hotel Donau, 280 rooms and 45 saloons. 

Hotel Britannia, 150 rooms and 40 saloons. 

Hotel Metropole,* 400 rooms and 25 saloons. 

Union Hotel. 

Hotel Wimberger, 200 rooms. 

Imperial, 150 rooms. 

Hotel de France. 

Hotel Goldenes Lamm, t 

The expense of rooms at these first-class houses ranges, according to 
the height and location, from two and two and a half florins a day to 
twelve or more. For a single bed-room on the third or fourth floor, 
four to six florins is now the usual charge. Before the opening of the 
exhibition the same rooms could have been had for two or three florins. 
Most of these houses are elegantly furnished; they are fire-proof, and 
are provided with hydraulic elevators for the convenience of guests. 

The Metropole, the largest house, is said to have cost about $300,000. 

* On the Franz Josefs Quai, and much frequented by Americans. 

t An old hotel entirely retitted and enlarged. 

S. Ex. 30-14 






210 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Like almost all enterprises in this now progressive i)lace, these hotels 
are owned by joint stock companies, and the value of the shares has 
greatly fluctuated. The expectation has been that the season would be 
a very profitalfle one, and I presume that it has been so far, inasmuch 
as most of the houses have been full, and the i)rices range from 50 to GO 
per cent, above what has been customary in Vienna. 

The serious financial disturbances of the Vienna Bourse, in the early 
part of the season, caused a great depreciation to almost all securities. 
The hotel shares participated in this decline. In June last the shares 
of the Hotel Metropole, for 100 florins paid in, were quoted at 55 florins; 
Goldenes Lamm, for 100 florins paid in, were quoted at 00 florinsj 
Grand Hotel, for 200 florins paid in, were quoted at 105 florins. 

Probably these shares were floated upon the people at figures 
very much above their present intrinsic value. 

I do not, therefore, regard the figures of any value in indicating the 
financial success of such enterprises, when on a fair basis. 

The alarming reports, which have been industriously circulated by 
the newspapers, of the presence of Asiatic cholera, have had the eflect 
to keep back the current of tourists Avho patronize tirst-class houses; 
and in July the hotels did not have as many guests as they expected. 
The high prices had also a repelling effect, operating unfavorably, not 
alone on the receii)ts of the hotels, but upon those of the exhibition. 
When the hotel managers combined to advance the prices, the govern¬ 
ment called them together and expostulated with them on their suicidal 
course, and obtained a favorable modification of their terms, but it was 
too late to correct the report that had gone abroad j the mischief was 
done. 

It is interesting to compare the prices of the Grand Hotel of Paris with 
those established here. They are much lower for equal accommoda¬ 
tions. That hotel is larger and more agreeable than any here. It has 
700 rooms, and drawing-rooms, luxuriously furnished, at a price from 
five francs per day and upward, with service iucluded. Here, in Vienna, 
similar accommodations would cost an equal number of florins, or more 
than twice as mucli, and about the same as rooms in the city of NeAv 
York. 

Compared with the population, the city of Vienna appears to be 
remarkabl^^ well sui)plied with hotel accommodations ; and the question 
is often asked, Wbat will become of these hotels after the exposition 
season ^ The relation between the population and the hotel and house 
accommodations is an interesting and, for us, a practical question. The 
following tigures, drawn, it is said, from good authorities and sources, 
are interesting in this connection : 


32 


At London, there ai’e on an averages persons to a house; in Berlin, 
; in Paris, 35; iii St. Petersburg, 52 ; in Vienna, 55. I give these 
statements for what they are worth, as suggesting investigation for 
comparison, with the condition of population in the chief cities of 
America. 1 have not been able to verity them. 


PRIVATE APARTMENTS. 

• The irrevailing style of building in Vienna, as in Paris and other 
European cities, greatly facilitates the lodgment of strangers at moder¬ 
ate prices. A very large number of furnished apartments have been for 
rent in Vienna since the opening of the exhibition. The administration 
and municipal authorities took early action to establish offices in each 
district, where persons who had rooms to rent could register them, and 
where also those wishing to rent rooms could procure information and 


V1EN^’A EXPOSITION-KEPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


211 


make negotiation. Most persons and families who intended to remain 
in Vienna for two months or more rented rooms at figures below the 
cost of similar accommodations at hotels. 

Over 3,000 apartments were reported to the authorities as ready to be 
rented to strangers, but by tlie 10th of May only 117 had been taken. 
Many of the rooms so reported were undesirable, either from their loca¬ 
tion, the neighborhood, or the accommodations offered. The most 
desirable apartments at the commencement of the season could only be 
rented for the entire season, and at a round price. It was not until 
June and the advent of warm weather that a more accommodating 
disposition was shown, and the proprietors were glad of the opportunity 
to rent by the month at a more reasonable price. From 200 to 500 
riorins a month was the usual price for a suite of rooms. 

It was announced that from 50,000 to 00,000 extra beds could be pro¬ 
vided in the city. The capacity of the hotels was rated at 10,000, and 
the private lodgings at 25,000 more. 

RESTAURANTS. 


The facilities afforded strangers for obtaining meals at their conven¬ 
ience as to time, localit 3 ", and style, are probabl.y as great and varied in 
Vienna as in any European capital. It results from the habits of the 
people. They resort to the restaurants and cafes for their meals and 
tor social entertainment and amusement. ' 

A distinction is made in Vienna between restaurants and cafes, and 
beer-halls. There are also Avine-houses, small-beer saloons, and the ice¬ 
cream saloons, where a variety of cakes, confections, and preserves can 
be obtained. There are over 200 respectable first-class cafes, 60 first- 
class restaurants, aside from those of the hotels; a large number of 
beer halls, where meals can also be procured; and of refreshment-saloons 
in connection with the gardens. All these establishments are well con¬ 
ducted, and are so well distributed all over Vienna that a stranger can 
get a meal at almost an^’ hour or place where it suits his convenience 
best. These facilities permit of a very large temporaiy accession to the 
population of Vienna without inconvenience. 

There are, in addition, the very important restaurants of the Prater, 
and of the exhibition itself, where thousands ot persons, and probably 
four-fifths of the visitors, daily take their lunch or dinner. One of these 
restaurants, established in the exhibition-ground before the opening, has 
seats and tables for 4,000 persons, and it is crowded dailj^ It is said to 
have cost £9,000, and to have cleared its cost before the middle of May. 

There is a branch of the Trois Freres of Palais Eoyal, Paris; several 
Austrian, one or two Italian, an English, a Pnssian, and two or three 
American restaurants, besides a large number of bars, beer-stands, and 
sod a - w a ter fo u n ta i n s. 


A comparison of the number of visitors at the hotels garnis in Paris 
in 1867, 1866, and 1868, the year before and the year after the exposi¬ 
tion, shows a great difference in favor of 1867. The figures are for 1866, 
322,659 ; 1867, 582,204 ; 1868, 318,590. Of the visitors in 1867, 381,858 
were French, and 200,346 foreigners. But this is understood not to full}" 
rei)resent the movement of strangers in those years. 

The receipts of the theaters of Paris for the same years are equall.v 
significant. In 1866 they were 9,640,816 francs; in 1867, 16,533,365 
francs; and in 1868, 7,189,088 francs. 

For a notice of the effects of the exposition upon the movement of 
persons in omnibuses and carriages, reference is made to the chapter on 
transportation, &c. 


212 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


XIA'.—HATES OE ADMISSION—TICKETS, ETC. 


Ordinary admissions were without tickets, the cash being paid at the 
entrances. During the first portion of the season the price of admission 
was one tloriu, about 50 cents, for each person, except on Sundays and 
holidays, when it was reduced one-half, or to 50 kreutzers, about 25 
cents, the object being to favor the working and trades people who 
could not leave their occupations on otlier days. Later iu the season 
the price was reduced to 50 kreutzers, or 25 cents, and no variation for 
holidays or Sundays. It was soon found that tlie receipts at the mini¬ 
mum price of 25 cents were greater than w hen tlie admission was placed 
at twice the amount. This is w ell showm graphically by the chart an¬ 
nexed to the chapter on visitors, where it is showni that more than 
double the number of visitors at one florin entered at half of a florin. 

Of tickets there wei'C several kinds—season, monthly, weekly, officers’, 
teachers’, students’, workmen, exhibitors’, complimentary. There were 
also special tickets to the opening ceremony. 

The free list was very large. It included not only the officers of the 
general direction, but the jurors, experts, and all the members of the 
foreign commissions, and the exhibitors or their agents. It is not, 
therefore, surprising tliat the number of such visitors (or entrances) 
should be almost one-third of the w hole when it is considered that per¬ 
sons holding such tickets make repeated visits, and not unfrequeutly 
pass in and out several times during the same day. The number of 
persons who entered during the first month (May) was 481,588, and of 
this number 200,G49 did not pay. 

Tickets to officers of the Austrian army were issued at reduced rates, 
30 kreutzers, and could be obtained only at the office of the command¬ 
ant. There were also special rates for students and teachers. 

The weekly tickets were first issued at 5 florins, with seven entrance- 
coupons attached. These coupons could be used upon different days, 
or in case of a family entering could be used upon the same day. Later, 
in July, subscribers’ tickets w^ere issued giving ten entrances for 4 florins, 
ecjuivalent to 20 cents for each admission. These tickets were sold at 
all of the post-offices and at the railway-stations. When the holder of 
such tickets wished to enter upon the florin days—Wednesday and Sat¬ 
urday—two of the coupons were required. 

The season tickets, at 100 florins each, were available for the entire 
season. For women they were issued at half the pi i'ce, or 50 florins, 
but could only be obtained through men who had already purchased a 
season ticket. 


The tickets for workmen w^ere issued at 6 florins a month. This 
charge applied to all the employes, the mechanics, machine-attendants, 
the cooks, w^aiters, and others at the restaurants, »&c. 

On the opening-day the charge for admission was 25 florins for each 
person. On the second and third days of May the charge wtis 5 florins, 
and on the fourth day 2 florins. 

The larger portion of the receipts at great exhibitions is from the 
low-priced tickets. 


In 1855 about as much w^as taken iu at 20 centimes as at 1 franc. 
In 1802 the larger part of the receipts was from admissions at 1 shilling, 
sterling. In 1867 the bulk of the recei[)ts was from admission at 1 franc. 
The price of admission w^as fixed invariably at 1 franc after tlie 8th of 
Ainil, after 10 o’clock in the morning. For the earlier hours, from 6 
to 10, 2 francs were required. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. P,LAKE. 


JjltJ 

« 

At all of the principal entrances there were separate turnstiles for 
the holders of tickets and for cash visitors. The holders of compli¬ 
mentary tickets also had s])ecial turnstiles assigned to them. In this 
way separate registers were obtained, and there was little time lost in 
ascertaining the total number of visitors of each description at the 
close of each day. 

Money was not changed at the turnstiles. Tlie exact amount was 
required, and if the i)ersoii required change it was supplied at a little 
office at one side of the entramm for a small percentage.* 

Holders of season and complimenkary tickets were required to write 
their names on the back of their tickets, and in a special register when 
the gate-keeper demanded it; this being intended as a check against 
the transfer of tickets, which was forbidden. 

Exhibitors or their agents were entitled to an entrance-ticket. Com¬ 
plimentary tickets were issued to the foreign commissioners, to mem¬ 
bers of the press, and to the jurors and experts during the period of 
their labors, and a certain number were supplied to the foreign executive 
commissioners for their assistants and the personnel of their offices. 

The first regulations required the renewal or re-issue of all compli¬ 
mentary and exhibitors’ tickets at the end of each month. 

The trouble, expense, delay, and general inconvenience which this 
rule caused led to its abandonment. It was found impossible to renew 
the tickets in season, for they were seldom applied for until the last day 
of the mouth or the first day of the new mouth, and hundreds of per¬ 
sons w'ere waiting in line at the offices for their new tickets. Many 
paid the entrance-fee in preference to waiting for new tickets. Tickets 
good for the whole period were afterward supplied to the commissions. 
It is said that there were over thirteen diflerent kinds of tickets. 


XV.—VISITOIIS AND IIECEIPTS. 


Tlie total number of visitors from the 2d of May until the 2d of 
Xovember, inclusive, was 7,254,687, of which 2,196,660 were non-paying, 
giving 5,058,327 as the number of paying visitors, as below: 

Season, complimentary, porters’, and workingmeiCs tickets.. 2,196, 360 


Week-ticket coupons.-. ‘ 85, 864 

Officers’ tickets... 74, 334 

Tenants’ tickets, (“ Lehmann-Karten ”) .. 4,278 

Day-tickets. 41,754 

Students’ tickets . .. 237,102 

Subscribers’ tickets.-. 1,141,230 

Paying visitors. . 3, 473, 765 


Total number of visitors.. 7, 254, 687 


This total does not include the entrances prior to the opening, during 
the period of installation. 


* The maximum taritf for changing French money at the entrances to the Paris ex¬ 
position was: 

Pieces of 2 to 5 francs. 

Pieces of 10 francs.. 0.10 

Pieces of 20 francs. 0.15 

Pieces of 40 francs.-. ^^*20 

Pieces or bills of .50 francs or of 100 francs, 0.20 franc; bills of 200 francs, 0.40; 500 
francs, 0.60; and 1,000 francs, 0.75 Iranc. 


















214 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


THE TOTAL RECEIPTS FROAI VISITORS. 

The total receipts ot the exhibition from visitors from the beginning 
to the end of the 2d of November, w ere 2,507,297 dorins, being from— 


Sale of tickets.. 617, 08 0. 00 

Receipts at doors... 1, 950, 211. 50 


Florins. 2,507,297. 50 

Or approximately. $1, 283, 048. 78 


The greater portion of this sum was taken in cash at the doors, and 
not from the sale of season and subscription tickets, as will appear from 
the following analytical statement of sales of the tickets of several 
grades, not only at the chief office but at all the offices and postal stations 
where tickets were sold : 


Eeceipis to 1st JS^ovemher. 


The receipts and sales of tickets up to the 1st of November, the 
official end of the exhibition, were reported as below : 


Florins. 

Week-ticket coupons, 85, 757, at 71 kr. (7 a 5 11.). 00, 887. 47 

Officers’ tickets, 72,052, at 30 kr... . 21, 795. 00 

T _ 1. _ ^ - __j__ -i rv i_ 


Lehraannfarten .... =... 122, at 80 kr_ 97. 0011 

Lehmannfarten ........ 489, at 71 kr.... 347.1911 

Lehmannfarten. 3, 577, at 40 kr.... 1, 430. 8011 


Total. 4,188. 

Bay-tickets, at 1 11 . 1, 963 . 1, 903. 0011 

Day-tickets, at 50 kr ... 38, 291 . 19,145. 5011 


Students’ tickets... 220,835, at 30 kr 

Subscription-tickets 1,108,421, at 40 kr 


-1 

-^7 


875. 59 


21,108. 50 
08, 050. 50 
443,308. 40 


Total value of tickets. 617, 080. 00 

Cash at doors. 1, 879, 019.50 


Total 


2, 490, 705. 50 


zVnd for the two lirst days of November as follows : 

November 1. Novembers. 


Season, workmen’s, and other tickets. 13, 005 17, 707 

Week-ticket coupons... 40 01 

Officers’ tickets.. ... 019 1, 003 

Tenants’, (‘‘Lehmann”) .. . 33 

Day-tickets. 495 1.005 

Students’ tickets. 4, 237 0, 030 

Subscription-tickets. 13,175 19,091 

Paying at the doors... 47, 730 93, 447 


Total -.. 


79, 913 139, 037 


The receipts for these two days were apparently 70,591.50 florins,* 
which, added to the above total, makes the sum of 2,567,290 florins as 
the receipts from visitors. 


* Deduced by difference from a statement in the Wiener Zeitung, November 3, 1873. 









































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. PLAKE. 


215 


The fi •ee-list at this exhibition was very large. It included not only 
the officers of the government, the imperial commission, and the execu¬ 
tive stall, but the j urors, experts, and all of the members present of the 
foreign commission, and tlie exhibitors or their agents. It is to be con¬ 
sidered also that persons holding complimentary tickets for the season 
made frequent visits, often entering several times in the course of a day, 
each entrance counting as a visit. 

The number of visitors iu each mouth were as below, the highest 
being in the month of October. 


Kiimher of visitors in each month. 


Months. 

Day-tickets. 

Tickets at 
reduced 
price. 

Total of 
paying. 

Non-pa y- 
ing. 

Total. 


21.5, 878 
()84, 05() 
517,707 
501,:?61 
654,519 

28, 515 
li:3, 077 
253, 980 
322. 8:?9 
404,566 

244,393 
797,133 
771,687 
824,200 
1,099, 085 

189, 883 
418, 784 
413,808 
:354, 645 
326,555 

464,276 
1,215,917 
1,185, 495 
1,178,845 
1,425,640 
1, 473,602 
218,950 

June. 

.July. 

August. 

September. 

October. 

November 1 and 2. 





Totals to November 
:i, 187:?. 





7,254,687 







The highest number of visitors in one day was at the close, on the 
2d of ^^overnber, there being 139,037 persons. There were 80,000 upon 
the 1st of November, 106,000 on the holiday, the 22d of August, and 
85,000 on Whit-Monday, June 2. 

In a review of the attendance at this great exhibition, we should not 
lose sight of the unexpectedly unfavorable conditions which combined 
to lessen the number of visitors. These were chiefly the prolonged cold 
and wet of the first two months; the advance in prices of living and 
apartments; the financial crash; the unfavorable comments of the 
press; and the reports of cholera and the insufficiency of the means of 
access. The exhibition also was not ready on the opening-day, and the 
bad impression this produced deterred many from going to Vienna, and 
caused others to postpone their visit until August or September, when 
the presence of cholera kept them away. The tardiness of the work of 
installation was a fruitful source of disappointment. 

Toward the end of the month of May the work of unpacking and 
arranging objects began to show some fruit, especially in the courts 
. and in the outside buildings, and the public were gradually admitted 
to the sfiaces previously railed off to all but commissioners and exhib¬ 
itors. The grand central nave also became more and more attractive 
by reason of the unpacking and placing of rich objects in the costly 
plate-glass show-cases and under the upholstered canopies. With these 
gradually unfolding attractions and more favorable weather the num¬ 
ber of visitors to the Prater greatly increased, the turnstiles recording' 
as high as 50,521 persons on Sunday, ]\Iay 18; 85,577 on Monday, 
(Whit-Monday,) June 2; and 78,060 on Sunday, June 8. These were 
half-florin days, and the attendance was exceptionally large. The 
average of the florin-days was about 25,000; from 9,000 to 10,000 pay¬ 
ing, thus making the receipts from $4,500 to $5,000 daily, exclusive of 
the Sundays and holidays. 




























21G 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


On Monday, June ot‘ the whole number, 09,185 paid a half florin 
each, giving 84,592 florins, or the e(piivmlent of $17,290. This was the 
highest figure attained. It must, however, be observed that there are 
also some entries by officers’ and weekly tickets, the proceeds of which 
are not included above, inasmuch as the amounts were not stated. 

The total number of visitors during the month of May is reported as 
484,588, of whom 223,297 paid the usual fee, and 30,034 entered upon 
officers’ and weekly tickets. The non-paying visitors numbered 200,049 
in the aggregate. Of the paying visitors, some paid half of a florin, 
and the others one florin. The total receipts for the month were 
stated as 170,110 florins—equivalent to $88,098, an average of less 
than $3,000 per day. This includes the receipts from all descriptions 
of tickets 5 the following, for example : 

379 tickets to opening ceremony, at 25 florins. 

425 season tickets, at 100 florins. 

348 season tickets, at 50 florins. 

3,509 weekly tickets, at 5 florins. 

9 monthly tickets, at 6 florins. 

94 monthly tickets, at 3 florins. 

This statement is interesting and significant, showing, as it does, the 
very small number of season and other tickets sold in comparison with 
the number of visitors. Each 5 florin ticket gave seven independent 
admissions. It was therefore economy for a party of two or three to 
buy them, rather than to pay for single admissions. Each coupon 
admitted one person. 

CHANGE IN THE RATES OF AD^IISSION. 

After the 1st of June there was a change in the rates of admission. 
In May the only half-florin days were Sundays and fete-days, but in 
June Mondays, Thursdays, and Sundays, three days out of the seven, 
were half-florin days, and upon other days one florin was charged to all 
except officers of the army, who, by regulation, were enabled to buy 
tickets for 30 krentzers each—.30 of one florin, or about 15 cents. 

Students’ tickets and tickets for workingmen were provided at 
reduced rates, in response to repeated and persistent demands. This 
departure from the fixed programme, in regard to the admission price, 
was reluctantly made, but it became obvious that one florin was too 
high a price to suit the mass of the people and to secure the best 
returns. 


HOURS OF OPENING AND CLOSING. 

There was also a change in the hours of opening and closing. The * 
doors were opened at 9 a. m., instead of 10 a. m., and they were not 
closed until 7 p. m., instead of 0, as before. This gave two hours more 
daily to the public, and was much more satisfactory to exhibitors. At 
half past six a large bell in the rotunda was rung, and the doors at 
each end and of most of the transepts were closed. The police and 
guards then walked through the building from each end toward the 
rotunda, keeping the few remaining visitors before them until they werfr 
all driven out of the center. 

The weather had a very great ettect upon the receipts. Upon stormy 
days there were comparatively few visitors. The weather during April: 
and May was exceedingly unpropitious, and, by its effect'on the attend¬ 
ance, made it manifest that the climatic conditions of any locality con- 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


217 


stitiite ail essential element of the success of an exhibition, and that 
they should be regarded in fixing the dates of opening and closing. 
There is no doubt that the unfavorable influences of the weather of the 
opening month of the exhibition greatly impaired the success of the 
whole undertaking through a loss of eclat, prestige, and interest which 
should never be allowed to flag. The interest in an expedition is cumu¬ 
lative, and increases measurably in geometrical ratio. The more enthu¬ 
siasm is manifested, the more it is aroused; as the number of visitors 
increases, the more others wish to go. It results, therefore, that the 
attendance increases toward the last. This accords with experience. 

The receipts for each of the last five days of the Paris Exposition 
were greatly in excess of those of any other similar period ; they were 
nearly three times as great as usual. From an average of about 45,000 
francs daily during iSTovember, they rose to 174,405 on the 27th ; 140,780 
on the 28th; 133,003 on the 20th; 140,573 on the 30th; 141,245 on 
the 31st. 

At Vienna, as we have seen, the number of visitors was the greatest 
in the last month, and from a general average of 25,000 in ^lay, 40,000 
to 50,000 in July, rose to 80,000 on the 1st of November, and 130,000 on 
the closing day. \ 

Although there were so many drawbacks to the success of the exhibi¬ 
tion in point of number of visitors and the receipts, there were some 
peculiarly favorable conditions. One esi)ecially was the location near 
the populous part of a city, with a com])act population * * in the favorite 


* METEOROLOGY OE VIENNA. 

'['he prevailing wind is from the northwest, following the valley of the Danube. 

On an average there are during the year in Vienna 31 per cent, of rainy days, 10 per 
cent, of snowy days, and 21 per cent, of cloudy days. The mean height of the barom¬ 
eter, deduced from monthly means for 90 years, is 744.9 millimeters. September and 
October are the months in which there are the fewest rainy days. 

The range of temperature for the several months of the year is as follows: * 


Month. 


; Centi 

grade. 

Lowest. 

Highest. 


.lanuary. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

September ..., 

October. 

November_ 

December. 

Average 


-10.7 

10. 0 

- 9. 4 

11.2 

- 6.3 

16. 5 

- 1.3 

23.5 

4-2.8 

28.5 

-F 9.2 

31.4 

i 4-11.0 

32. 5. 

I 4- 8 

32. 7 

! 4-5.1 

28.6 

1 + 0.7 

23. 5 

- 6.1 

14.8 

; -10.6 

9.8 

i -14.4 

I 

33. 8 


* The absolute values of the minima are somewhat lower, ami of the maxima higher. The above 
figures represent the normal condition. 


*AREA AND ROrULATION OF VIENNA. 

The city of Vienna covers a space oi'5,625 hectares—1,025 geographical square 
miles* ' 

In 1872 there were 911,271 inhabitants, including the faubourgs—602,502 within the 
lines, and 308,769 outside. There were in addition 30,000 men in the garrison. Of this 




































218 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


})art, where the people have for a lon^j; series of years been accustomed 
to go for recreation and pleasure. Tlie following extracts from my 
dispatches of eTune 14 and June IS amplify this subject, and refer also 
to music as an important element of the success of an exhibition : 

ATTRACTIONS OF THE PRATER. 


The carriage avenue of the Prater is the fashionable drive of Vienna, and is celehrg,ted 
the world over. It is the resort of all classes, from the Emperor to the shop-keeper. 
Public carriages are not excluded. On fine afternoons it seems as though most of the 
carriages of the city were concentrated there. I have counted vehicles passing in one 
direction past a given point at a rate of five hundred per hour. The display is so bril¬ 
liant that tens of thousands of spectators are attracted to the roadside, and stand 
crowded along the curbstones, watching for the coming of an archduke, or, perha^is, 
the Emperor or Empress. 

To resort to the Prater has become a habit with the Viennese. There are no accessi¬ 
ble counter-attractions comparable with it. To the charms of the uueciualed shaded 
avenues aud the broad stretches of green lawns, there are added the brilliant moving 
throngs of people aud equipages, and the fascinations of music. Tastefully constructed 
restaurants, with brilliantly lighted gardens, full of tables and seats under the trees, 
accommodate thousands of people, who lounge away the summer evenings, sipping 
coffee and beer, and puffing their cigars. 

To this old-established habit of going to the Prater to spend the afternoon no small 
portion of the measure of success which attends the exhibition is undoubtedly due 
The exhibition is only one great attraction more than usual. The tens of thousands 
who enter its gates are only a fractional part of the numbers outside, in the Prater 
grounds. 

The out-of-door life of the people ; their resorting to coffee-houses and to restaurants 
for their meals to a great extent; in other words, their habit of looking away from 
home for enterfainment and pleasure, no doiibt, also, promotes the attendance at the 
exhibition. Other things being .equal, I should say that the percentage of visitors to 
an exhibition would be greater in Vienna than in Philadelphia by reason of these 
habits of life. 

There are no less than seven or eight large cafes in the immediate vicinity of the 
exposition, each capable of accommodating from 1‘000 to 3,000 persons with seats and re¬ 
freshments. Several of these employ full orchestra bauds, aud keep up a constant 
succession of well-performed airs and selections from standard operas. By paying for 
a glass or two of beer the lounger may have a seat and hear music by distinguished 
performers, during the whole evening. 

MUSIC AT THE EXFOSITION. 

I am thus led to report, in this place, upon a leading and very attractive feature of 
the exposition. Reference has before been made to the fact that concerts were held in 
the afternoons. The extremely disagreeable weather for a long time prevented at¬ 
tendance, and the concerts had to be omitted. They are now held regularly each 
afternoon, from 4 until 7 o’clock, in the large open space opposite the pavilion of the 
Viceroy of Egypt. On Sunday afternoon last there were probably three thousand per¬ 
sons in attendance, and the average is about fifteen hundred. But the people come 
aud go constantly. There are a tliousand or two iron chairs in front of the stand, and 
about as many arm-chairs along the walks and among the flower-beds at a greater dis¬ 
tance. The price of a seat, which at the first was fifty kreutzers, has been reduced to 
twenty kreutzers. Several women are employed to collect this sum from those wdio 
take a seat. 

The orchestra stand is a cheap but tastefully executed construction with an arched 
ceiling supported on light columns. It is open in front aud on the two sides, but the 
back is closed. It stands on the edge of the thick woods, which serve both as a pleas¬ 
ant back-ground to the picture and to shade the audience from the afternoon sun. 
The space in front is level and is firmly graveled. When the weather is fine, this 


population 46 per cent, were engaged in industrial pursuits ; 22 per cent, in personal 
service; 13 per cent, of the class of property-holders and landlords, (rentiers ;) 7 per 
cent, merchants; 3 percent, were engaged in the industry of transportation ; and 9 
per cent, in other occupations. The increase of i)opulation of late has amounted to 
4 per cent, per annum. 

The number of houses is counted at 18,573. The average population to a house is 
fifty-nine persons within the lines, and thirty-nine outside of the lines. In any com¬ 
parison with the number of houses in the cities of the United States, tho different 
method of construction is to be considered. 





VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


219 


musical arena is a most deliglitlul place of resort for an hour or so, after the fatigue of 
walking through the halls of the exposition. ” 

Tlio orchestra consists of about eighty persons, and is under the direction of John 
Strauss, the court music director, and Julius Langeubach as leader. 

Fourteen choice selections are performed daily. The programme, of which I anpend 
a cop 3 ^, IS divided into two parts. 


“CONCERT DEIi WELTAFSSTELLUNGS-CAPELLE. 

DIUKilUT VOX .TOIIANN STRAUSS, K. K. IIOFBALLArUSICK-DIRECTOR. 

CHEF D’ORCHESTRE, .TULIUS UAXGEXBACn. 

Fan 4—U/ir Xac/tmi/far/fi aitf dem MozaripUize, gctjeniiher dem PaUns des Vicelconujs von 

Efnjineu. 

(hei giinstiger 'Witterung.) 

PROGRAMiyr. 


I. ABTHEILUXG : 

1. Ouverture zu ‘ Der Konig von Yvetot,’ von Adam. 

2. ‘ Wildfeuer,’ Polka, von Johann Strauss. 

J. Thema mit Variationen, von Richard Wuerst. 

4. ‘ Dorfschwalben,’ Walzer, von .Tose])h Strauss. 

T). Phantasie iiber Themen, von Karl Maria v. Weber, 
fi. ‘Wilde Rose’ Polka Mazurka, vou .loseph Strauss. 
7. Divertissement aus ‘Ariele,’ von Bach. 


II. ABTIIETLUX<i : 

8. Ouv'^erture zu ‘Wilhelm Tell,’ von Rossini. 

J. ‘Lust’ger Rath,’ Polka, von Johann Stranss. 

10. ‘Bunte Reihe,’ Potpourri, von Radeck. 

11. ‘Tausend nnd eine Nacht,’ Walzer, von Joseph Strauss. 

12. Phantasiestiick, von Neswadba. 

B>. Scherzo aus ‘Der vSommernachtstraum,’ vou Meudelssohn. 

14. Verbriiderungsmarsch, vou Johann Strauss.” 

The programme for the day is published in full each morning iu the Ausstelluugs- 
Zeitung, and sometimes for two days in advance. These concerts are alone worth the 
price of admission to the grounds, and there is no doubt that they exert a very im¬ 
portant influence upon the number of visitors and the daily receipts. It is regarded 
as a great privilege to hear and see John Strauss performing at one of these concerts. 
When he appears there are loud acclamations of delight. His whole frame appears to 
be so saturated with music that it moves in harmony with it. At the Volks garten, 
a place of resort on the side of the city opposite to the exposition, large audiences are 
attracted during fine evenings when it is known that Strauss is to play. The entrance 
price to tlie garden is two florins. 

The important influence of musical performances upon the receiifls of exhibitions is 
generally recognized, and in planning a building this subject should be well con¬ 
sidered. 

At the Sydenham Palace music is an established feature, and costly arrangements 
are made for its success and for the convenience of the audience. There are operatic 
performances each afternoon at three o’clock. Thousands of pounds sterling are ex¬ 
pended annually for these attractions. 

So also at the series of annual international exhibitions in London music is found 
to add greatly to their success. Concerts are giv^en iu the Royal Albert Hall; one, for 
example, is to be given upon the occasion of the visit of the Shah of Persia, to which 
only the holders of season tickets to the exhibition will be admitted. The doors of the 
exhibition will be closed to all others on that day. Iu the same notice the price of the 
season tickets is stated to be one guinea, and those who buy a season ticket may then 
secure seats in the concert-hall at special rates, ranging from one to two pounds 
sterling. 

There are very general expressions of regret here that the great rotunda of the ex¬ 
position was not kept clear of all obstructions and reserved as a concert-hall. The 
want of it was most felt iluriug the month of clouds and rain, which rendered the out- 
of-door concerts inaccessible. Not only the visitors say that it would be preferable to 


220 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


have musical performances in the rotunda, but it is the conviction of most of the ex¬ 
hibitors. They are in favor of a combination of attractions within the building. 

It is certain that the rotunda, if cleared, would be a favorite place of resort for prom¬ 
enading and resting, ])articularly if it were adorned with llowers and shrubs, and en¬ 
livened by music. Out-of-door concerts need not be abandoned, but when the weather 
is unfavorable for theni they could be given inside. Music at intervals during the 
day, in the rotunda, would add greatly to the popularitj'^ of the Exposition. 

Vienna, Austria, June 18, 1873. 

Ill my last dispatch, of the 14th .Tune, I gave some general statements regarding the 
number of visitors at the exhibition, from which you will see that the receipts from 
that source are by no means as great as was estimated. The average attendance for 
this month up to the 15th, inclusive, has been about 41,500 daily, and the total receipts 
.are about *243,000 florins, equivalent to about $121,500. At this rate the total number 
of visitors for the whole season would be aliout 7,636,000, and the receipts .about 
2,916,000 florins, or $1,458,000. The estimate presented by Baron Schwarz to the Cham¬ 
ber of Deputies contemplated ,a revenue of eleven millions of llorins from the admis¬ 
sions alone, as already stated in my first dispatch. I refer to it again now in conse¬ 
quence of having these partial returns of the actual receipts, and in order to again direct 
your attention to the fact that each successive great exhibition emphatically teaches 
us that we are not to expect them to be sustained and paid for by the comparatively' 
few of a great population who are able to visit them. It is too much to expect. Again, 
we are e<iually tauglit that the beneficent effects of great exhibitions are not confined 
to the few, but that they are as widely ditfused as civilization, and that the direct ad- 
v.ant.ages to the country holding the exhibition are veiy great. Inasmuch as the 
advantages are widely^ diffused, so also the costs should be. The whole population 
should bear the expense, and the most e(iuitable way to secure this result would be by^ 
a national appropriation. 

There is evidently here a very' considerable degree of disappointment that the re¬ 
ceipts from the exhibition are not greater, although, as I stated in my first dispatch 
to yon, the estimates were regarded as much too high, and fcNV thinking persons ex¬ 
pected th.at the number of visitors would be as great as stated. I had, before leaving 
Philadelphia, prepared some interesting calculations upon the per cent, of populations 
likely to visit exhibitions, and the results are sustained by the experience had here up 
to this time. These figures I hope to have ready for my final report. 

To these attractions we may add the so-called worstel prttter, or the 
people’s prater; that is, a labyrinth of small shows and refreshment 
saloons adjoining the exhibition and on the road to it. It has been a 
place of popular resort for many years. There are to be found hippo¬ 
dromes, cosmoramas, bowling-alleys, wax figures, stuffed animals, and 
monstrosities. Being on the direct omnibus route to the exhibition, 
and not far from the western entrances, it contributed in no small de¬ 
gree to the popular interest in the exhibition. The relative positions of 
the worstel prater and the exhibition are well shown on one of the 
maps submitted. Another map shows also the position of the prater 
and its attractions to the various avenues of communication. The 
depots of the Great Northern Eailway are near by, and this is connected 
by a high level with the depots of the Southern Eailway, in another part 
of the city. Branch tracks for freight lead to the exhibition. 

The various means of access to the exhibition, and their influence 
upon the number of visitors, hav^e been separately discussed —vide chap¬ 
ter on ‘‘access and transportation.” 


VISITORS TO THE ROTUNDA. 

For a small additional price visitors were permitted to ascend to the 
top of the rotunda. There were 103,027 visitors to the first lantern, so- 
called, and 93,205 to the second. Had the means of access been early 
provided the number would have been much greater. These points 
gave a splendid view of the whole grounds and of the country around, 
and many were disappointed that the arrangements for the ascent were 
not made early in the season. When the means of access were pro- 


221 


V IENNA EXPOSITION-REPOKT OF W. P. BLAKE. 

vided ill the latter part of Jul.y, and the hydraulic lifts in August, the 
doors leading to each were crowded by persous anxious to pay the fee 
and go up. 

The proposed “captive balloon” was not a success. It was to be 
moored in such a way that it could be drawn down to receiv^e a load. 


NUMBER OF VISITORS COMPARED WITH THE POPULATION. 

The best way to arrive at a fair estimate of the number of visitors 
that may be expected to attend the exhibition in Philadelphia is to as¬ 
certain the percentage of visitors compared with the iiopulation at the 
leading great exhibitions. 

At Vienna, taking the population of the Austro-IIungariaii monarchy 
at 35,044,858, and the number of visitors in round numbers at 7,500,000^ 
liercentage is 21. 

At l^aris, 1867, population of Prance say 36,000,000, ami the number 
of paying visitors 0,143,270, the percentage is 25. 

In Great Britain, 4862, population 31,000,000, visitors 6,211,103, the 
percentage is 20. 

In New York, in 1870, the number of visitors to the American Insti¬ 
tute Fair M'as 280,000, and in 1871, 300,000. This last was about 21 
per cent, of the population of the city. 

At the Cincinnati Industrial Exhibition, 1871, the number of visitors 
was 471,000, or 18 per cent, of the population of the State. 

The area over which the population is distitbuted should be taken 
into consideration. 

THE PRICE OF ADMISSION AS AFFECTTNH ATTENDANCE. 

The direct influence of the price of admission upon the attendance 
was made manifest from the opening day to the end by the returns of 
the florin days as compared with those when only half a florin was 
charged for admission. In order to make the difterence the more evi¬ 
dent, and also to show the influence of the weather, of Sundays, and of 
feast days, I have prepared a graphic representation of the attendance 
for the months of May and June. (Graphic chart inclosed.) It also 
represents the number of visitors to the Paris Exposition of 1867 for a 
similar period. 

In both exhibitions the attendance upon Sundays was greater than 
upon week-days, except only upon holidays. The great mass of artizans 
and laborers are unable to leave their daily avocations to go to the ex¬ 
hibition, and gladly avail themselves of the opportunity to enjoy the 
educational and elevating influences of the exposition upon the Sabbath. 

In Paris, after the flrst few days succeeding the opening ceremony, 
the rate of admission was uniformly one franc. The line representing 
the attendance, therefore, shows more distinctly and justly the effect of 
the Sabbath uj)ou the attendance than the line representing the number 
of visitors at Vienna, this last being complicated by the variation in 
the price of entrance. 

It is to be noted also that the number of visitors at half of a florin 
is invariably greater than double that at one florin. Consequently the 
daily receipts at half a florin are much greater than when the price of 
adiuission is one florin. It became clear that for the financial success 
of the enter[)rise, it would be best to reduce the price, and toward the 
middle of June this was done for certain days in the week. 

During the month of June there were fourteen days when the en- 


222 


EEPORT OF THE CENTEXNIAE COMMISSIONERS. 


trance-price ^yas 50 kreutzers, and sixteen days when it was 1 florin. 
The fourteen days at 50 kreutzers yielded 252,002 florins for 504,005 
Iversons, while the sixteen days ^ave only 170,151 florins for the same 
number of persons. The total receipts of the month was, including the 
weekly tickets, and the entrances at reduced prices, 453,905 florins, aver¬ 
aging about 15,000 florins a day, or about $7,500. 

Tabular statements of the number of visitors of each class per diem 
are instructive. 


Statement of returns of the Universal Exhibition of Vienna for the month of May, 1873. 


Day of week. 


Thursday.. 

Friday.. 

Saturday .. 
Sunday.... 
Monday ... 
Tuesday... 
Wednesday 
Thursday.. 
Friday.... 
Saturday .. 

Sunday _ 

Monday ... 
Tuesday... 
Wednesday 
Thursday.. 

Friday. 

Saturday .. 
Sunday.... 
Monday ... 
Tuesday... 
Wednesday 
Thursday.. 
Friday..... 
Saturday .. 
Sunday.... 
Monday ... 
Tuesday... 
Wednesday 
Thursday.. 

Friday. 

Saturday .. 

Total for 


Day 

of mouth. 

Total visitors. 

Paid at gates. 

Season tickets. 

i 

Officers& weekly. 

Complimentary 

and exhibit¬ 

ors. 

llemarks. 

May 1 

30, 000 






May 2 

3, 550 

1,002 



2, 548 


May 3 

5, 225 

1, 005 



4 220 


May 4 

7 ; 497 

999 

334 


5, 164 


May 5 

11,377 

4, 149 

611 

590 

6, 027 


May 6 

15, 077 

6, 781 

360 

943 

6, 993 


May 7 

14, 564 

6, 381 


1,427 

6, 756 


May 8 

14, 401 

5, 553 


1,348 

7, 500 


May 9 

8, 858 

2,103 


566 

6,1»9 


May 10 

12, 382 

3, 656 


1,181 

7, 545 


May 11 

30, 938 

21,010 


850 

9, 078 


May 12 

12, 847 

3, 944 

103 

831 

7, 969 


May 13 

14,253 

4, .541 

121 

877 

8, 714 


May 14 






1 Xot returned. 

May 15 






May 16 

17, 984 

6, 731 


1,517 

9, 736 


May 17 

18, 335 

7.143 

........ 

1, 760 

9, 432 


May 18 

50, 521 

39, 142 


758 

10, 621 


May 19 

15, 823 

6, 4.13 


1, 599 

7, 791 


May 10 
May 21 

13, 753 

5, 098 


1,588 

6, 467 

1 Xot returned, 

klay 22 

27,193 

17, 728 


592 

8, 873 

May 23 




> 

May 24 






^ Not returned. 

May 25 

48, 575 

37,115 


1,334 

10,126 

May 26 

20, 595 

8, 084 


2, 009 

10, .502 


May 27 

18,272 

7, 295 

• ••••••• 

1,915 

9, 062 


May 28 

17, 297 

5, 738 


1, 689 

9, 870 


May 29 

18, 251 

6, 709 


1,820 

9, 722 


May 30 

16, 707 

5, 938 


1, 792 

8, 977 


May 31 

20, 312 

7,410 


2,116 

10, 766 


25 days.. 

484, 588 

223, 297 



2C0, 649 






























































































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. FLAKE. 223 


Statement of returns at the Universal Exhibition of Vienna for the month of June, 187o. 


Date. 

Total visitors. 

Paid at gates. 

Officers & week¬ 

ly tickets. 

Complimentary 

and exhibitors’. 

Workmen. 

liate of admis¬ 
sion. • 

Eeceipts,&c., re¬ 

duced to flor¬ 
ins. 

Pemarks. 







FI. 

Florins. 


June 1 

28,704 

22, 722 

985 

4,947 


X 

0 

11,361 00 

Sunday; veryst’my 


85, 577 

69, 185 

3, 585 

8, 322 


1 

34, 592 50 


3 

30,377 

17,759 

3, 439 

9,179 


1 

17, 759 00 


4 

25, 648 

13, 527 

2, 852 

9, 269 


1 

13, 527 00 


5 

37, 289 

14, 981 

2, 953 

7, 322 


1 

14,981 00 


6 

24, 541 

11, 990 

2, 634 

9,917 


1 

11,990 00 


7 

27, 971 

9, 516 

3,138 

8, 967 

6, 350 

1 

9,516 00 


8 

78, 0(i0 

• 59, 380 

4,217 

9, 964 

4, 499 

X. 

29, 690 00 

Sunday. 

9 

4J, 267 

23, 913 

2, 765 

10, 076 

0, 0 L3 

.1. 

11,956 50 


10 

28, 632 

10, 402 




1 

10 402 00 


11 

29, 252 

lO'809 




1 

10 809 00 

• 

12 

53, 494 

35' 203 




A 

17 601 50 


13 

30, 771 

12; 431 

3, 868 

9, 295 

5,177 

1 

12,431 00 


14 

30, 751 

11,122 

4, 337 

10,445 

4, 847 

1 

11, 122 00 


15 

68,160 

49,136 

5, 405 

9, 667 

3, 952 


24, 568 00 

Sunday. 

16 

48, 362 

30, 615 

2, 758 



A 

15 307 50 


17 

30, 936 

12; 438 

4' 018 



i 

12’ 438 00 


18 

30, 580 

11; 643 

3i 744 



1 

11,643 00 


19 

53, 551 

34, 477 

3^ 566 



1 

17, 288 50 


20 

29,655 

lOi 220 

3; 449 



I 

10, 220 00 


21 

30, 432 

10^ 341 

4, 564 



1 

10 341 00 


22 

59,471 

42^ 436 

4' 743 



1 

21,268 00 

Sunday. 

23 

46,316 

28' 036 

2, 401 



-V 

14,018 00 

24 

31,043 

10; 823 

2' 528 



A 

1 

10,823 00 


25 

31,133 

10, 520 

3; 886 



1 

lOj 520 00 


2() 

49, 6t3 

30, 104 

3; 148 



1 

]5i 0.52 00 


27 

29, 815 

9, 736 

3, 377 



i 

9’736 00 


28 

27, 756 

8, 652 

3,' 470 



1 

8, 652 00 


29 

52, 474 

34; 937 

4, 496 



1. 

17,'468 50 

Sunday. 

30 

46, 227 

27, 002 

3; 107 



h 

13; 501 00 


Tabular statement of the number of visitors at the Vienna Exhibition in July, 1873. 


Date. 

Daily tick¬ 
ets. 

Weekly and 
officers. 

Total pay¬ 
ing. 

Xot paying. 

Total. 

1873. 








July 1 .. 


.*K.. 

14,167 

3,010 

17,177 

14, 275 

31, 452 

0 


.G.. 

9. 471 

4,047 

13,518 

14,122 

27, 640 

3 .. 


.Iv.. 

27, 205 

8,215 

35, 420 

15, 598 

51,018 

4 .. 


.G.. 

1.5, 222 

5, 833 

21,0.55 

15, 579 

36, 634 

5 .. 


.K.. 

9, 079 

4, 691 

13, 770 

14,815 

28, 585 

6 .. 


.K.. 

42, 301 

11, 113 

53, 414 

12, 369 

65, 783 

7 . 


.K.. 

23, 066 

8. 019 

31, 085 

13, 887 

44, 972 

8 .. 


. K.. 

17, 896 

8,185 

26, 081 

14, 877 

40, 958 

9 .. 



90012 

5,616 

14, 628 

14, 439 

29, 067 

10 .. 


.K.. 

23, 515 

12, 184 

35, 699 

14, 597 

50, 296 

11 .. 


.K.. 

14, 111 

79, 991 

22, 102 

14, 246 

36, 348 

12... 



7, 137 

4, 721 

11,858 

14, 401 

26, 259 

13 .. 


.K.. 

27, 294 

9, 729 

37, 023 

10, 754 

47, 777 

14 .. 


.K.. 

21,232 

10,214 

31,446 

13, 6.32 

45, 078 

15 .. 


.K.. 

1.3, 880 

7, 400 

21,280 

12, 616 

33, 896 

16... 



9, 313 

5, 937 

15, 250 

13,917 

29, 167 

17 .. 


.K.. 

21,670 

13, 259 

34,949 

13, 969 

48, 918 

18 .. 


.K.. 

1.5, 2.50 

9, 576 

24, 826 

13, 466 

38, 292 

19 .. 


.G.. 

6, 886 

4, 879 

11,765 

12, 795 

24, 560 

20 .. 


.K.. 

30, 824 

13, 264 

44, 088 

11,658 

55, 746 

21 .. 


.K.. 

19, 731 

11,633 

31, 364 

13,528 

44, 892 

22 .. 


.K.. 

16, 684 

10, 841 

27, 525 

12.841 

40, 366 

23... 


.G.. 

7, 350 

5, 331 

12, 681 

13, 398 

26, 079 

24 .. 


.K.. 

18, 000 

12, 712 

30,712 

12, 742 

43, 454 

25 .. 


.K.. 

12, 828 

9,115 

21, 943 

13, 049 

44, 992 

26 .. 


.K.. 

7, 836 

5, 469 

13, 305 

11, 643 

24, 946 

27 .. 


.K.. 

2.5, 747 

10,940 

36, 687 

10, 731 

47,418 

28 .. 


.K.. 

16, 402 

9, 236 

25,638 

12, 267 

37.905 

29 .. 


.K.. 

13,690 

10,365 

24, 055 

12, 772 

36, 827 

30... 


.G.. 

5, 293 

3,818 

9, 111 

12,158 

21,269 

31 .. 


.K.. 

13, 615 

8,617 

22, 232 

12, 067 

34, 899 


Total. 


516, 637 

253, 980 

770,017 

513,808 

1, 284, 425 


* K iudicatea the half-dorin days ; G the lloriu days. 





















































































































224 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMxMISSIONERS. 


Visitors to the exhibition in the month of August. 


Date. 

* 

Paying. 

Tickets 
at reduced 
price. 

Number 
of paying 
visitors. 

Non-pay¬ 
ing. ■ 

Total. 

1873. 

■August 1. 

.*K.. 

10, 659 

6,344 

17, 003 

12, 369 

29, 372 

o 

.K.. 

10, 859 

7, 671 

18, .530 

2, 066 

30, .596 

3. 

.K.. 

24, 303 

9,119 

33,422 

9, 924 

43, 346 

4. 

.K.. 

17. 633 

10,511 

28,144 

13,010 

41, 154 

5. 

. K.. 

14, 953 

10, 338 

25, 291 

11,838 

3<, 129 

6. 

.G-. 

5, 944 

4, 506 

10, 450 

11,486 

21, 936 

7. 

.K.. 

14, 582 

10, 877 

25, 459 

11, 584 

37. 043 

8. 

.K.. 

10, 798 

8, 872 

19, 670 

11,663 

31,333 

9. 

.K.. 

9, 001 

7, 792 

16, 793 

11,073 

27, 866 

10. 

.K.. 

18, 087 

10, 055 

28,142 

9,741 

37, 883 

11. 

.K.. 

16, 292 

11, 671 

27, 963 

11, 805 

39, 768 

12. 

.K.. 

13, 626 

10, 780 

24, 406 

. 11,735 

36,141 

13. 


6,219 

5,113 

11, 332 

11, 506 

22, 838 

14. 

.K.. 

12, 898 

10, 945 

23, 843 

9, 988 

33, 831 

15... 

.K.. 

24, 701 

14,615 

39, 316 

11,466 

50, 782 

16. 

.K.. 

14, 417 

11,213 

25, 630 

11,667 

37, 297 

17. 

. K.. 

25, 888 

12, 530 

38.418 

10, 004 

48, 422 

18. 

.K.. 

17, 723 

12, 643 

30, 366 

11,615 

41, 981 

19.. 

.K.. 

14, 485 

11,028 
14, 784 

25, 513 

11, 706 

37, 219 

20 . 

.K.. 

18, 560 

33, 344 

12, 636 

45, 980 

21. 

.K.. 

14, 402 

10, 740 

25, 142 

11, 715 

36, 857 

22. 

.K.. 

.52,190 

35, 654 

87, 848 

19, 0.53 

106, 897 

23. 

.K.. 

14, 778 

1. 713 

16, 491 

10, 939 

27, 430 

24. 

.K.. 

23, 325 

9, 728 

33, 053 

9, 704 

32, 757 

25. 

.K.. 

16. 564 

10, 566 

27, 130 

11,214 

38, 344 

26. 

.K.. 

13, 380 

9, 505 

22, 885 

10, 892 

33,777 

27. 

.K.. 

11,347 

8, 448 

19, 795 

10, 782 

30, 5 j 4 

28. 

.K.. 

12, 457 

8, 869 

21, 3-26 

10, 799 

32, 125 

29. 

. K.. 

9, 936 

7,501 

17, 437 

10,106 

27, 543 

.30. 

.K.. 

10,294 

8, 079 

18, 373 

10, 7-29 

29, 102 

31. 

.X.. 

21, 060 

10, 629 

31, 689 

9, 830 

41,519 

Total. 


501,361 

322, 839 

824, 200 

354, 645 

1, 178, 845 


* K inilicates the hall'-tiorin days; G the florin days. 


NUMBER OF VISITORS AT PARIS AND OTHER EXHIBITIONS. 


The number of visitors at Paris in 1867 is usually stated as 10,000,000. 
M. Micbeal Chevalier, iu the introduction to the jury reports, says tiiat, 
counting the visits of each holder of a weekly ticket as at least three, the 
number of 10,000,000 is exceeded. The final official report of the im¬ 
perial commission gives the total number as 15,000,000, partly by esti¬ 
mate, and states the number of entrances of paying visitors by the turn¬ 
stiles at the Champ de Mars and at Billoucoiu t as 0,062,965. This was 
from the 24th of December, 1866, to the 21st of November, 1867, the 
visits prior to the opening and after the closing being included. If 
these are excluded from the statement, the sum would be 8,705,937. To 
that we may add the number of visitors for the first three days of Novem¬ 
ber, viz, 206,198, giving a total of 8,912,135 paying visitors duly recorded 
at the turnstiles. In the comparative statement of the number of pay¬ 
ing visitors at former exhibitions, which is full of instructive interest, 
and is appended, the number, including the ticket-holders, is stated as 
9,238,967. The tables may be compared with the results of the sale of 
tickets at Vienna, page — 


























































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


225 


Comparison of the receipts from visitors at the exhibitions of 1855, 1862, 1867. * 


EXPOSITION OF 1855. 


Price of entrance. 

Number of ticket or 
visitors. 

Amounts taken in. 

Partial. 

Total. 

Partial. 

Total. 

By subscribers - - ^ o- . 

1 at 2o francs. 

r at 5 francs . 

at 2 francs. 

By the turnstiles < at 1 franc. 

1 at 50 centimes. 

y at 20 centimes. 

Gratuitous admissions... 

3.175 
1, 668 
33. 926 
95, 688 
2,103, 535 
26, 322 
2,196, 795 
132, 467 

} 4,843;; 

1 

1-4,588,733^ 

J 1 

158,750 00 
41, 700 00 
169, 644 00 
191,411 00 
2,108, 391 00 
13, 163 00 
443,319 00 
76,107 00 

1 200,450 

1 3, 002, 035 

J 

Total. 




4, 593, 576 


3, 202, 485 





EXPOSITION OF 1862. 


r at 5 "uineas, (134 fr. 50 c.)_ 

1 at 3 o-uineas, (78 fr. 75 c.). 

By subscribers... <( at 50 shillings, (62 fr. 50 c.)_ 

at 30 shillings, (37 fr. 50 c.). .. 
(at 10 .shillings, (12 fr. 50 c.)... 
Admission by the turnstiles, (1 fr. 62 c.). 

5. 773 
17, 719 
26 
919 

3, 363 

1 1 

} 27, 800 ■{ 

1 

J 1 

5, 010,131 

757, 706 00 
1,395,371 00 

1, 625 00 
34, 4 3 00 
42, 037 00 

‘ 2, 231, 202 

8, 221, 450 

Total. 






10, 452, 652 






EXPOSITION OF 1867. 


' season tickets at 100 francs .. 
.season tickets at 60 fiancs ... 
season tickets at 40 francs ... 
By subscribers... ( season tickets at 25 francs ... 

season tickets at 20 francs ... 
weekly tickets at 6 francs ... 
weekly tickets at 4 francs ... 

f at 2 francs 50 centimes. 

1 at 2 fi’aucs. 

By the turnstiles •( at 1 franc 50 centimes. 

at 1 francs. 

at 50 centimes .. 

2,285 

2, 865 
78 

2 

219 : 
83,072 1 
7,167 

4, 020 
63, 069 
108, .591 

8 , 967, 599 

^ 95, 688 < 

19,143,2791 

228, 500 00 
171,900 00 

3, 120 00 

50 00 

4, 380 00 
498, 432 00 

28, 668 00 
10, 050 00 
126,138 00 
168, 886 .50 

8 , 967, 599 00 
563, 696 00 

1 

935, 050 00 

J 

1 

' 9, 830, 369 50 

> 

Total . 




9, 238, 967 


10, 765, 419 50 





The apfgre^^ate of 15,000,000 of visitors is obtained by computing the 
number of visits made by the holders of season and complimeutary 
tickets, no separate registry of tliese having apparently been kept,' 
only the amount received from the sale of the tickets having been recorded. 
The analysis is appended. 

Approximate statement and classifieation of the total number of visitors 

to the Paris Exposition of 18G7. 


1. The number of holders of season tickets was 5,461, and 

on the supposition that each used his ticket on an average 
of six times per month, we find the total number of such 
visits to be. 

2. The number of week tickets was 90,241, and each repre¬ 
sented six visits, consefpiently the sum is. 

3. Visitors entering by the turnstiles..... 


229, 362 

541,446 
10, 089, 051 


" From the report of the imperial commissiou for the exposition of 1867, p. 539. 

S. Ex. 30-15 




























































































226 


KEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


4. The number of exhibitors being nearly 50,000, we find 
upon the supposition that two-tiftlis only visited the expo¬ 
sition, and that each of them made an av'erage of ten 


visits a month. . 1,400, 000 

5. Officers of the ex])osition and workmen. 2,340,141 

6, Tickets distributed by the commission encouragement... 400, 000 


Total. 15,000,000 


The distribution of this number of persons, or of visits^ properly 
speaking, among the different modes of reaching the exposition, 
whether on loot, by rail, omnibus, or otherwise, is interesting, and is con¬ 
sidered under the head of transportation. 

\aSITS OF WORKING-MEN. 

A feature of the attendance at the exhibition worthy of especial 
notice is the visits of working-men and em[)hwes under the auspices of 
the governments or their employers. Several countries sent groups of 
such persons to study their respective arts and trades. Switzerlan I 
sent forty workmen each two weeks, this being the duration of tiie visit 
of each squad. In Germany associations were formed to defray the ex¬ 
penses of journeymen sent to the exposition. Several of the railway 
companies assisted their em[)loyes to visit the exposition by giving 
them leave of absence and free passes or tickets over the roads at 
greatly-reduced rates. In France, when the pro{)osition was made iii 
the assembly to appropriate some $20,000 to defray the expenses of a 
body of workmen, a committee reported adversely to the proposition, 
apparently upon political grounds. Workmen were sent at the expense 
of the government to the British exposition in 1802, and by the British 
government to Paris in 1807. One of the fruits of the latter was a 
volume of reports edited and published under the auspices of the So¬ 
ciety of Arts, 

The prizes awarded to meritorious foremen are elsewhere mentioned— 
chapter on awards, &c. 

The imperial commission, in 1807, expended• over 10,000 francs in 
sending Chinese workmen home to China. 

DURATION OF THE EXHIBITION. 

Considering the cumulative interest in an exhibition, it is important 
to prolong one as late in the season as possible, the climate of the 
locality being duly regarded. It is imporant, also, not to open before 
the weather has become settled and favorable. 

The exhibition at Vienna, as is well known, was opened to the public 
on the first day of May, and was closed on the last day of October, being 
open during a period of six months. The Paris exposition opened on 
the first day of April and closed on the last day of October, thus covering 
a period of seven months. In both instances the public were admitted 
for the first two or three days of November, and at Paris the garden was 
open for visitors until the 21st of November. 

The effect of the early o})ening at Vienna has already been discussed, 
but the importance of the subject in reference to the coming centennial 
justifies further reference. 

If the interest of the public in an exhibition is allowed to flag, it is 
next to impossible to resuscitate it. The exhibitors suffer with the pro- 






VIENNA EXPOSITION^—REPORT OF ^Y. P. BLAKE. '221 

moters, and the boiirs until the closing day areanxiously counted. The 
henetits derived by the exhibitors are greater or less in proportion to 
the success and the receipts. The outlay is the same whether the ex¬ 
hibition lasts one month or six, but the advantages exhibitors derive are 
l)roportional to the time or duration.* Other conditions being favorable 
and there being no want of a sufficient population, the longer in the 
season an exhibition can be kept open the better for all concerned. 
This is especially true in a great agricultural country, where the farmers 
must wait until the time of harvest has passed before they can leave 
their homes for tlie length of time required to visit the exhibition. It 
seems to me very desirable, if possible, to prolong the centennial until 
Thanksgiving day, the national festival, and on the other hand to delay 
the opening until the 1st of May or until the weather has become favor¬ 
ably mild. 


NUMBER OF EXHIBITORS. 

The number of exhibitors is reckoned at 70,000. Only 24,000 were 
enumerated in the first edition of the catalogue, which was avowedly 
incomplete. IS^o official summary was published. 

* The imperiiil couimissiou of 1867 do not fail to direct attention to the disproportion 
between the.expense of making an exhibition and its duration. 



THE VIENNA UNIVEKSAL EXHIBITION. 


228 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


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Name of country. 

Hepnblic of Salvador. 

England... 

France. 

Switzerland. 

Italy . 

Sweden. 

Norway. 

Denmark. 

Netlierlauds. 

Belgium. 

Germany. 

Austria... 

Hungary. 

liussia . 

Greece ... 

<s 

Ai 

rj 

H 

Persia. 

Totals. 


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VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 229 

In Paris, in 1867, there were 52,000 exhibitors, enumerated by groups 
as below : 


Group I. 

. 2,320 

Group VI. 

. 6, 

126 

Group II. 

. 4,265 

Group VII. 

. 9, 

351 

Group III. 

. 4,947 

Group VIII. 

. 1, 

349 

Group IV. 

. 8,306 

Group IX . 


791 

Group V. 

. 11,401 

Group X. 

. 2, 

330 


Galleiy of the History of Labor. . 1,014 

XVI.—INTEE^TATIONAL JUEY AWAEDS. 

In the month of June the international jury was organized, in accord¬ 
ance with the provisions of the official programme, Xo. 76, herewith ap¬ 
pended. It will be seen that each country selected its own jurors, and 
that the number of jurors for each group was proportionate to the num¬ 
ber of exhibitors in that group. Provision was made for sectiorial 
and group juries, a council of presidents, and for seven classes of awards. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE JURY. 

I. The examination of the ohjecis exhihited. —The objects exhibited in groups i to xxvi, 
with the exception of those exhihited in group xxiv^, (exposition des aniateurs,) will 
he examined by an international jury. 

II. Additional and temporary exhihiiions. —Special juries will he formed of memhers of 
the international jury for the following additional exhibitions, viz: History of inven¬ 
tions, of industry, of prizes, waste materials and their products, rejiresentation of the 
commerce and trade, the infants’ pavilion, and female work. For the last-named two 
exhibitions ladies may also he invited to take part, as experts. 

The Cremona iustrnmeuts exhibition will not be submitted to examination. 

Special juries will also be formeil in accordance to the respective programmes, by 
members of the international jury for the temporary exhibitions of horses and cattle, 
dairy produce, horticulture, cultivation of the vine and of fruits, &c. 

HI, Nomination of jurors of the Austro-Hamjarian monarchy. —The jurors of the king¬ 
doms and provinces represented in the Austrian reichsrath will, for one-half, be elected 
by the exhibitors of each group, and for the other half, ap])ointed. When the number 
of jurors of a group is uneven, then half of the total number, diminished by none, 
will be elected. 

The voting-tickets must be sent under seal to the chief manager, who will lay them 
before the executive committee of the sixteenth section of the imperial commission, 
performing the duty of an elective commission. 

The elections will be confirmed by his imperial highness the president of the impe¬ 
rial exhibition commission. 

The appointment of jurors will be made by his imperial highness the president of the 
imperial exhibition commission. 

The nomination of jurors for Hungary and its dependencies will be regulated by the 
royal Hungarian government, respectively, by the exhibition commission appointed by 
it. The names of the jurors must be made known to the chief manager on or before 
the 15th April, A. C 

IV. Nomination of jurors of foreign countries.—The foreign exhibition commissions are 
invited to appoint the number of jurors allotted to their country in such a manner as 
they may consider best, and to send in their list of jurors to the chief manager not 
later than the 15th April, A. C. 

V. Number of jurors.—The number of jurors for Austria-Hungary and for each of the 
foreign countries will be increased in proportion to the number of exhibitors of each 
state, as showu in the following table. 

Each group will therefore contain— 

For 10 to 100 exhibitors, one juror. 

For 101 to 200 exhibitors, twm jurors. 

For 201 to 300 exhibitors, three jurors. 

For 301 to 400 exhibitors, four jurors, &c. 

The exhibiting foreign states are invited to appoint substitutes to fill up the "jdace 
of absent jurors. Should a juror and his substitute be both hindered from continuing 
their attendance at the jury meetings, his imperial highness the president of the impe¬ 
rial exhibition commission will, iu case of ueed, fill up the vacancy. 














230 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The complete list of jurors will be published by the last of April, 1873. 

VI. Erperts. —The uatioual juries are at liberty to streuotheu their number by the 
addition of members of the jury of other sections, and also to invite the co-operation of 
other professional men. 

These experts must be proposed in a meetiiifij of the sectional jury assembled with 
the required quorum, by one of its members or the representative of the chief manager, 
and are elected by absolute majority of votes. 

The names of the experts so elected will be published by the chief manager. 

VII. Persons to represent the chief manager at the jury meetings. —The cliief manager 
Avill appoint delegates who will be authorized to participate in the transactions of the 
jury and will have there a deliberative vmice. These delegates will also have to pro¬ 
cure the subsidiary requirements for the trials and judgments of the jury. 

YIII. Representation of the foreign commissions at the jury meetings. —The commissioners 
of foreign states are entitled to participate in the juries transactions with a delibera¬ 
tive voice, either personally" or through a delegate of their own. 

IX. Sectional juries. —The division into groups as published September 16, 1871, will 
be taken for a basis of the transactions of the jury. 

In oi-'ler to facilitate the professional examination of objects exhibited, the juries of 
the single groups will be subdivided into sections, according to the list hereto annexed, 
(see supplement I.) 

In judging the working machinery, (group 13, section 2,) as well as plans, models, 
and arrangements of industrial buildings, and other objects to be examined, from sev¬ 
eral points of view, those professional men who are judges of the products of the re¬ 
spective machines, manufactories, &c., must be called in from the other sections of the 
jurv to act as voting members. 

X. Organization and task of the juries of sections. —Each jury of a class, as soon as it is 
constituted, will elect out of its own members a chairman, a deputy-chairman, and one 
or more reporters. 

Sectional juries are authorized to constitute themselves as soon as they count at least 
three regular members. In default of this number of members the business of the sec¬ 
tion will be distributed by the jury of the group to one or more sectional juries. 

Every sectional jury has to examine the objects classified in the respective section, 
and to propose, according to the result of examination, the prize to be awarded. 

These juoirositions are to be submitted to the approval of the jury of the group. 

XI. Organization and task of the juries of groups. —Every jury of a group comprises all 
the members of the sections of the respective group. 

The chairmen and the two deputy-chairmen of every jury of a group are nominated by 
his imperial highness the president of the imperial commission. 

The reporters are elected by the members of the juries of groups from their own 
numbers. 

The juries of groups will decide on the distribution of the work to be done by the 
sections which have not yet constituted themselves, and on the propositions of the sec¬ 
tional juries. The same will also propose the diplomas of honor to be awarded. 

XII. Council of presidents. —The chairmen, deputy chairmen, and reporters of the juries 
of groups from the council of presidents. 

The president and the two vice-presidents of this council will be appointed by his 
imperial highness the president of the imperial commission. The council of presidents 
will decide on questions of principle which may be proposed by the juries of groups ; 
they will decide also on the propositions concerning the diploma of honor to be award¬ 
ed, and will receive the final reports of the juries of groups, which are to be laid be¬ 
fore his imperial highness the president of the imperial commission. 

XIII. Functions of the jury. —The chairman, or in case of his being prevented, the 
deiiuty-chairmau, will call the meetings, conduct the debates, see that the propositions 
and resolutions as well as their motives are duly recorded by the secretary in the book 
of procei'dings, which, after due verification, must be laid before the chief manager. 

XIV. Resolutions of the jury. —To pass valid resolutions, the juries of groups, the 
sectional juries and the council of presidents must have a quorum of at least half the 
members besides the president. 

The resolutions of the jury will taken with absolute majority of votes; in case 
of a division of votes, the president’s vore will be decisiv"e. 

XV. Exclusion of the jurors and experts from the compel ilion for ptrizes. —Those exhibitors 
Avho are commissioned as jurors, renounce fully to the competition for prizes, but ex¬ 
perts only for the respective section. This renunciation may be made visible on the 
objects exposed. 

This rule a[)plies also to the partners and managers of the exposing firms. 

XVI. Voluntary renunciation of the exhibitors to the competition for prizes. —Every exhib¬ 
itor is free to withdraw his objects exposed from the examination by the jury, but this 
wish of the exhibitor must be expressly declared on the questionary by the words “ out 
of competition.” If this declaration, whether the exhibitor desires'or not his objects to 
be examined, is omitted, then it is supposed that he wishes them to be examined. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


231 


As for objects Avhich can be classed arnon^ several j^ronps or sections, the exhibitors 
• have to denote, on the questionaries, the <^ronp and section wherein they wish to have 
their objects placed. 

XVII. Examination of the collective exhihitions. —Collective exhibitions will, in jnjeneral, 
be judged as a whole, and are therefore submitted to the regulations mentioned before. 
However, if one or the other of the ])articipators in such an exhibition should desire to 
be judged separately", then he must also furnish the jury separately with tlie neoessary 
statements. 

XV III. Preparator}/ ivorlc for the transactions of the Jari/. —Ev"ery exhibitor will receive 
through the exhibition commission of his CDunbiy a list of queries, (see supplement ii,) 
for the purpose to enable him to inlorm thoroughly the jury about his exhibition. 
Their own interest must induce the exhibitors to answer tlie (piestious in the most com¬ 
plete manner and to submit the same in due time, or else they will risk that, owing to 
iinperfect information, their objects will not be duly appreciated by the jury. The ex- 
hibilion commissions are requested to transmit the list of questions duly tilled up to 
the chief manager till the 1st of May, 1873, at the latest. 

XIX. Term for thejnrifs task. —The international jury will meet ou the 16th June, 1873. 
Their task must be tinished by the last day of .Inly. 

XX. Publication of the distinctions awarded. —The distinctions awarded to exhibitors 
will be declared at a public ceremonial on the 18th August, 1873, and will be attached 
to the objects so distinguished from the dav following the ceremonial. 

XXL Di versity of distinctions. —The jury will award the following distinctions: 

1. The diploma of honor of the universal exhibition of 1873 in Vienna. 

2. The medal for progress. 

3. The medal for merit. 

4. The medal for fine arts. 

5. The medal for taste. 

6. The medal for co-operation. 

7. Tlie diploma of merit (equivalent to ‘‘honorable mention.”) 

Each exhibitor.can only obtain one distinction of the same class in one of the branches 
of industry. 

XXII. Rules for the awardiny of distinctions. —In awarding distinctions the following 
principles will be adhered to : 

1. The diploma of honor of the universal exhibition of 1873 in Vienna will bear the 
character of a peculiar distinction for eminent merits in the domain of science, its ap- 
jilications to the education of the people and the advancement of the intellectual and 
material welfare of man. This distinction can be awarded exclusively by the council 
of presidents upon the proposition of a jury of groups. 

2. The medal for progress is destined for exhibitors of groups i to xxiii, and of 
group xxvi, who have furnished proofs of considerable progress over similar i)roducts 
shown at former universal exhibitions, by new inventions, introduction of new mate¬ 
rials and contrivances. 

3. The medal for merit can be awarded to exhibitors who will support their claims 
by the goodness and perfection of the work, the extent of production, the opening 
of new markets, the employment of improved tools and machinery, and the cheapness 
of the product. 

4. The medal for fine-arts is reserved to eminent objects of fine-arts of the 25th 
group. 

5. The medal for taste will be awarded to exhibitors of articles of industry prou i- 
nently manufactured where the forms and colors are to be appreciated in the first line. 

6. The medal for co-operation is destined for individuals who will be designated by 
the exhibitors as managers of manufactories, foremen, drawers of patterns, model- 
makers or assistant workmen, for the substantial part they have taken in the excel¬ 
lence of the produce or in the increase of the sale. 

7. The diploma of merit can be awarded to exhibitors who have given proofs of meri¬ 
torious accomplishments, not, however, in a degree to justify the awarding of the 
medal for })rogress or for merit. 

XXIII. Central offices of the jury. —A special office will be formed by the care of the 
delegates of the chief manager (see $ vii) to attend to all work connected with the 
constitution, transactions, and the whole business of the jury, and the holding in evi¬ 
dence thereof. The office will receive all the documents addressed to the jury, and lay 
them be.'ore it, call the members for meetings, advise the foreign commissions and ex¬ 
hibitors of the imminent examination of their exhibited articles by the jury, keep the 
]uojeedings of jury meetings and all its documents in evidence, supply information to 
all applicants, and procure the retjuired subsidiaiy appliances. 


232 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


ORGANIZATION OF THE JURY FOR THE TEMPORARY CATTLE-SHOW.* 

1. The animals sent to both international temporary cattle-shows will be examined 
by an international jnry. 

2. The jurors of the kingdoms and provinces represented in the Austrian reichsrath 
will be appointed by his imperial highness the president of the imperial exhibition 
commission. 

The nomination of jiiT-ors for Hungary and its dependencies will be regulated by the 
royal Hungarian government respectively by the exhibition commission appointed 
by it. 

3. The foreign exhibition commissions are invited to appoint the number of jurors 
allotted to their country in such a manner as they may consider best, and to send in 
the names of their jurors to the chiel manager in due time. 

4. For each of the two temporary cattle-shows an international jury will be separately 
convoked. 

.5. The number of jurors for Austria-Hungary, and for each of the participating for¬ 
eign countries will be increased in proportion with the number of heads of animals of 
each state. 

According to § 16 of the special programme No. 42, concerning the first temporary cat¬ 
tle-show, to each twenty heads of cattle from Austria-Hungary, and for each ten heads 
from foreign countries, one juror will be appointed. As for sheep, pigs, goats, &c., 
one lot will be counted as one head. 

6. The prize-jury for horses will be composed, according to the literal text of the 
programme published in February, 1872, as follows: 

“ For every number of ten horses of the same state there will be appointed one juror. 

“The states exhibiting less than ten, but at least five horses, will be entitled to ap¬ 
point one prize-juror. 

“ Chairman of the prize-jury for horses is his excellency Count Griinne, as president 
of the S})ecial horse-exhibition committee.” 

7. As to the convocation of the jury for dead and live poultry, dogs, &c., the respect¬ 
ive rules will be published hereafter. 

8. The exhibiting foreign states are invited to appoint substitutes to fill up the 
place of absent jurors. Should a juror and his substitute be both hindered from con¬ 
tinuing their attendance at the jury-meetings, his imperial highness the president of 
the imperial exhibition commission will, in case of need, fill up the vacancy. 

9. The jury will be at liberty to strengthen their number by the nomination of 
experts who are not members of the jury. 

These experts must be proposed in a meeting of the jury assembled with the required 
quorum, by one of its members or the representative of the chief manager, and are 
elected by absolute majority of votes. 

10. The chief manager will appoint delegates, who will be authorized to participate 
in the transactions of the jnry, and will have there a deliberative voice. 

11. The commissioners of foreign states are entitled to participate in the jury’s trans¬ 
actions with a deliberative voice, either personally or through a delegate of their own. 

12. The convoked members of the jnry will be, if necessary, subdivided into sections, 
the chairman appointed by his imperial highness the president of the universal exhi¬ 
bition ])residing. 

13. Each sectional jury, as soon as it is constituted, will elect out of its own members 
a chairman, a dei)uty chairman, and one or more reporters. 

Sectional juries are authorized to constitute themselves as soon as they count at least 
five regular members. In default of this number of members the business of the sec¬ 
tion will be consigned by the president to another section. 

Every sectional jury has to examine the objects classified in the respective section, 
and to propose, according to the result of examination, the prize to be awarded. 

These propositions are to be submitted to the approval of the jury assembled in 
general meeting. 

14. The chairman, or, in case of his being prevented, the deputy chairman, will call 
the meetings, conduct the debates, see that the propositions and resolutions, as well as 
their motives, are duly recorded by the reporter in the book of proceedings, which, 
after due verification, must b(} consigned to the chief manager. 

15. To pass valid resolutions, the jury meeting must have a quorum of at least 
half the members besides the chairman. 

The resolutions of the jury will be taken with absolute majority of votes; in case of 
a division of votes, the chairman’s vote will be decisive. 

16. Those exhibitors who are commissioned as jurors, renounce fully to the competi¬ 
tion for prizes ; but experts only for the respective section. This renunciation may be 
ma<le visible on the objects exposed. 

This rule apj)lies also to the clerks or managers of the exposing firms. 

*No. 90. (General programme No. 2, dansex.—From 31st May to 9th June, show for 
cattle, sheep, pigs, 4&c.; 18th to 27th September, show for horses, poultry, pigeons, &c.) 





VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


233 


17. Every exhibitor is free to withdraw his exposed cattle from the examination by 
the jury, but this wish of the exhibitor must be expressly declared on the questiouary 
by the words ‘‘out of competition.” If this declaration, that the exhibitor desires his 
objects not to be examined, is omitted, then it is supposed that he wishes them to be 
examined. 

18. If participators in collective exhibitions should desire their objects to be exam¬ 
ined separately, they must state it expressly. 

19. Tile internatioual jury of each of the two temporary shows will meet on the day 
of their respective beginning, and must have finished their task within two or three 
days at the latest. 

The distinctions awarded to exhibitors will be declared each time close after the 
examination by the jury and marked on the objects so distinguished. 

20. The jury will award the following distinctions : 

(a) Tlie medal for progress, 

(h) The medal for merit. 

(c) The medal for co-operation. 

(d) The diploma of merit. 

21. Rules for the awarding of distinctions : 

(a) The medal for progress is destined for exhibitors who have furnished proofs of 
considerable progress over similar products shown at former universal exhibitions. 

(b) The medal for merit can be awarded to exhibitors who will support their claims 
by fine breed, proofs of particular care in keeping, and the great value of the product. 

(c) The medal for co-operation is destined for individuals who will be designated by 
the exhibitors for the substantial part they have taken in the excellence of the produce. 

(d) The diploma of merit can be awarded to exhibitors who have given proofs of 
meritorious accomplishments, not, however, in a degree to justify the awarding of the 
medal for progress or for morit. 

(e) The different races and kinds will compete between themselves. 

(/) Prizes in general will be awarded only to good subjects which fulfill perfectly 
their destination as breeding cattle, or the other purposes for which they are kejit. In 
consequence, the awarded prizes will have an absolute value, and do not only signify 
that such animal or its whole breed was found eminent among other cattle casually 
present, but they have the meaning that the animal or the whole breed is perfectly 
answering the requirements of a good breeding, or to the conditions of the use to which 
it is destined. Under this rule the consideration of age in the animal is out of question. 

(g) The same exhibitor can obtain for one kind of animals only one medal for pro¬ 
gress, or one medal for merit. 

(h) Exhibitors to whom a medal has been awarded cannot obtain also a diploma of 
merit for tlie same kind of animals. 

(i) Tlie jury reports on each of the temporary cattle shows will appear separately 
close after the respective show, and will contain the motives for awarding the prizes. 

22. The ‘‘central office of the jury” is charged to attend to all work connected with 
the constitution, transactions, and the whole business of the jury, and the holding in 
evidence of all its documents. Dr. Joseph Arenstein, chief of the agricultural section 
of the universal exhibition, is appointed representative of the chief manager. (See 
sections vii and xxiii of the general organization statute for the international 
jury. Official document No. 76) 

42. Praterstrasse, May, 1873. Vienna. 

The president of Ihe imperial commission, 

ARCHDUKE RISGNIER. 


The chief manager. 


BARON DE SCHWARZ--SENBORN. 


TARDINESS IN NOMINATING JURORS. 

Section iv, providing for the appointment of jurors by each country, 
stipulates that the list of names should be sent in not later than the 15th 
of April. This request was rarely complied with to the letter, and the 
first edition of the official list of the jury, published June 15, instead of 
in April as intended, is very imperfect. This deficiency in many cases 
hiul not been remedied even at the close of the jury’s labors. Persons 
nominated in many instances were not able, or were unwilling, to serve. 
Edition after edition of the list of jurors was published, each differing 
from the last, but none complete until the several lists united made a 
bulky quarto volume. 

The fourth edition of the list of names in alphabetical order, published 
July 20, contains over one thousand names. This list gives the nation- 



234 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


ality, tlie functions, the number of the group to which appointed, and 
the residence in Yienna of eacli juror. 

The first meeting of this jury was asocial one, at the invitation of 
Baron St^hwarz, in the spacious halls of the Engineers and Architects 
Association of Yienna. It was a remarkable assemblage of remarkable 
men, frotti all climes, and representing all de[)artments of science and 
])roductive industry. They were in most cases selected for their pecu¬ 
liar fitness as experts in the groups to which they were nominated. 

The following table shows the number of jurors appointed for each 
group, iucluding experts and delegates 


Group. 

No. of 
jurors. 

Group. 

No. of 
jurors. 

I. 

35 

XIV. 

27 

II. 

90 

XV. 

19 

Ill. 

50 

XVI. 

34 

IV. 

93 

XVII. 

18 

V. 

117 

XVIII. 

28 

VI. 

25 

XIX. 

8 

VII. 

52 

XX. 

7 

VIII.. 

42 

XXI. 

23 

IX. 

37 

XXII. 

0 

X. 

28 

XXIII. 

8 

XI. 

20 

XXIV. 

0 

XII. 

31 

XXV. 

53 

XIII. 

39 

XXVI. 

54 






There was, in addition, a special jury on the commerce and trade of 
the world of fourteen members; one on women’s work of six members; 
and there were thirteen substitutes, and thirteen delegates from the 
general direction, and two or more secretaries in the general office. 

THE DIVISION INTO SECTIONS. 

The division of the group juries into sections as provided for in arti_ 
cle ix was essential in order to secure just aj)preciation and to subdi 
vide and facilitate the work. Each group, with a few exceptions, was - 
divided into four or five sections, thus making in all seventy-eight 
undivided sections and a corresponding number of sections or class- 
juries. 

The whole organization, it will be seen, was very much like that at 
Paris ill 18G7. 


INTERNATIONAL JURY AT PARIS, 18G7. 

The international jury at the Paris exposition consisted of six hundred 
members, selected from each nationality in pro[)ortion to the space 
occupied by the country in the exposition. The members for France 
w^ere designated by the imperial commission, those from other countries 
by their respective commissions. The organization consisted of one 
special jury, ninety four juries of classes, ten juries of groups, and a 
superior council, as follows: 

Members. 

One special jury on new order of recompenses. 25 


One class and group jury on fine arts... GI 

Ninety class-juries, numbering in all.... 483 


* From the list of July 20. The later list coutaiued some other names. 













































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 235 

11 In juries, formed of tlie presidents and vice-presidents of 
classes, 180 5 9 presidents and 18 vice-presidents added, 27—207. 27 

One snjierior council, formed of the presidents and vice-presidents 
of groujis, 27 ; 1 presiding officer added, 1—28. 1 


Total number of members.. 600 


The duties of the ninety-live class-juries were to make the examina¬ 
tions of the objects in their restiective classes and to prepare full lists 
ot those exhibitors whom they deemed deserving of an award. The 
names were to be placed in the order of merit, and the reasons for 
making the award were to be added. 

The lists so i^repared were submitted to the group-juries, whose duty 
it was to rcA ise them and to send them in an apiiroved form to the 
superior council, which made the definitive decisions and awards. Its 
decisions were final. 

Each class-jury organized by the election of a president and a vice- 
president, a secretary and a reporter. These presidents and vice-presi¬ 
dents formed the gronp-juries, and they in turn organized by the selec¬ 
tion of a president and two vice-presidents, and these officers constituted 
the superior council or council of presidents, presided over by one of 
the vice-presidents of the imperial commission. 

COMMENCEMENT OF THE JURY-XVORK IN VIENNA. 

By the 24th of June the international jury had fairly commenced its 
work. The council of the presidents had met and had taken several 
important questions into consideration. One was whether it was per¬ 
missible for commissions of one nationality to select jurors of another, 
this question being raised upon the nomination of Austrian jurors by 
the Turkish government. It was decided affirmatively, though some 
objections were made. The question of the language to be used at the 
jury-sessions was decided in favor of German and French. It was 
agreed that members of section-juries might participate in the work of 
other sections of the same group if they so desired. The relative value 
of awards was debated, with the conclusion that, with the exception of 
the diploma of honor, there was no gradation or comparative difference 
in the awards. At a subsequent session (July 2, 1873) the following 
explanations of the regulations were adopted and were published for 
the information of the jurors and the exhibitors. 

EXPLANATIONS OF THE JURY REGULATIONS. 

1 . One medal only can be granted to an exhibitor for one and the same 
object of exhibition. 

Consequently an exhibitor who exhibits objects substantially different, 
belonging to different groui)s, and which are produced by him in sep¬ 
arate establishments, can obtain a medal or diploma of distinction for 
each such class of production. 

2. The medals for progress, medals for merit, medals for art, and med¬ 
als for taste are perfectly equal in rank and value. 

3. The diploma of honor is ordy awarded for extraordinary merit in 
science, art, or industry, in education of the i)eople, or in otherwise pro¬ 
moting the welfare of mankind. The number of these diplomas, which 
can be proposed to the council of the presidents by each group, is not 
limited beforehand; but the council of presidents will only confer this 
highest distinction after the perfect fulfillment of the conditions fixed. 

-I. Distinctions can only be conferred upon single industrial under- 





236 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

takings or corporate bodies, and not upon the whole industrial commu¬ 
nity of a country, district, or town. 

5. Among co-operators, such persons are also to be considered fit 
competitors for prizes as have acquired merit in general tor the indus¬ 
trial undertaking in question. 

G. Oidy one of the competitors in the same department of an indus¬ 
trial establishment, as for instance for draNving, chemistry, &c., can 
obtain a prize. 

7. The co-operator of a juror is not necessarily excluded from compe¬ 
tition, but this juror is not also to take part iu the adjudicatiou ot the 
prize. 

8 . A company of shareholders is only then excluded from competition 
when the name of a juror appears on its list as present or former mem¬ 
ber of the firm. 

9. Government institutions are not excluded from competitiou. 

10. Distinctions can also be conferred upon those governments which, 
by considerable collection and accumulation of works of art and indus¬ 
try, encourage, animate, and promote the production of them. 

DIFFICULTIES OF THE JURY WORK. 

Work ill earnest had no sooner commenced than the usual difficulties 
were encountered. One of the first was the want of a complete cata¬ 
logue by groups and sections, and also a general and* corresponding 
numbering of the objects. There were also some incongruities in the 
classification, and questions arose as to which jury should examine cer¬ 
tain classes of objects. For example, bar-iron and steel unwrought, or 
considered simply as the result of the extractive jirocesses, was placed 
by the classification in group VII, but the critical examination of these 
objects, by the nature of the case, devolved upon the jury of group one, 
and an understanding to this effect had to be arrived at between the 
two group-juries. 

Among other difficulties or hinderances to the rapid and efficient work¬ 
ing of the jury may be mentioned, particularly, the frequent absence of 
any information whatever regarding interesting objects about which 
information was eagerly sought by intelligent members of the group- 
juries. Many objects of real novelty and interest were necessarily passed 
by or received only meager attention and notice for the want of authen¬ 
tic data regarding them. It must be remembered that with such a vast 
array of objects before each group-jury, such an amount of labor to be 
lierformed in a short time, there is no time to prosecute inquiries or to 
undertake experimental trials, except, ])erhaps, in the way of verification 
or direct comparisons. Moreover, iu the absence of qwner or an agent 
the juries do not feel at liberty to make such use and investigation 
of a machine or object as would be necessary in order to fully ascertain 
its merits. Each and every exhibitor owes it to himself to be present 
or to be represented at the time the examination by the jury is made, 
and, further, to provide beforehand a concise and accurate summary iu 
print of the chief points of novelty or excellence of his exhibit, accom¬ 
panied by such statistical or other information as the nature of the case 
will xiermit, or the interests of the public may require. An exhibitors 
statement may, in most cases, be verified or modified by the jurors in a 
few minutes to suit his views or convictions, and it can be filed away 
for future and careful scrutiny, becoming a record, in fact, of the exam¬ 
ination. 

Ill order to obtain such data from the exhibitors iu good season, and 
at the same time to ascertain what objects would be brought promi- 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


237 


iieiitly to tbe notice of the jury, the general direction caused printed 
forms of questions, called questionaries,” to be printed in great num¬ 
bers, and to be circulated freely among the commissioners and the ex¬ 
hibitors. A specimen copy of one of these questiouaries is annexed and 
is sell-explanatory. It will be seen that information so presented would 
Inive the great advantage of being systematically arranged, and in the 
torm best suited to the wants of tlie jury. The replies were limited to 
four pages of folio, and it was expected that they would be sent in be¬ 
fore the first day of May. 

FORM OF THE QUESTIONARY. 


Couutry..Uuiversal exhibition, 1P73, in Vienna. 

Group..Xo. of general catalogue__ 

Section ..»..Xo. of special catalogue-- 

INTERNATIONAL JURY. 


Questionary for the exhibitors of Groups I, III to XVIII, inclusive, and XX VI. 

(For Group II, Agriculture and Forestry. Groups XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, and XXtII, and for the 
additional and temporary exhibitions, 8]>ecial questiouaries will be issued.) 


Xo. 

Questions. 

Keplies. 

Documents. 

1 

X me and fore-name of the exhibitor. 



2 

Firm. 



3 

Kesidence. 



4 

Sussinet designation of the exhibited object. 



5 

Year in which the business was established. 



6 

Tear in which the exhibitor took possession of the 
business. 



7 

Manufacturing place, work shop, places of carry¬ 
ing on the trade. 







8 

JMunueroi j ( wotnen. 




workmen j nut nf dnors < men. 




( womeu. 



9 

X umber and kind of motive power. 



10 

Total amount of the disposable horse-power. 



11 

Specification of the w-orking machines and other 
working apparatus. 

-----‘ 



— 

12 

Objects the manufacturing of which has been 
liewly imported by the exhibitor into his country. 



13 

Contrivances for bettering the availment of the 
raw, and particularly of the waste, materials. 



14 

Improvements introduced in the machines and 
other working apparatus. 



15 

Working and subsidiary material newly introduced. 



If) 

Impr ovements in the organization of the labor, for 
instance, thi ough its more practical distribution. 



17 

Special sanitary arrangements in the w'ork-shops. 



18 

Huraanitary establi.shments. 



19 

Value of the annual average production. 



20 

Amount and principal directions of exportation. 















































































































238 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


No. 

Questions. 

Replies. 

Documents. 

21 

Other industrial enterprises of the exhibitor. 

0 


22 

Distinctions awarded to the exhibitor on previous 
universal exhibitions. 



23 

Other remarks of the exhibitor. 



24 

Section into which the exhibitor wishes his objects 
to be placed for examination. 



25 

Whether the exhibitor wishes his objects to be ex¬ 
amined or not. 



20 

Particulars to which the exhibitor desires to call 
the special attention of the J ury. 

9 

• 


Date. Signature. 


REMARKS. 

1. Exhibitors who, till the 1st of May, a. c., will not have the questionary, <lnly fillefi up, delivered to 
the chief manager, through tlieir respective commission, have to ascribe it to themselves if, foi want 
of the necessary documents, their objects of exliibition will not be valued correspondinsily by the Jury. 

2. Exhibitors have to declare wliether they will or not submit their products to the Juilginent of the 
Jury. In the latter case, this circumstance is to be made visible ou the questionary which will be de¬ 
livered to them by tlie words, “out of competition.” 

3. As for those objects which can be placed into several groups or sections, the exhibitors have to 
mark, on the questionary transmitted to them, the section into which they want their objects to be 
classified. 

4. Should the space contained in the rubrics prove insufticient. the exhibitors are desired to write the 
respective statements on separate sheets, ou which the number of the (ine.stioii is to be marked. This 
supplement is also to be pointed out on the questionary in the rubric, “ Documents.” 

Size of the questionary : folio, four i)ages. 

Beilagelll. Forninlare des FrageRogens. Laud_ Weltausstellnng 1873 in Wien 


Section. General-Katalojrs-Nummer 

Special-Katalogs-Numnier 

INTERNATIONALE JURY. 


Fragehogen fiir die Aassteller der Gruppe II. 


Nr. 

Eragepunkte. 

. Antworten. 

1 

Vor- und Zuname des Austellers 


2 

Charakter 


3 

Wohnort 


4 

Name des Besitzthums 


5 

Eingefuhrte 

V ei'besserun- <; 
gen : 

a) in der Eruchtfolge ; 

b) bei den Maschinen und 

Geriithen ; 

c) in der Ausniitzung der 

Rohstoife; 

d) in der Verwerthung der 

Abfalle; 

e) im Forstbetriebe; 

/) im Wie.senbau ; 

(j) in der Vielizncht ; 
h) sonstige Verbesserungen; 

• 

fi 

Landwirthschaftlich-industrielleUnterneh- 
mungen des Ausstellers 


7 

Auszeichnungen bei friilieren Weltausstel- 
lungen 


8 

Anderweitige Bemerkungen des Ausstellers 


9 

Section in welche.der Aussteller seine Ob- 
Jecte fiir die Beurtheilung eingereiht 
wiinscht 


10 

Wun.sch des Ausstellers beurtheilt zu 
werdeu oder nicht 


















































































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


239 


bemerkungp:n. 


1. Jene Anssteller, welclie den ansgefill]ten Fra(^el)oo:en niclit bis 1. Mai dem Gen¬ 
eral-Director iin Wege der betreffenden Ansstellnntjjs-Cotnniission vorlegeti, haben es 
sicli selbst znzuschreiben, evenn ilire Ansstellnngs-Objecte wegen mangelhafter Infor¬ 
mation die entsprechende Wiirdignng dnrch die Jury nichtfinden. 

2. Die Anssteller baben die ansdriickliche Erkliirnng abzngeben, ob sie ibre Loistnn- 
gen der Benrtbeilung unterwerfen wollen oder nicht. Im letzten Falle ist dieser Uni- 
staud anf dem Fragebogen dnrch die Bezeichnung “aiisser Preisbewerbung ” ersichtlich 
zu machen. 

8. Die Anssteller baben hinsicbtlicb solcher Objecte, welcbe in mebrere Grnppen 
Oder Sectionen eiiigereibt werden kbiinen, anf den zngestellten Fragebogen die Section 
zn bezeicbnen, in welcbe sie ibre Objecte fiir die Benrtbeilung eingereibt zn seben 
^viinscben. 

4. Die Anssteller werden ersnclit, im Falle der in den Rnbriken gegebene Ranm nicht 
ansreicbt, die betreffenden Da’en anf besonderen Bbgen mit Angabe der Zabl des Fra- 
gepnnktes beizuscbliessen and dies anf diesem Fragebogen ersichtlich zn machen. 

Bat many of tlie exhibitors neglected or paid very little attention to 
these questionaries, and many, perhaps, never saw them until it was 
too late. 

Tlie confused and heterogenous arrangement of the exhibition was 
also a great liinderance and difficulty. It required great effort to tind 
the objects, and when found, comparison was.impossible. 

These adverse conditions, together with the nature of the prizes made 
th.e work of the Vienna jury differ radically from that of the interna¬ 
tional jury at Paris in 18(47. There the prizes were graded to suit de¬ 
grees of merit. They were com[)arative, and the judgment of the jury 
was based upon a careful discrimination between objects of the same 
class or kind from different countries. In Vienna comparisons were 
not the basis of the awards ; each exhibit stood by itself. It wais judged 
upon its merits. Merit justified the award of a medal for merit, good 
taste of a medal for good taste, progress of a medal for progress, and 
so on, but either or all at the option of the jury upon the examination 
of that single exhibit, not as the result of comparisons. The phrase 
‘‘the highest prize,” in regard to the Vienna awards loses its signifi- 
cnnce, and is a misnomer, though undoubtedly most of the recipients 
of awards prefer the medal for progress to that for merit. 

This absence of the element of comparison and of grades of awards 
corresponding to degrees of merit greatly lessened the labor and re¬ 
sponsibility of the jury. Probably the work could not have been done 
on the basis of that at Paris without a corresponding systematic ar¬ 
rangement. 


SPECIAL JURIES. 

special juries were organized for the flower exhibitions, the cattle 
show, and’the horse exhibition. For the flower exhibitions one juror 
was appointed for each twenty exhibitors. 

CLOSE OF THE JURY WORK. 

By the the active work of the group juries had nearly 

ceased, and preparations were made for the official announcement of 
the awards on the 18th of August. There were many reclanmtions, and 
o-reat pressure was brought to bear in favor of the appointment of a 
supiilemental jury to revise some of the work and to examine exhibits 
which had been overlooked. But nothing was done, it being impossible 
to satisfy all, and.the work of the jury, as reported, was accepted as final. 

The announcement was made, as intended, on the 18th of August, 


240 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


without much ceremony, and fortunate recipients of awards immediately 
telegraphed the fact in all directions and advertised it to the world. 

At no previous exhibition were the awards so generally bestowed. 
At Paris with 52,200 exhibitors there were 19,770 awards.* In Vienna, 
with about 70,000 exhibitors, there were no less than 20,002 awards, or 
over 33 per cent, of the number of exhibitors. 

These 20,002 distinctions were distributed as follows : t 
421 diplomas of honor. 

3,024 medals for progress. 

10,405 diplomas of approval, [i. e. honorable mention.) 

8,800 medals of merit. 

320 medals for good taste. 

978 tine arts medals, and 
1,988 medals awarded to workmen, &c. 

Classified as to countries, the distribution was: 


1. Austria. 5,991 

2. Germany. . 5, 000 

3. France. 3,142 

4. Italy. 1,908 

5. Hungary. 1, 004 

0. Spain. 1,157 

7. England. 1,150 

8. Kussia. 1, 018 

9. Switzerland. .723 

10. Belgium. 012 

11. Sweden and Norway... 534 

12. Turkey. 470 

13. United States. 441 

14. Portugal. 431 

15. Denmark. 309 

10. Holland. 284 


17. Roumania. 238 

18. Japan.217 

19. Brazil. 202 

20. Greece. 183 

21. China. 118 

22. Egypt. 75 

23. South America. 44 

24. Persia... 29 

25. Morocco .. . 20 

20. Madagascar, &c. 10 

27. Monaco. .. 9 

28. Sandwich Islands. 8 

29. Mexico. 1 

30. Siam. 1 

31. Turkestan. 1 


* These 19,770 awards cousisted of 83 ^rand prizes, 1,176 gold medals, 4,455 silver 
medals, 7,434 bronze medals, and 6,247 honorable mentions—diplomas. Medals Avere 
also strnck for collaborators, and for those who, by the regulations, were placed hors 

CO II CO ID'S. 

t In the analysis of the nature and distribution of the awards I have availed of the 
admirable tabular presentation of the facts given in engineering, September 19, 1873. 

































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE 


241 


AWARDS. 

TaUe shou iiig the number of awards of each class to the exhibitors from each of the different 

countries. 



In detail the different countries received. 

Diplomas of 

honor. 

Medals of pro¬ 

gress. 

Diplomas of ap¬ 

proval. 

Medals of merit. 

Medals for good 

taste. 

Fine arts medals. 

Co-operator med¬ 

als. 

1 

Austria. 

66 

633 

2, 520 

1,977 

121 

124 

550 

2 

Germany. 

100 

630 

1, 951 

1, 820 

41 

200 

324 

3 

France. 

83 

547 

913 

940 

43 

240 

376 

4 

Italy. 

19 

163 

867 

650 

18 

97 

94 

5 

Hungary. 

15 

101 

816 

516 

8 

25 

123 

6 

Spain... 

8 

117 

593 

374 

7 

18 

40 

7 

England... 

28 

169 

432 

420 

13 

49 

45 

8 

Russia... 

20 

124 

281 

362 

13 

47 

71 

9 

Switzerland. 

22 

92 

258 

257 

3 

33 

58 

10 

Belgium. 

20 

86 

155 

183 

6 

90 

72 

11 

Sweden and Norway. 

9 

57 

236 

1 181 


15 


12 

Turkey.. 

2 

30 

227 

174 

18 

IQ 

13 

United States. 

9 

72 

154 

177 

5 

16 

9 

14 

Portugal. 

1 

36 

218 

144 




15 

Denmark. 

2 

27 

138 

100 

9 

.8' 

25 

16 

Holland. 

6 

39 

91 

109 

3 

25 

11 

17 

Roumania. 

1 

9 

145 

68 

4 


11 

18 

Japan. 

4 

40 

72 

92 

1 



19 

Brazil. 

2 

25 

77 

88 

1 


Q 

20 

Greece. 

1 

7 

114 

47 

1 

4 

9 

21 

China. 

2 

10 

28 

47 

3 


28 

22 

Egypt. . 

1 

6 

16 

33 

5 

1 

13 

23 

South America. 


1 

33 

9 



1 

24 

Persia. 


2 

8 

14 



5 

25 

Morocco. 


1 

7 

8 

1 


3 

26 

Madagascar, &c. 



7 

3 




27 

Monaco. 



o 

3 

2 


2 

28 

Sandwich Islands. 



4 

3 



1 

29 

Mexico. 




1 




30 

Siam. 



1 





31 

Turkestan. 



1 















Table showing the number of the aicards made in each of the groups. 


Group. 

O "P 

• 

o 

Group. 

No. of 
awards. 

r . 

557 

XV. 

314 

II . 

2, 504 

XVI. 

251 

Ill . 

li 465 

XVII. 

232 

TV • . 

3, 555 

XVIII. 

599 

' V . 

4,' 511 

XIX. 

74 

VI . 

' 584 

XX. 

24 

VTT . 

1, 755 

XXI. 

893 

VTTI . 

' 741 

XXII. 

11 

IX . 

841 

XXIII. 

120 

X ... 

1,001 

XXIV. 


XT . 

471 

XXV. 


XTT . 

994 

XXVI. 

1, 340 

XTTT . 

1,280 

Additional exhibits. 

' 302 

XIV. 

605 




Awards in the art department. 

In the distribution of the fine arts medals, the different countries rank as follows: 


France. 

Germany .... 

Austria. 

Italy. 

Belgium. 

Great Britain 

Russia. 

Switzerland .. 


240 

Hungary. 

200 

Holland. 

124 

Spain. 

97 

North America. 

90 

Sweden and Norway. 

49 

Denmark. 

47 

Greece. 

33 

E^ynt.-. 




25 

25 

18 

16 

15 

8 

4 

1 


s. Ex, 30-10 










































































































































242 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Diplomas of honor. 


Finally, the statistici^ of the diplomas of honor, according to the number of inhabi¬ 
tants of the different European countries, are : 


- 

Inhabitants. 

‘PncGio 1 rlinlnma nT IintiAT in Avpvxr ........ 

3, 550, 000 
1, 40.5, 000 
1, 222, 000 
900, 000 
655, 000 
6*0, COO 
462, 000 
443, 000 
410,000 
250, 000 
108, 000 


nrpQf Tirit.Qin 1 rlinlnma nf* hnnor in AVPrv .. .... . .. 

l^pnmarV 1 rlinlnnin, nf Imnor in AVA.rv ....... 

RwA^1An ji.nfl "NJnrwQvr 1 Hinlnnifi, nf linnnr in AXTArv ..... 

T4nl 1 A.nH 1 r1 inlnma nf linnnr in A,vp,rv ... 

VrcmPA 1 flinlnniQ, nf linnnr in p.vp.rv .... .. 

A iiftt.rn-TTiinfrfirv 1 flinlnma, nf honor in pvpt’v ... 

r^Armfinv 1 ninlnnifl nf honor, in PVPrv .... 

Tiftlo-inin 1 fliplnma, of Vinnnr in evpi'y.......... 

Swit7,pr1anf1 1 flininma nf honor in pvnrv. 



Many persons think that this lavish distribution of distinctions greatly 
lessens their value in such case. This may be true, but on the other 
hand it is surprising to see how completely they have been absorbed and 
utilized by the industrial world. And notwithstanding the great num¬ 
ber, there were many disappointed and dissatisfied exhibitors. 

The difficulties and imperfections in the work of juries at eaffi suc¬ 
cessive great exhibition have led many persons, including some familiar 
with the workings of such enterprises, to advocate the abolition of 
the whole jury and award system at future exhibitions. There is no 
question that great trouble, vexation, and expense on all sides would be 
saved by such a course. There would not be any jealousies, disappoint¬ 
ments, or reclamations, and the mauagement would be relieved of a most 
difficult and embarrassing feature. But would the popularity and use¬ 
fulness of exhibitions be promoted by such a course f 

Before going to Vienna, I was in favor of a modification of the usual 
plan by substituting for medals and diplomas very complete reports 
upon each class by competent and independent experts, so that the writ¬ 
ten and published opinions of such authors indorsed by his co-laborers, 
organized perhaps as a jury, would be to an intelligent public a better 
and a more accurate evidence of merit than any medal. At the same 
time a medal uniform in style and quality could be given to all worthy 
exhibitors as an evidence of their participation in the exhibition. But 
this plan is open to many objections, not the least of which is a possi¬ 
ble abuse of the power which would necessarily be centered in individ¬ 
uals. 

A more extended consideration and experience of the subject at 
Vienna has led me to change my views and to the conviction that the 
prize-system cannot be abandoned without destroying with it one great 
element of the success of industrial exhibitions. Kather than uproot 
the system let it be perfected. It has found its support hitherto in a 
deeply-rooted want of the producing and trading classes. The evi¬ 
dences on every side of the commercial value of any award, bj^ whatever 
name it is called, provided it recognizes excellence or merit in some 
form, are patent to almost every observing person. It is certain that to 
most exhibitors awards have a considerable mouey^-value in consequence 
of the favorable effect upon the market for their products. In most 
cases the reception of an award fully repays the exhibitor for all his 
trouble and expense, and it is the possibility of gaining such a distinc¬ 
tion that justifies the venture in exhibiting. It is, in fact, a great 
stimulus to effort and to excellence, and is the great incentive to a liberal 
i:>articipation in exhibitions. 




















VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 243 

Ui)Ou this subject Hoii. Mr. Beckwitb, the Uuited States commis- 
siouer-general to the Paris exposition of 1807, and now one of the 
members of the commission, writes : 

Experieuce on former occasions Las in the main jnstitied the awards of the juries, and 
they have served not only to confirm established reputations but to bring into prominent 
notice the excellent products of thousands of skillful and worthy producers, who labored 
previously in comparative obscurity, and whose improved fortunes date from those 
periods. But the benefits resulting from this are not limited to the successful exhib¬ 
itors. They are naturally stimulated to renewed efforts to maintain their new positions, 
which quickens their invention, improves their products, and raises their own stand¬ 
ard, while their rivals and competitors, who if not equally skillful are less lucky, are 
thereby compelled to work up to this higher level. A new spirit is thus breathed into 
every department of industry, and the benefits of increased production, improved 
qualities and varieties, and diminished cost become universal.* 

Awards carry weight and value in the eyes both of the recipients and 
the public, somewhat in itroportion to the extent and general repu¬ 
tation of the exhibition at which they are given. In fact the reputation 
of the exhibition endows them with their value. Anything from a 
great exhibition of world-wide fame, like those of London, Paris, and 
Vienna, attracts attention, and invests the products with a part, at 
least, of the importance of the exhibition itself. Again, each new uni¬ 
versal, international exhibition is a new starting-point in the world’s 
industry, and machines or products honored in the competition are her¬ 
alded and recorded in industrial literature. There is thus a great ad¬ 
vertising advantage to which the enterprising manufacturer is by no 
means blind. Again, the reception of an award affords the basis for 
advertising in a fresh and attractive form. The announcement is itself 
a great advertisement. Enterprising exhibitors do not fail to appreciate 
this advantage, and they magnify it b^’ sending telegrams to their agents 
and correspondents. 

Awards, as utilized by producers, partake of the nature of trade¬ 
marks. The image of the medal is commonly stamped or printed on 
the labels and circulars of the recipient or manufacturer. It serves to 
attract and command attention, and in some markets, as notably those 
of eastern nations, may serve to identify the goods of producers of es¬ 
tablished reputation. 

AVhen we consider the vast range of modern industry and the ramifi¬ 
cations of trade over the world, we may cease to wonder how it is that 
so many thousand awards may be bestowed without destroying their 
separate value and significance. 

For the various reasons stated I advocate the adoption of a well-de¬ 
vised system of awards for the Centennial Exhibition, and I venture to 
suggest some modifications of former systems. 

1 . In respect of the organization of ajurij.—Tho, members should be 
selected as early as possible, even before the opening ot the exhibition, 
and their acceptance of the duties sliould be secured so that their 
prompt attendance may be expected. 

There should be more time for their labors, and their deliberations 
should be frequent. 

The members who attend the sessions and discharge their duties 
should receive in some form an acknowledgment of their services, and 
at least be relieved of all expenses incident to the work. 

2. The aivards .—There should be but one kind of medal, either of con¬ 
siderable value and sparingly bestowed, or of bronze characterized by 
artistic excellence rather than intrinsic value. There are several objec- 

* Report of Commissiouer-Geueral Beckwith, vol. 1 of Paris Exposition Reports, 
General Survey, p. 8. 





244 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


tioiis to tbe use of gold. If made large enough to receive the impress 
of a good commemorative design, tlie cost for so large a number as 
would be required would be too great, saj^ 20,000 medals at $50 each, 
$1,000,000, and the gold would practically be locked up. There would 
be the constant danger of losing such a medal by theft if freely shown, 
its very nature thus militating against its chief use, and there would 
be the temptation to melt them up and convert them into mone^^, thus 
causing their gradual disapi)earance. 

Aluminium or silver might be used, but copper bronze” is no doubt 
the best material for the purpose. As the medals are not exj)osed to 
wear, oxidation might be entirely prevented by covering the surface with 
pure gold in the galvanic bath to any desired thickness. 

A departure from the usual circular form in order to especially mark 
the medals of the exhibition is worthy of consideration, but if the design 
is large enough to be readily recognized, there would be less reason for 
an innovation in this regard. 

3. Provision for full reports .—Careful and complete arrangements 
should be made in advance for thorough reports upon each group under 
the sanction of the jury. These reports should discuss the relativ^e merits 
of the various exhibits, and present, as nearly as possible, a true pic¬ 
ture of the condition of the arts and industries of the world at the 
time. 

HOSPITALITIES AND ATTENTIONS TO THE JURY. 

The international jury Avas the recipient of many and varied atten¬ 
tions from the general direction and from the.government. These were 
extended not only to the jury collectively, but to the individual mem¬ 
bers. Some only of the more marked and general hospitalities will be 
mentioned. Excursions were organized to the places in the vicinity of 
Vienna of greatest interest to the members; notably among these were 
the visit to the Semmering upon the Southern Eailway, one of the 
most imposing of engineering works.* Two long special trains con¬ 
veyed the members of the jury, with their wives, and the invited guests. 
At Murzzuschlag a generous banquet was provided, seats for all being 
found at long tables spread in two large freight-houses, the walls of 
which were completely covered Avith CA’ergreens from the adjoining 
alpine slopes. Alusic, oratory,and champagne contributed to the general 
good humor. 

The excursion down the Danube to Pesth, July 26, required three 
days. Invitations from the citizens and authorities of Pesth t were is¬ 
sued to each member of the jury and his family. The party embarked 
in the morning upon the steamers of the Danube Steam-Navigation 
Company and reached Pesth in the eA^ening. Another steamer from 
Pesth with the committee of reception and guests ascended the river to 
meet the jury and led the way to the landing-place. Immense crowds 
lined the Avay to the hotels and viva upon viva showed the enthusiasm 
of the people. Two days were spent in visiting the chief places of inter¬ 
est in and about Pesth and Ofen.f The programme of the excursion 
is annexed. The members were also received in the evening at the pal¬ 
ace by the minister resident, Joseph de Szlavy. 

* The portion of this railway which mounts and passes the Semmering is about twentv- 
five miles in length, and cost upward of $7,500,000. The summit of the pass is about 
2,900 feet above the sea. 

t ‘‘ The municipality of the Hungarian metropolis—Budapesth,” 

]: Budapest is now a llourishiug and rapidly growing city with over 200,000 inhabit¬ 
ants. The national museum contains a superb collection of antiquities and of minerals. 




VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 245 

Programme for ihe excursion of the international jury of the Vienna Exhibition to Budapest. 

On the 2Gth of July, 1873, at 7 o’clock a. m., departure from Vienna by a special 
steamboat from the ordinary landing-place. Coming on board, the members will be 
welcomed by the dei)ntation of the town of Pestb. Table d’bdte on board the steamer 
at 2 o’clock, p. m. Arrival at Budapest between 7 and 8 o’clock in the evening, 
w’bere the party will be received by the representatives of the municipality. In the 
evening there will be a reception in the grand saloon of the hotel Hnngaria, where the 
members will be introduced to one another. 

II. On the 27tb of July, at 8 a. m., assembly in the park of the redoute buildings, a 
visit to the bath Rdczfiirdo by carriage, then into the fortress and royal palace gardens, 
the Albrecht road, the iron factory of Ganz. Near the bath Csdszarfnrdo (Kaiserbad) 
a special steamer will receive the companj^ and take them to O-Buda for inspection of 
the docks. From the latter jilace the steamer will proceed to the Margaret Island. 
Visit the new bath establishment, promenade through the park of the island. Lunch¬ 
eon at 12 o’clock in the great restaurant. At 2 o’clock p. m. return from the island. 
In passing, the works for the construction of the new Danube bridge, the Danube reg¬ 
ulation, and the new custom-house will be inspected. Landing at the old Soroksdr 
enstom-honse. Visit by carriage the new slaughter-house and from there retui’u to the 
hotel. At 6 o’clock p. m. banquet in the great hall of the Redoute. At 9 o’clock 
in the evening procession of the tire-brigade with music before the Redoute buildings. 

III. On the 28th of July at 8 a. m. members are requested to meet at the park oppo¬ 
site the Redoute buildings and visit from there the palace of the Hungarian Academy 
of Science, the picture gallery, and tbe national museum. Excursion to the town-park 
by tramway. At 12 o’clock luncheon in the zoological gardens. At 2 o’clock excursion 
by carriage to Kdbanya, (Steiubruch,) inspection of the water-works, the first Hunga¬ 
rian establishment for fattening pigs. Return to town. Dinner at 6 o’clock p. m. in 
the hotel Europe. Return to Vienna by railway (Staatsbahu) at 9.30 p. m. 

Throughout the whole visit the whole party individually and collect" 
ively were the recipients of the most generous and elegant hospitality? 
aud returned to V^ienua by rail deeply impressed by the heartiness of 
their reception, and the generous sympathies of the Hungarians with 
industrial and social progress. 

The juries upon agriculture, forestry, &c., made special excursions 
to the estates in the vicinity and were most generously entertained by 
the proprietors. 


ACCOMODATIONS FOR THE JURY. 

The jury pavilion, one of the most ornate and attractive of the build¬ 
ings about the industrial palace, aud erected at a cost of $70,700, was 
designed especially for the seances of the international jury. It had one 
main auditorium in the center and a series of apartments on either side. 
This building was the central point for the jury meetings, but was soon 
found to be too small to accommodate all of the sections, aud much of 
the business was transacted elsewhere. A special post-office was estab¬ 
lished there, so that the members could receive their letters and inter¬ 
change communications without delay. Several secretaries and assist¬ 
ants in attendance gave information to members as required and were 
otherwise occupied with the clerical work incident to the operations of 
the jury. The time and place of the meeting of each group-jury and of 
each section was conspicuously posted upon tablets in the walls fitted 
for the purpose. 

Catalogues by groups were provided for each member aud efforts were 
made to facilitate their work in every way. 

Official list of the aicards. 

The official list of the awards was printed as soon as possible in the 
German language, and forms a quarto volume of more than 500 pages. 
The first edition being found to be incomplete, and in some particulars 
inaccurate, a new one was preparing when I left, and would soon be 
issued. 


246 


KEPORT OF THE CENTENNEIL COMMISSIONERS. 


The United States commissioner, Mr. Garrettson, had a special list 
printed of the names of Americans to whom awards were made. This 
also required a second edition, to avoid and correct the errors of the first. 
The second edition contains names or awards, distributed as fol¬ 
lows : 


Diplomas of honor... 

Medals for progress........ 70 

Medals for merit.. ...-.180 

Medals for fine arts. 2 

Medals for good taste. 

Medals for co-operators. 2d 

Diplomas of merit or honorable mention. 141 


PRIZE-COMPETITION FOR MERITORIOUS FOREMEN AND WORKMEN. 

The society of arts and manufactures in Vienna decided to distribute 
on the occasion of the Vienna universal exhibition of 1873 a number 
of medals to deserving foremen of foreign countries represented at the 
exhibition. 

The particulars are contained in the following programme,* published 
by the society of arts and manufactures in Vienna: 

The specimens of technical skill exhibited at the earlier London and 
Paris world’s exhibitions were almost exclusively rewarded* by distinc¬ 
tions, and it was in this sense that the respective manufacturers, to¬ 
gether Avith superior co-operators so recommended by them, were also 
rewarded with premiums. 

The system of distributing prizes at tlie Paris exhibition of 18G7 has 
been improved inasmuch as, in addition to the properly so-called in¬ 
dustrial productions, there Avas a separate dmsion of group X for the 
exhibition of all objects appearing qualified to improve the material and 
moral condition of the people, and especially the welfare of the Avorking 
class. 

At the same time a high prize has been offered the person to Avhom 
a special jury would adjudicate the highest merits. 

Thus, the moral good done by masters to their workmen Avas acknowl¬ 
edged, but the merits of AA orkmen toward their masters, deserving just 
as much consideration, were not taken into account. 

This important matter, Avhich has been surprisingly neglected at all 
previous exhibitions, attracted as far back as the year 1840 the atten¬ 
tion of one of the founders of the society of arts and manufactures in 
Vienna. 

This was Mr. Michael Spoerlin, an eminent manufacturer, who in the 
said year proposed to the society to offer premiums to well deserving 
foremen and head-workmen Avho used to substitute the foremen in some 
industrial branches, Avhich was agreed to, and in coirsequence the pe¬ 
riodical publication of prizes Avas resolved upon and has been continued 
ever since Avithout interruption. 

Besides technical skill,” said Mr. Spoerlin in support of his motion, 

there is another merit of Avorkmen which never comes to the knowl¬ 
edge of either the Lower-Austrian Industrial Society or the public ad¬ 
ministration, and Avhich cannot, therefore, be rewarded; it is a merit 
which exists quietly" and unostentatiously inside of our Avorkshops, but 
is of essential Amine for the prosperity of any industrial enterprise ; it is 
that merit Avhich upright and honest foremen acquire through their taitli- 


* Aud, also, by the general direction. Programme No. 69. 











VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


247 


fulness and attachment. Such assiduous foremen who, selected from the 
most clever and judicious workmen, fulhll their arduous duty with an 
untirin^>’ zeal, who care for the i)rosperity of the establishment and the 
well-being of their master, and are constant mediators between master 
and workman, are most assuredly pre-eminently worthy of public ac¬ 
knowledgment and reward.” 

Faithful service for many years, dutiful and zealous attention to the 
interests of the principal, energetic though humane guidance of their 
subordinate fellow-workmen, a strictly moral conduct of life, a striving 
for higher accomplishments, and successful teaching of the apprentices 
intrusted to their care, these qualifications combined will entitle fore¬ 
men and head-workmen to enter into competition for the prizes pub¬ 
lished by the society of arts and manufactures in Vienna. 

Seven such prize-competitions have been held till now by the said 
society, mostly in regular intervals of five years each, the last of which 
was held in the year 1870. Such a great result was obtained that the 
society had the opportunity to distribute their great silver medal in 207 
copies to as many veterans of industry in nearly all its branches and all 
the crown-lands of the Austrian empire. 

While on the one hand such a visible sign of honorable acknowledg¬ 
ment given by a society for the advancement of industry, comprising its 
first men as well as men of science, was to fill the rewarded with just 
pride and self consciousness, it gave on the other hand a great spur for 
emulation to their fellow-workmen, which did not lose its effect. 

More than thirty years experience has proved repeatedly and to full 
evidence the powerful influence which the prize-competitions of the 
society of arts and manufactures in Vienna have exercised in the midst 
of our fellow-workmen. 

At this moment, when the industrial dominions of the whole world 
are preparing to take a part in the Vienna universal exhibition of next 
year, whence they hope to take home well-deserved rewards for their 
substantial and successful working, the society of arts and manufactures 
in Vienna also endeavor to contribute their modest part for the recogni¬ 
tion of industrial merits. 

Besides the prize-competition for foremen and head-workmen of the 
Austrian monarchy, which is now published within a shorter period 
than heretofore, the society intend, corresponding to the international 
character of the universal exhibition, to devote a part of their foremen’s 
medals to the industrial i)eople coming to Vienna as guests. These 
medals are intended, according to the spirit of the prize-foundation as 
sketched herebefore, to be awarded to well-deserving persons of foreign 
countries, upon the proposal made by the exhibition commissions of the 
respective countries. 

On looking back at the results of thirty years’ work, the Society of 
Arts and Manufactures in Vienna feel authorized to believe that the seed 
they have sown in behalf of the recognition of the moral merits of work¬ 
men have produced a rich harvest. They hope that the foreign indus¬ 
trial circles will not refuse to acknowledge their endeavors, and here¬ 
with invite them to advance by all means, in their own interest, the 
prize-competition of the year 1873. 

The distribution of these prizes took place on the 27th of September, 
in the beautiful hall of the “ Gewerbeverein,” in the presence of the 
Archduke Charles Louis, the Archduke Baiuer, several ministers of 
state, and Baron Schwarz, the director-general of the exhibition. 

One hundred and thirty-four great silver medals were awarded, with 


248 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


a diploma, to Austrian and Hungarian foremen, and one hundred were 
reserved for foreigners, distributed among countries as follows : 


United States of America 

Great Britain. 

France . 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Switzerlaud. 

Belgium. 


5 

Holland .. 

10 

Portugal . 

18 

Denmark. 

13 

Sweden .. 

0 

Russia .... 

5 

Greece .... 

5 



4 

O 

4 

7 

a 

o 

a 


The moral effects of such awards are very great in Europe, and the 
subject deserves our earnest attention in arranging the system for 1870 


C03IPETITI0N FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PRIZE-MEDALS. 

The artists of all nations were invited to compete in designs for the 
five prize-medals. This general competition was announced as early 
as the 30th of November, 1871, by the programme No. 11, in which the 
conditions of the competition were stated in full. The designs were 
executed in relievo in wax, plaster of Paris, or in sulphur, and were to 
be sent in before the 1st day of April, 1872. Tlie selections were made 
by a jury of twelve members. The best models were awarded a prize 
of fifty Austrian ducats. 

XVII.—INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES. 


There can hardly be a more fitting opportunity for the intelligent dis¬ 
cussion of industrial questions ot international interest than is afforded 
by the successive great exhibitions. It was, therefore, a wise provision 
on the part of the general direction to arrange for a succession of con¬ 
ferences and international congresses under the official sanction and 
patronage of the imperial commission for the discussion of important 
matters to which either the exhibition itself gave rise or which might be 
specially selected as subjects of international interest. 

The general programme, No. XI, gave the chief outlines of the plan 
as follows: 

More especially, there will he international congresses of men of science, teachers 
and artists, physicians, directors of musenins of fine art applied to industry, teachers 
of drawing, architects, engineers,representatives of chambers of commerce, economists 
acquainted with the questions relative to banking and insurance, of agriculturists, 
foresters, mining engineers, &c. 

Among the questions subject to such discussion will be the following: 

The question of intellectual property, of improvement of public taste, of the promo¬ 
tion and diffusion of arts of design, on economy of transport, on obtaining the highest 
efficiency of machines, on the extension and development of forest, statistics on reduc¬ 
ing the price of food, whether by increased production, better organization of markets, 
reformed cookery, or new method of preserving food, on the nourishment and early 
rearing of an infant, on early healthful training and gymnastics, on the exertions of 
our time in regard to the curing of deformed children, on the education of women and 
improvement of her social condition. 

Tlie following is the calendar of the conferences and congresses : 

w 

f 

CALENDAR OF INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES. 

1873, June 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. International congress of brewers. 

1873, July 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12. International congress for discuss^iug the question of a 
uniform numbering of yarn. 

1873, August 3, 4, .5, 6, 7, 8. International congress of teachers and managers of in¬ 
stitutions for the blind. 
















VIENNA EXPOSITION-EEPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


249 


1873, August 3, 4, 5. International congress for the question of patents. 

1873, August 11, 12, 13, 14. International congress of national economists. 

1873, August 19, 22. International flax-trade congress. 

1873, August 18, 21. International linen manufacturers congress respecting the con¬ 
sideration of the following: On the 18th, sj)inning and weaving ; on the 21st, bleach¬ 
ing, dyeing, and dressing. 

1873, August 24, 25, 26, 27. International meeting of miners and metallurgists. 

1873, September 26 to October 4. International medical congress. 

International congress for discussing the question of paper currency and stock- 
values. 

International agriculturists’ and foresters’ congress. 

International congress for devising means for the protection of birds. 

Each congress in succession Itad its special organization, and series of 
publications, announcements, and festivities. The congress of brewers 
was well attended, and the results were satisfactory to those specially 
interested. There were numerous papers read, of technical interest, and 
among the excursions there was one by a special train to the Schwechat 
brewery. 

The preparatory committee of the congress for discussing the ques¬ 
tion of a uniform numbering of yarn, submitted a series of propositions 
which were published in full in the programme, IN’o. 77, annexed. 

NO. 77. UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION 1873 IN VIENNA. 

Jniernational congress for discussing the question of a uniform numbering of garn. 

ruorosiTiONS. 

In accordance with programme No. 61, dated July 10, 1872, paragraph 4, the prepar¬ 
atory committee suggests that congress should discuss and resolve upon the following : 

1. The present system of numbering yarn renders the traffic in web difficult. Con¬ 
sidering that yarn has become an article of international traffic, improved upon in 
every commercial treaty, new railway enterprises, telegraph constructions, and uni¬ 
versal exhibitions, it is in the highest degree desirable that the removal of every ob¬ 
servable hinderance should be strenuously supported. 

The present appears to be the proper period for this, as the use of the metrical 
weights and measures system, adopted already by many states, has lately been ex¬ 
tended to an industrial territory comprising seventy millions of inhabitants. 

2. It appears that, if the choice of the standard of weights and measures is made 
correspondingly with the character of web, it is i)ossible to introduce the numbering 
of all webs upon the same principle. 

3. The princii)le of this uniform numbering recommends itself in the following way : 

The number will be determined by the number of meters going to a gram, a deca¬ 
gram, a hectogram, or a kilogram. 

In considering that the standards of yarn in trade are independent of the principle 
of numbering, and that, in establishing the standards, technical moments are to be con¬ 
sidered, the various webs will be, as heretofore, dealt in partly by length and partly 
by weight. 

4. With respect to the reel-length the following is to be recommended: 

a. For flax and jute, 2} meters. 

h. For combing, carding, silk and cotton yarn, 1:^ meters. 

5. The mechanical alterations on the machinery consequent on the introduction of 
this new system of numbering are very trifling. They comprise the adoption of new 
sorting balances, and a new reel. The cost of these, as well as labor, are nothing in 
proportion to the immense advantage to be derived by the change. 

6. In order that the new system may be effectually carried out, the resolutions of the 
congress should be circulated through the press, the co-operation of industrial societies, 
halls of commerce, markets, chambers of commerce, mercantile communities and as¬ 
sociations, its quotation in usances, and, lastly, the introduction of legal measures 
secured. The most beneficial means to be employed, however, is the voluntary intro¬ 
duction by the spinners themselves. 

At least seven members will be selected from the congress, who will lorm an interna¬ 
tional committee, whose members will meet at least once a year from 1874, in order to 
ascertain wffiat has already been performed, and further to provide measures which 
may appear desirable. 


250 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


MOTIVES. 

Of question 1. 

There are -works written giving an account of the coinage, weights, and measures 
system of the several States, and the same works generally devote a large space to the 
numbering of yarn ; there are also special books treating upon this matter, as the sub¬ 
ject is too extensive to be treated in a restricted form, especially if every kind of yarn 
is considered. Weaving schools, if they treat only a part of the rich material, must 
lose a great deal of time in teaching. Very few manufacturers or merehants are capa¬ 
ble of completely controlling the subject, for only a superficial observation will illus¬ 
trate the long row of figures which have to be dealt with. In cotton yarn, for instance, 
there exist two systems of numbering. England has, for a uniform weight, the English 
pound, and length 840 yards. France has, for uniform weight, the ^ kilogram, and length 
1,000 meters; (hanks.) In combiug-wool, Germany always calculates 840 yards to an old 
Berlin pound; England, 560 yards to the English x^ound; France 720 meters to 500 grams. 
For flax-yarn the bases of fineness are: 1,152,000 Silesian yards to 2,400 Prussian x)ounds; 
60,000 yards to 200 English x)ounds; 36,000 yards to 540 kilograms. In carding-wool the 
standard lengths are: 1,493,624 and 3,600 meters, 800 and 1,200 Saxon, 2,200 and 2,240 
Berlin ells, 1,760 Vienna ells, and the standards of weight the English, old Prussian, 
Saxon, customs and Vienna pound. Floss-silk is wound uj) according to the English 
and metrical systems, &c. To this must be added that the standards of sorts brought 
into market are differently composed for the various threads, and that the divisions 
and subdivisions show the greatest variety of numbers in their mutual relations. 

From a glance at this hasty sketch alone may be inferred that no further illustration 
is needed to prove that these differences must create disorder in commerce. Indeed it 
is considered troublesome to all interested in the matter, as not only is every one sen¬ 
sible of the injurious consequences which the manifold systems of coinage, weights, and 
measures do always occasion, but also that the cix>hers of the numbers do not agree 
with the thickness of the thread; that an equivalent for the number of yarn of one 
system is hardly to be found in another; that a change is therefore required in the 
setting of the web when the compensating number is used; that to make a compar¬ 
ison of xirices is rendered difficult if not impossible; that buyers are hindered from 
examining the correctness of the numbers of the yarn purchased, and therefore have 
to accexit it on good faith; in short, the differences in marking the thickness of thread 
of the same sxiinning fiber within the same industrial territory are causing in the appro- 
Xiriation, calculation, and manipulation, more or less material inconveniences, comx)li- 
cate the technics and render trade in it difficult. It ought not to be overlooked that, 
wnthout taking the necessary increase of machinery into account, the weaver of mixed 
material will be able, only by the assistance of a series of reciprocal ciphers and calcu¬ 
lations arising therefrom, to calculate out of weights and number the length of yarn 
required, and out of this, and also out of the number and thickness of the thread, the 
weight of the standard of surface. These difficulties are, if x^ossible, increased by the 
necessity arising in cases of litigation, as judges as well as x^arties are obliged to make 
deep researches in order to establish a ground for judgment. We would also allude 
to the circumstance that the practice of numbering, introduced in several countries, is 
founded on a system of measures and weights not used in the other trades with whom 
they are in business relations. 

By reason of this the simxdifyingof the system of numbering yarn ax>iiears to be most 
urgently needed, from a technical as well as commercial point of view. The actual 
moment shows this necessity the more stringent as the change which has taken x>lace 
in the legal system of weights and measures of a XH>werful industrial and commercial 
state will essentially favor the desired change. Apart from the alteration of antiqua¬ 
ted ideas and the greater suscexJtibility for innovations Avhich will be occasioned by 
this in Austria-Hungary aud Germany, there is also the circumstance in favor of the 
question of numbering yarn being brought now to a solution, as the imminent intro¬ 
duction of the metrical system of weights and measures, as the only legal one, would, 
if the x>i’esent system of numbering yarn should be continued, have as a consequence, 
that yarns would be bought aud sold on this large area according to one, aud numbered 
according to another system entirely diftereut in its foundations, which would doubt¬ 
less produce a division of opinions, aud even a comx)lete confusion. 

Questions 2 and 3. 

In considering the question of the numbering of yarn, the xirinciple must be strictly 
kept ax>art from the question as to which system (weights or lengths) and according to 
what standard of numbering, yarn is to be brought into commerce. The difference in 
weight which many materials suffer in consequence of the conversion into yarn by inler- 
mixing with other material, or which occurs to other materials in consequence of their 
great affinity to the moisture of the atmosxffiere, determine in effect that certain yarn is 
only dealt with in commerce according to length, while others are only dealt with 
according to weight. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


251 


I be compatibility of these various measures in commerce with the existing principle 
or numbeiing, common to both yarns, or, which is quite the same, the independence of 
both instances one from another, appears out of the existing circumstances as shown 
bj the pieseut trade in yarn. With the exception of silk, there at present already 
e^sts toi all spinning material one system of numbering, the formula of which says: 

The yarn number is given by the numeral which shows how often a certain length of 
yain corresponds with a certain weight.” Opposed to this general principle of num¬ 
beiing, ve see that the flax-spinner sells his yarn according to length; the cotton-spin- 
other hand, sells according to weight, notwithstanding that the calculation 
ot the spinners of both spinning material is tounded. upon the weight; whereas the 
weaver of both materials calculates by the length of yarn, and that the ])rice of each 
ot these descriptions of webbing is arranged according to the number. 

According to experience, it is not this deviation which burdens the international com¬ 
merce in yarn, but it is, apart from the difference in the coinage system, the inequality 
of the system ot measurement, referring to weight as well as length, the variety of sub¬ 
divisions and of the principles of formation, on which they rest, and lastly the great 
number of transmutation numerals which embarrass commerce and produce the above- 
mentioned defects. 

As a substantial relief the yarn-trade has therefore to welcome the period when all 
industrial territories shall exclusively employ the metrical system of lengths and 
weights, and the subdivision framed according to the decimal system. 

As an instance, the following division of the reckoning quantities in linen-yarn will 
suffice, namely : 

1 shock=rlO balls at 10 pieces at 10 hanks at 10 schueller at 10 skeins at 10 threads 
at 1 meter; or, in another form. 


1 gross : 
1 pack 
1 piece 
1 hank 
1 skein 
1 lea 
1 thread: 


1,000.000 meters. 
100.000 meters. 
10.000 meters. 
1.000 meters. 
100 meters. 
10 meters. 
1 meters. 


This essential relief also will not, under the below-specified and further-developed 
conditions, interfere with any other yarns at present in use. 

However praiseworthy the measure may be, yet it appears that the aim imagined 
by this work will not be yet accomplished through it. In opposition to the ruling 
difference of the parting-points, the adoption of one fundamental principle common to 
all yarns and generally adhered to should be attemped. 

As the number of yarn is the result of only two elements, length and weight, so 
are in general only two principles of numbering possible : 

1. The number of yarn is equal to the number of standard weights which is con¬ 
tained in a thread of a certain length. 

2. The number of yarn is equal to the number of standard lengths which correspond 
to a certain weight. 

It is evident that the question which of the two principles should be chosen can 
only be answered from the point of view of opportunity. It will, therefore, have to 
be examined which of these will be acceptable to and prove most profitable for the 
spinner, yarn-merchant, or weaver, being the parties most interested in it. The first, 
which assumes, to use other words instead of the above said formule, “ the length as 
steady" and the weight as variable,” as, for instance. 

No. 20 is yarn of which 1,0*00 meters weigh 20 grams. 

No. 100 is yarn of which 1,000 meters weigh 100 grams. 

Or the second, which “ combines variable length with fixed weight,” as, for instance, 

No. 20 is yarn of which 1 kilogram measures 20 kilometers. 

No. 100 is yarn of which 1 kilogram measures 100 kilometers. 

With the first system it is plain that the number is lowering with the fineness of the 
yarn, and number and weight stand in direct relation. With the second, on the other 
hand, the number rises with the fineness of the yarn, and number and weight stand in 
inverse relation. 

It appears when one of the elements is fixed, that is, when one of them, in an un¬ 
changeable quantity or in decimal division, is taken for a basis of the numbering of all 
spinning-yarns, both systems are equal in value. Both systems are easily compre¬ 
hensible, convenient, and practically appropriate. Both render it possible to establish 
a general system of numbering for all yarns without including too many high figures 
or inconvenient fractious, if the standards of weight and length are adapted to the 
specific peculiarity of the various yarns. In the one case the steady standard weight is. 


252 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


corresponding with the character of the spinning-material, represented in gram, deci-, 
centi-, milli-, deka-, hecto-, and kilo-gram, and in the other case the steady standard- 
length is represented in meter, deka-, hecto-, kilo-meter. 

Owing to the metrical system, the objection that the numbering of the web of very 
coarse thread-stuff cannot be placed with some of the finest material on the same 
basis, without sensibly damaging the practical requisite of one or other description of 
web, is refuted in advance. A scope as is here given would completely" satisfy the 
practical requirement of the various descriptions of webbing. 

The establishing of any of these systems would render it further possible to find 
for the number of a spinning-material with the same easiness the equivalent number 
of the other spiuuing-material, as 10 or a higher potency of 10, according to the funda¬ 
mental relations, will form either the factor or divisor. Unquestionably, therefore, 
one is, without making further examinations, already advanced nearer to the desired 
object through the wanton election of one of the two principles. As, however, the 
question is merely one of utility, it still requires a more penetrating examination as to 
which of the two principles gives greater advantages, and which therefore should have 
the preference. 

If yarn numbers and weights stand in direct relation to each other, then the weight 
of a certain length of yarn, on which weight dej^ends the quantity of the proper yarn 
for the j)reduction of a web, will be found by multiplying the number of standard 
lengths with the known weight of the standard lengths upon whicli the system is 
founded. Especially by fulfilling the above suppositions, the creation of standards 
for calculation or trade upon the basis of decimal division, this operation is unques¬ 
tionably very easy to carry out. 

If, therefore, this system of numbering recommends itself unconditionally from the 
weaver's point of view, it is also not to be misunderstood that the other system, from 
the spinueFs and yarn-merchant’s point of view, can anticipate a livelier aquiescence ; 
and even the weaver will find, in certain cases, this other system more advantageous, 
as the number corresponds with the figure of standard lengths which are iuclucled in 
the standard weight. 

The spinner will find by this system the calculation substantially simplified and 
relieved. 

An analysis of the cost of producing the yarn shows that one part of the same is 
proportioned to the weight, inasmuch as the respective working-expenses (cleaning, 
carding, sorting) for all numbers of yarn remain the same. Another part, on the 
other hand, (slabbing, spinning,) increases with the fineness of the yarn, or what the 
same is with the increase of the length of thread, the weight remaining the same. A 
third class of expenses, however, (dressing, management, machinery, premises,) is to 
be applied, in such proportions as experience will show, to length and weight. 

The higher the yarn number rises in consequence of the latter principle, the more 
value of labor is represented by the product. The expression in figures of such value 
is, on the base of this principle, extraordinarily easy. The cost of production, inde¬ 
pendent of the number, must accordingly be considered as fixed, and added to the price 
of the standard of weight of the raw material shows one item in the cost price of the 
yarn. 

As for the later working expenses, occasioned bj" the conversion into yarn, however 
increased in proportion with the fineness of yarn, an average value-cipher can be 
established for each number ; it follows therefrom : 

1. That the price of production of a certain yarn is to be found, in each single 
instance, by a simple addition or subtraction. 

2. That the fluctuation of prices of raw material in the same way are easily and 
safely to be valued in the finished fabric. • 

A simple addition or subtraction renders it possible, in one word, to ascertain forth¬ 
with the expenses for any number, as also the numerical statement of the influeuce of 
the price of raw material upon the cost-price of the fabric. 

On the other hand, if the length is accepted as steady, then the items of account 
will be altered, as well as their mutual relations, and with these also the mode of cal¬ 
culation. If weight forms the only base of expense-calculation, then there will alter 
with each number, not only the price of labor, as before, but also the value of the 
material, and in consequence of this alteration arises the necessity of employing, 
for each number, for each fluctuation of price of the raw material, a tolerably com¬ 
plicated account. 

The spinner as well as the yarn-merchant are equally interested, in a rational course 
of trade, to form an opinion of the cost-price of the different yarns, for which puip jse 
an easy and possibly speedy mode of calculation is also of interest to him. 

But the weaver also will find, what is easily to be proved, that in the case of buy¬ 
ing yarn wound on this spindle, this numbering principle will be far preferable. It is 
also to be admitted that, however easy it is to find, in consequence of the fixing of one of 
the items, the other items in both systems, yet the system denoting the numbering by 
the length has still the advantage of an unparalleled simplicity. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OP W. P. BLAKE. 


253 


Oae kilogram yarn, No. 36, for instance, without even making a calculation neces¬ 
sary, already expresses a uniform length of yarn of 36 (kilometers ecc.) B it to hnd 
the length according to the other system, the following calculation must he made : 
1,000 meters No. 36 make 36 grams ; couseiiueutly go to 1,000 grams: 

1000 + 1000 = 

-- 27.777 = 27^ kilometers. 

If we consider lastly the influence of views received by education and the not to be 
underrated power of habit, the numbering lu’inciples existing in practice plead also 
tor the pre-eminence of the system, according to which the number stands with the 
tineness in direct, but with weight in inverse relations. 


ruoposiTiON 4. 


On account of the length of the reel for flax and jute being 24 meters, the calcula¬ 
tion quantities will be made ux) as follows : 


1 skein = 40 reels = 
1 hasp. = 25 skeins = 
1 piece = 4 hasps = 
1 x^ack = 10 x^ieces = 
1 gross = 10 packs = 


100 meters. 
2,500 meters. 
10,000 meters. 
100,000 meters. 
1,000,000 meters. 


Although this division differs in some resx^ects from the above rexiresented sections, 
yet it is in x^erfect harmony with the system. The unimxiortant difference in weights 
existing between the old and new numbers for manufacturers, can be equalized by 
slight alterations in caaming. The advantage of such easy calculation is consequently 
gained with barely a sacrifice. 

The length of the hasp of 1 meter for the other yarns, will be generally too short for 
practical x)uri)Oses; on the other hand, hasps of 2 meters will be too long. Should, 
however, the length of 1,000 meters be comprised in a x>i'ecise number of thread, and 
the circumference of the hasx) in meters give a not too complicated fraction, then only 
the numbers of 1,000, 800, 750, 600, and 500 threads, representing a circumference of 
the hasx) of 1, 1^, 14, 1|-, and 2 meters will appear x^ossible; therefore, in regard to the 
above, only the circumferences of the hasps existing between the two limits are 
recommendable. The reel of 1|^ meters has the advantage that it admits of being 
exactly expressed in full centimeters ; therefore this size, although the circumference 
of the reel of 1^ meter approaches nearest to the pi'esent English cotton reel (corres¬ 
ponding one with the other as 1.371 is to 1.333) and ax>pears consequently absolutely 
X)referable. 

42, Praterstrasse. February, 1873. Vienna. 

The x>resident of the imx)erial commission : 

ARCHDUKE REGNIER. 

BARON DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 


The chief manager. 



254 


- REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 




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VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P 


BLAKE 


255 


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256 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


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For iustance, Which immber of the new system corresponds with the number 40 of English flax-yarn ? 

To find this, Ave must search in column B for the number 40, and then proceed to the right to column 3, where will be found 24.2. 




































































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


257 


Heprescntation of the most notorious systems of numbering yarn at j^resent in use. 

I. — Cotton yarn. 

1. English (in use over the whole of Europe and North America) numher = to the 
quantity of skeins of 840 yards, which eciuals 1 x>o^oid English. The English [)ound 
is the selling standard. The reel yard. 

2. French (in use in France) number = the quantity in kilometers which equals ^ 
kilogram. Selling standard 4 kilogram. The reel 1.42857 meters, (70 threads to 100 
meters.) 

II. — Flax yarn. 

3. English (in use iu Great Britain, Germany, parts of France and Belgium) numher 
= the quantity in leas, at 300 yards to 1 pound English. The gross at 12 bundles, at 
60.000 yards = 270.000 yards for selling standard. The reel 3 yards in England, and 21- 
yards in Scotland and Germany. 

4. French (in France and partly in Belgium) number = the quantity kilometers, 
which equals ^ kilogram. Selling standard the gross at 10 bundles, at 50 kilometer = 
500.000 meter. The reel 2^ meters. 

5. Austrian (only used in Austria) number = the quantity hanks, about 3,660 Vienna 
ells, which equal 10 pounds English = 8.1 pound Vienna. The shock at 864.000 ells for 
selling standard. The reel 3 ells. 

-■III.— Combing yarn. 

6. German (used iu Germany, Austria, and partly in France) number = the quantity 
of skeins of 840 English yards, which equal 1 Berlin old commercial pound. Selling 
standard the jiack at 10 Berlin pounds. The reel 1| yard. 

7. French, old, (almost exclusively used in France, Belgium, the French Switzerland, 
Italy, and Spain,) number = the quantity hanks, at 720 meters, which equal500 grams. 
Selling standard the pack of 5 kilograms. The reel 1.44 meters. 

8. French, official, (seldom used,) number = the quantity of 1,000 meters to 1 kilo¬ 
gram. 

9. English (in use in Great Britain and the weft spinning mills of the continent) 
number = the quantity of skeins at 560 yards to 1 pound English. Selling standard 
1 pound. The reel 1, 11, and 2 yards. 

IV.— Carding yarn. 

10. Vienna (in use over nearly the whole of Austria) number = the quantity hanks 
at 1,760 Vienna ells, which equal 1 pound Vienna. The Vienna pound for selling stand¬ 
ard. The reel 2 Vienna ells. 

11. Bohemian (in use in only a part of Bohemia) numher = the quantity hanks at 
800 Leipzig ells to 1 pound English. The English pound for selling standard. The 
reel 2 Leipzig ells. 

12. Saxon (in use in only a part of Saxony) number = the quantity hanks at 1,200 
Leipzig ells to 1 pound English. The English pound for selling standard. The reel 3 
Leipzig ells. 

13. Berlin (together with the following in Germany and Belgium) number = the 
quantity hanks at 2,150 Berlin ells to 1 customs pound. The customs pound for selling 
standard. The reel 2^ Berlin ells. 

14. Cockerills (used together with the foregoing, in Belgium and Germany) numher 
= the quantity hanks at 2,240 Berlin ells to 1 customs pound. The customs pound for 
selling standard. The reel 4 Berlin ells. 

15. English (in use iu England and Scotland) numher = the quantity hanks about 
560 yards’ to 1 pound English. The English pound for selling standard. The reel 1 

'l6.' Sedan (in use in France together with the following) numher = the quantity in 
hanks at 1,256 aunes to 1 old Paris pound. For selling standard the Paris pound as 
well as the i kilogram. The reel 1.2975 aunes. 

17. Elhoeuf (iu use in France together with the foregoing) numher = the quantity 
hanks at 3,600 meters to \ kilogram. For selling standard the i kilogram. The reel 2 
meters. 

y _SXLK^ (raw-silk, ORGANZINE, and TRA3IS.) 

18. Lyons (new style in use in Lyons) numher = the quantity grains of the old 

Parisian market weight to a hank of 500 meters. The weights of the country for sell¬ 
ing. The reel variable. . v 

19. French, old (old standard in use, however, in France) numher (Denier) = 
weight in grains to a hank of 476 meters, (formerly 400 aunes =: 475| meters.) The 
selling standard and reel according to the preceding. 

20. Italian new (iu use in Italy together with the preceding,) number = the 
weights in 4 decigrams to a lea of 450 meters. Selling standard and reel as above. 

S. Ex. 30-17 



258 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


VI.— Floss-silk. 


21. English, (in use in England and partly on the continent.) The same numbering 
as for English cotton yarn. 

22. French (in use in France, Austria, &c.) number = the quantity of meters to 1 
gram. 

VII.— JUTK. 


23. English (in use in Great Britain and Germany) number = the quantity leas at 300 
yards to 1 pound English. 

24. Scotch (only partly in use in the spinning manufactories) number = the weight of 
a 8j)indle of 48 leas, therefore 14.400 yards in English pounds. 


Ii€duciion of the existing weights and measures to the metrical system. 


1 Vienna lb. 

1 Customs lb. 

1 English lb. 

1 Berlin commercial 
1 Paris lb. 

1 grain 


= 560.01 grams. 

= .500.00 “ 

= 453.59 “ 

lb.= 4(.7.71 “ 

= 489.51 “ 

= 0.053115 


1 Vienna ell 
1 Paris aune 
1 yard 
1 Berlin ell 
1 Leipzig ell 


= 0.77921 meters. 
= 1.18845 
= 0.91438 “ 

= 0.66694 
= 0.6856 “ 


Parriculars of spinning material and wehs. 


Specific weight of the fiber. 

Thickness of the fiber in millimeters- 

Length of the fiber in millimeters ... 

Usual numbers existing in commerce- 

Numbers according to the projected plan 


Wool. Silk. 

1.26 1.30 

0.078—0.011 0.027—0.014 

25_500 

4—140 Engl. 100—9 French. 

5—160 90—1000 (9—100) 


Specific weight of the fiber. 

Thickness of the fiber in millimeters ... 

Length of the fiber in millimeters- 

Usual numbers existing in commerce... 
Numbers according to tlie projected plan 


Cotton. 

1.48 

0.030—0.015 
12.60 
6—300 Engl. 
10—500 


Flax. 

1.50 

0.023—0.007 
320—640 
1—300 Autr. 
4—200 


Jute. 


1—18 English) 
0 . 8—11 ( 8 — 11 , 


In the dispatch of April 15, 1873, the subject of the internationa 
patent congress was brought to your attention as follows : 


INTERNATIONAL PATENT CONGRESS. 


Among the several important industrial and scientific congresses proposed, that 
upon the protection of property iu inventions is especially interesting to citizens of the 
United States. The proposition for such an international congress has only recently 
been promulgated. It is stated that the suggestion proceeds from the United States 
Government. The sessions are to commence after the close of the jury deliberations on 
the 4th, 5tli, and 6th of August next, and they will be opened by the director-general 
of the exhibition. The president and bureau will be elected by the members of the 
congress. The governments of nations participating in the exhibition are invited to be 
represented in the congress by specially appointed delegates. A general discussion of 
the question of patent protection is expected, and the opportunity to be heard is espe¬ 
cially favorable for those who have found reason to criticise the operation of the Aus¬ 
trian patent laws as against the interest of American inventors. The whole question 
of protection of intellectual property is involved iu the proposed discussion, though it 
may be premature and indiscreet to extend the deliberations beyond the subject of 
patent laws to the arts of design and to the question of international copyrights. 
Inasmuch as the subject is one of great importance to modern industrial progress, and 
especially so to American inventors, whose productions are found in every land, I hope 
that the commission will, in some special manner, indicate its appreciation of tlie 
opportunity to be heard in this international deliberation. It is a subject which cer¬ 
tainly cannot be disposed of at this exhibition, but the foundations may be laid for a 
more general and complete congress of the nations as a part of our national celebration 
and exhibition in 1876. No more appropriate and significant discussion could be insti¬ 
tuted at that time, and there is no other soil upon which the right of property in the 
productions of the brain as well as of the hands can be so freely and justly discussed. 
I append a proof copy of the official programme of the congress, translated from the 
German, (No. 80,) as follows: 










VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


259 


“No. 80.] UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION IN VIENNA, 1873. 

^^International congress for the consideration of the question of jmtent protection. 

“ PROGRAMME. 

“ In the series of disputed questions within the province of political legislation be¬ 
longs at this moment the question of patent protection, or rather the question of the 
protection of the right of invention. 

“As an object of legislation its origin extends back to former centuries, as, for in¬ 
stance, in Great Britain the right of the Crown to the concession of patents for inven¬ 
tion was established by the acts of Parliament of 1623. But as a matter of controversy, 
it is scarcely twenty years old ; yet, notwithstanding its recent date, it already pos¬ 
sesses its peculiar history. The question of patent protection, as it now stands, in¬ 
cludes no longer simply the inquiry how the right of the inventor is to be protected in 
the best manner, the most conformable to its design, and the least prejudicial to the 
general welfare; and whether the natural right of the inventor may be regarded in 
advance as absolutely justified; but the question rather imposes upon those who apply 
themselves to its consiileration, first, the duty of refuting the latest doubts and scruples 
against the practicability and economical utility of such a protection ; and then the 
endeavor to efiect a uniform transformation of the existing law of patents, which is 
now as various as it is complicated. 

“ It would scarcely accord with the importance of the pending question of patent 
protection to disregard the chief argiTineuts of its opponents. Tnere exists to-day an 
anti-patent movement, which since 1860 has extended too far, and the causes of which 
movement bear, in part at least, too much upon views which are generally acknowl¬ 
edged by the economical progress of our age to justify at this time, as hitherto, a partial 
solution of that problem. 

“ The complete abolition of all patents for inventions, such is the motto of this 
movement; patent protection, the maintenance and improvement of the existing 
patent law, if possible in simple form, and by international agreement; such is the 
watchword of the other. 

“The present condition of patent legislation in the most enlightened and progressive 
countries, shows on which side the majority stands; with the exception of Switzer¬ 
land, and with her Holland, which recently abolishe<l her patent law, the legislation of 
all the other iudnstrial states to-day recognizes the protection of patents as a neces¬ 
sity ; and the history of the patent system for the last twenty years is a continuous 
evidence of the tendencies of the respective governments, not in the direction of a 
gradual abolition, but in the direction of a thorough reform of patent protection, and 
especially in removing the disadvantages of a territorial limitation of patents granted 
for inventions. 

“All the views, howev'er, ev^en those of the partisans of patent protection, unite in¬ 
variably and unexceptionally in this, that the protection of the rights of inventors 
needs new forms corresponding to the altered international commercial relations; and 
that the solution of this question of reform should not be aimed at separately as hith¬ 
erto, by each state of the great international commercial area, but rather that a com¬ 
plete solution common to all states should be accomplished by international agreement. 

“This work of reform can the less dispense with such unanimity, as the present 
territorial limitation of patents for invention forms one of the chief defects of the ex¬ 
isting system, and, as matters now stand, the days of patent protection on the conti¬ 
nent may be regarded as numbered, should the effort fail to establish an univ'ersal rule 
and introduce it into the law of nations. 

“ We live no longer in the day of industrial action, which is strictly confined and is 
removed from foreign competition, and where slow communication prev^ents or delays 
the utilization of inventions. We live at a time of liberal customs policy; steam and 
electricity ha\’’e newly united once isolated seats of industry in a way undreamed of, and 
the mutual exchange of goods shows to-day a magnitude which a generation ago one 
could not have imagined. Under such altered relations, the patent granted for an in- 
v'ention in one country becomes in fact a restriction unprofitable and obstructive, if the 
same invention, without limitation or increase in price, becomes in an adjoining coun¬ 
try common property. The artisan who, in the one country, must work with the 
auxiliary material there patented and therefore dearer in price, will suffer an essential 
injury as soon as the same material is produced in the other country, not only without 
restriction, but with adamaging competition. Moreover, a continuance of the hitherto 
antagonistic views and measures would scarcely conduce to the preservation of general 
harmony ; and if, for example, patent protection were maintained in one country, so as 
to attract thereby skilled operatives from another, then the danger of disturbance of 
the international industrial balance might readily be apprehended. Such and similar 


260 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


inconveniences can onlj' be met by the common action of all civilized states, disposed 
to the mainienauce of patent protection. 

“ The solution of this ])roblem may be alike difficnlt and tedious, but the impossi¬ 
bility of its solution has, however, not been proven, and it is, at all events, a problem 
the importance of which is worthy the eftbrt. 

“ But where for such an attempt could be found an occasion more appropriate and 
more legitimate than one where the laboring part of mankind meet from all quarters 
of the world in peaceful rivalry; where men of science, and of practical ability, 
scientific artisans and political economists, representatives of the higher industry and 
the smaller trades, unite to bear testimony of the high degree of culture to which 
education, labor, and inventive spirit have advanced the human race? 

“ The Vienna Exposition of 1873, called for the embodiment of universal progress in 
culture, would seem more peculiarly adapted to pay tribute to the spirit of invention, 
even from the stand-point of modern legislation, and to form the starting era for a new 
and universal codification of the rights of inventors. Had there been any doubt of the 
connection of this right with the aims and ends of such an universal exposition, pre¬ 
vious exhibitions would have solved it. The recent patent legislation of England is 
the immediate result of the Loudon expositions of 1851 and 1862, while the Paris ex¬ 
positions of 1855 and 1867 produced, as is well known, temporary protection laws, 
which it was thought expedient to imitate, in the preparatory acts for the Vienna 
universal exposition of 1873. (Law of 13tii of November, 1872.) 

“In pursuance ot these views, and following a suggestion of the Government of the 
United States of America, the general direction of the universal exposition intends to 
unite with the exposition an international congress, which shall discuss the question 
of patent-right. Should this discussion, as may be foreseen, induce a vote in favor of 
patent protection, it will then be the task of this congress, on the basis of the experi¬ 
ence of various countries and the materials collected, to proceed to a declaration of 
fundamental principles for an international reform of patent legislation. 

“ The international congress for the consideration of the question of patent protec¬ 
tion is to take t)lace after the close of the jury deliberations, on the 4th, 5th, and dth 
of August, 1873, under the following regulations : 

“ 1. Manufacturers, scientific artisans, political economists, and other experts are 
entitled to participation in the congress, in both its full and sectional deliberations, 
and in its decisions. 

“ 2. The applications for participation in the congress must be made to the respective 
exposition coinmissiouers, domestic and foreign. Based upon the applications com¬ 
municated by these commissions (at the latest by the end of June, 1873) to the director- 
general of the universal exposition, cards entitling the applicants to membership will 
be transmitted to them. 

“ 3. It will rest with the governments of nations which exhibit to be represented in 
this congress by special delegates. 

“ 4. At the seat of the general direction a committee of preparation will be appointed, 
whose duty it shall be to prepare the materials to be laid before the congress, to elabor¬ 
ate the matters of inquiry, and in general to prettare all the iireliminary matters for 
opening of the congress. 

“ 5. The director-general of the universal exposition opens the congress. After its 
opening, the congress elects from its members the president and the bureau, determines 
the order of business for the accomplishment of its work, and proceeds then to a gen¬ 
eral discussion of the question of patent protection. 

^ “The decisions of the congress will be communicated through the several commis¬ 
sions to the respective governments. 

“ 6. The language of the congress is German, but the English, French, and Italian 
are also admitted. 

“ 7. All written communications, works, and propositions relative to the international 
congress for the consideration of patent protection, are to bo addressed to the general 
direction up to the time of the opening of the congress, but during its sittings, to the 
bureau of the congress. 

“ The president of the imperial commission : 

“ARCHDUKE REGNIER. 


“The chief manager: 

“Baron de Sciiwarz-Senbokn. 
“ 42 Praterstrasse. March, 1873. Vienna.” 


A preparatory committee was duly organized in accordance with 
section No. 4 of the programme, and held several sessions before the 
opening of the congress on the 4th day of August. 

There were about two hundred persons in attendance at the 'open¬ 
ing, and great interest in the subject was manifested. The congress 


VIEJ?NA EXPOSITION-KEPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


261 


was called to order by Barou Scliwarz-Seuborii, wlio made a short address 
of welcome in the name of the Archduke Eegnier, the president of the 
imperial commission. 

Mr. William Siemens, of London, was then elected president of the 
congress, and Baron Schwarz-Senborn, honorary president. 

The names of the preparatory committee were then announced by 
Baron Schwarz, as follows: 

Pieper, Carl, civil engineer, Dresden. 

llatkowsky. Dr., jurist, theresianuin, Vienna. 

Rosas, Dr. Frank Edler V., financerath, Vienna ; chief of the bureau 
of the general direction. 

Hill, Hamilton A., associate commissioner of the State of Massachu¬ 
setts to Vienna. 

Blake, William P., geologist and mining engineer, member centen- • 
nial commission, delegate to international jury. 

Andre, Dr., jurist, Osnabruck; member state syndicate, member of 
the commission of the Association of German Engineers. 

Bauer, Dr., professor at the Polytechnic Institute, Vienna; member 
of the imperial and royal commission, and delegate to the jurj". 

Brachelli, (Hofrath,) Vienna ; superintendent of the statistical depart¬ 
ment in the K.K. Handelsministerium, and member of the imperial and 
royal commission. 


Grothe, Dr. Herman, engineer, Berlin ; editor of the Polytechnischen 
Zeitung. 

Hartig, Professor, Dr., Dresden; member of the Royal Saxon patent 
commission, and juror. 

Jannasch, Prof. Dr., Proskau, Silesia ; political economist, author of 
the prize essaj'" Dea Musterschutz unci die Sivcrbepolitik des deutsclien 
Reiches. 

Jenny, Dr., Vienna : professor at the Polytechnic Institute, member 
of the imperial and royal commission, and juror. 

Klostermann, Professor Dr., Bonn, Ober-Bergrath, etc.; author of 
treatise on arts and inventions. 

Langen, Eugene, Cologne; president of the Association of German 
Engineers. 

NTewwirth, Joseph, author, Vienna; member of the imperial and 
royal commission. 

Reuleaiix,-, Berlin ; government privy councillor, director of 

the Royal Akademy of Arts and Trades, and juror. 

Rosenthal, Dr., jurist, Cologne; author of the prize essay on the pro¬ 
tection of the rights of inventors. 

Schwarz, Dr., professor of technological chemistry at Gratz, and juror. 

Siemens, Dr. Werner, Berlin, member of the commission of the As¬ 
sociation of German Engineers. 

Siemens, Dr. C. William, D. C. L., E. R. S., London, president of the 
Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 

Thacher, J. M., Washington, assistant commissioner of patents, and 


delegate to the congress. 

Webster, Thomas, London, Q. C., F. R. S., and special rei)orter of the 
proceedings of the congress to the British government. 

Weinmann, Dr. F. L., London, member of the royal British commis¬ 
sion. 

The names of the following gentlemen were then announced as dele¬ 
gates to the congress, by letter or special appointment, from associations 
or their respective governments. 

Aureliano, P. S., Roumanian Principality. 



262 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Baumliauer, Dr. E. A. v., Netlierlauds. 

Codozza, Gio., Italy. 

Fraiikl, E., state railway director, Sweden. 

Klosteriuann, Ober-Bergratli, Bonn, German Empire. 

Metaxa, T. v., Greece. 

Ott, 0. Adolph, Switzerland. 

Tliacher, J. M., United States. 

Vischer, —;—, Wlirtemherg. 

Webster, Thomas, F. B. S., England. 

Seguro, D. Porto, Brazil, South America. 

The following ]3rogramme of points for discussion was submitted by 
the i)reparatory committee: 

UXIVERSAL EXHIBITION 1873, VIENNA IlVTERNATIONAL CONGRESS FOR THE CONSIDERA¬ 
TION OF THE QUESTION OF PATENT PROTECTIONS. 

The preparatory committee, in accordance with section 4 of the programme No. 80, 
proposes: 

The international congress may please to resolve— 

I. The protection of inventions is to be guaranteed by law in all civilized countries. 

Protection by patent, if guaranteed in an adequate and judicious manner, will be 

conducive to stimulate useful inventions, to improve the mode of production, thereby 
increasing production itself and making it cheaper and to extend the consumption, 
thus promoting national welfare. On the other hand, if there be no (or an inadequate) 
protection of inventions, national industry will become stagnant and retrograde, the 
spirit of invention will be stilled, the introduction of new inventions checked, and the 
native inventor forced to seek a more favorable field of action elsewhere, where his 
talent will be recognized and his labor protected and rewarded. 

This question will be introduced by Mr. Carl Piper, C. E., of Dresden. 

II. If the object of patent protection is to bo attained in an adequate manner, it 
will be imperative that the various States should bring about, as speedily as possible, 
by international agreement, a reform of the patent legislation. 

III. As regards the rules to be established, the congress recommends in particular 
the English and American laws as a basis, as well as the draught of a law proposed 
for Germany by the Society of German Engineers. 

This point will be introduced by Dr. Hermann Grothe, of Berlin. 

IV. As fundamental principles for an international agreement on patent legislation, 
the following points should be kept in view : 

(a.) It is desirable that the various states should publish and exchange all patents 
directly after they have been granted in such a manner that copies of each patent may 
be inspected by the inhabitants of other countries. 

This question will be introduced by Professor Dr. Klostermann, of Bonn. 

(&.) It would be, if at allpossible of accomplishment, advisable that each state should 
admit and attach to its patent-office representatives of other con nines. 

To be introduced by Professor Dr. Klostermann, Bonn. 

(c.) It is to be recomrnendeded that a system of preliminary examination should be 
adopted analogous to the provisions of the laws above mentioned. 

This point will be introduced by Dr. Rosenthal, of Cologne. 

(c.) The expenses of obtaining and keeping in force a patent should be moderate in 
all countries, and based upon a progressive scale. 

To be introduced by Professor Jannasch, of Prokau.iu Silesia. 

(/.) Only the first inventor, his heirs, anil assigns, are entitled to a patent. 

To be introduced by Dr. Ratkowsky, of Vienna. 

In consideration of the great difference that exists in the present patent jurisdictions, 
and of the change that has taken place in international communication, the necessity 
of reform is evident, and it is of pressing moment that the Government should 
endeavor to bring about an international understanding upon the pateu’t law as soon 
as possible. 

Thus, it would be advisable, if practicable, that each State should admit a repre¬ 
sentative of the other states into its office, and that immediately after the granting of 
any patent it should be published and interchanged, so that subjects of all other 
states might have access to the copies of each patent. 

Referent: Syndicus Dr. Audifi. 

Discussion ensued upon minor points, but always with great una¬ 
nimity upon the general principles of protection of inventions. The 
opposition manifested in some quarters to patents was not considered 



VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 263 

to be of umcli strength, and to be due in large part to the imperfection 
of the several systems existing in Europe, and the essential differences 
in those systems producing inequalities and confusion. It was fully 
believed that such imperfections were capable of being remedied, and 
that the inconveniences and an}" opposition would disappear so soon as 
a general understanding could be had and a common and reciprocal 
system established. All were therefore desirous to utilize the opportu¬ 
nity to lay the foundations for such a system. Whatever difficulties 
might attend the effort, they considered the problem to be one worthy 
of the study of the best minds of all nations. The occasion, also, was 
considered to be eminently fitting; for, in the language of the pro¬ 
gramme, there were gathered from distant lands the men of science 
and practical ability, scientific artisans, political economists, representa¬ 
tives of the higher industries and the smaller trades, and all amid the 
triumphs of genius and industry. There could not be a better oppor¬ 
tunity for inaugurating the beneficent works. 

Sessions were held daily from the 4th to the 8th of August, and the 
resolutions, as finally adopted, were published in No. 102 of the official 
programmes, and are as follows: 

No. 102.] UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 1873, IN VIENNA. 

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF THE QUESTION OF PATENT 

PROTECTION. 


liesolulious adopted on the Aih, 5th, 6th, 7th, and Sth of Jnyiist, 1873. 

I. The protection of inventions should ho guaranteed hj’ the laws of all civilized 
nations, because: 

(a.) Tfi6 sense of right among civilized nations demands the legal protection of in- 
tellectnal work. 

(&.) This protection affords, under the condition of a complete specification and pub¬ 
lication of the invention, the only practical and effective means of introducing new 
technical methods without loss of time, and in a reliable manner, to the general knowl¬ 
edge of the public. 

(c.) The protection of invention renders the labor of the inventor remunerative, and 
induces thereby competent men to devote time and means to the introduction and prac¬ 
tical application of new and useful technical methods and improvements, and attracts 
capital from abroad, which, in the absence of patent protection, Avill find means of 
secure investment elsewhere. 

(d.) By the obligatory complete publication of the patented invention, the great 
sacrifice of time and of money, which the technical application would otherwise im¬ 
pose upon the industry of all countries, will be considerably lessened. 

(e.) By the protection of invention, secrecy of manufacture, which is one of the 
greatest enemies of industrial progress, will lose its chief support. 

(/.) Great injury will be inflicted upon countries which have no rational patent-laws, 
by the native inventive talent emigrating to more congenial countries, where their 
labor is legally protected. 

(</.) Experience shows that the holder of a patent will make the most effectual exer¬ 
tions for a speedy introduction of his invention. 

II. An effective and useful patent-law should be based on the following principles : 

(a.) Only the inventor himself, or his legal representative,* should be entitled to a 

patent. 

(h.) A patent should not be refused to a foreigner. 

(c.) It is advisable, in carrying out these principles, to introduce a system of pre¬ 
liminary examination. 

(d.) A patent should be granted either for a term of fifteen years, or be permitted to 
be extended to such a term. 

(e.) Simultaneously with the issue of a patent a complete publication of the same 
should take place, rendering the technical application of the invention possible. 

(/.) Tlie expense of obtaining a patent should be moderate; but, in the interest of 
the inventor, a progressive scale of fees should be established, enabling him to abandon, 
when convenient, a useless patent. 


* Tlii.s was umlerstood to include the nominee or authorized agent of the inventor.—Th. W. 




264 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


{g.) Facilities should be given, by a well organized patent-office, to obtain in an easy 
manner the specibcation of a patent, as well as to ascertain wbat patents are still in 
force. 

{li.) It is advisable to establish legal rules, according to which the patentee should be 
induced, in cases in which the public interest may require it, to allow the use of his 
invention to all suitable applicants, for an adequate compensation. 

(i.) The non-application of an invention in one country shall not involve the forfeiture 
of the patent, if the patented invention has been carried into practice at all, and if it 
has been rendered possible for the inhabitants of such country to purchase and make 
use of the invention. 

(Ji.) In all other respects, and particularly as regards the proceedings in the granting 
of patents, the congress refers to the English, American, and Belgian patent-laws, and 
to the draught of a patent-law prepared for Germany by the Society of German Engi¬ 
neers. 

III. Considering the great differences in jn’eseut patent administration and the altered 
international commercial relations, the necessity of reform is evident, and it is of press¬ 
ing moment that governments should endeavor to bring about an international under¬ 
standing upon patent protection as soon as possible. 

IV. The congress empowers the preparatory committee to continue the work com¬ 
menced by this first international congress, and to use all their influence that the 
prineiples adopted be made known as widely as possible and carried into practice. 

V. The committee is likewise authorized to endeavor to bring about an exchange of 
opinions on the subject, and to call, from time to time, meetings and conferences of the 
friends of patent protection. 

VI. To this end, the preparatory committee is hereby appointed to act as a perma¬ 
nent executive committee, with power to add other members to their number, and to 
appoint the time and place for the next meeting of the congress, in case such meeting 
should be considered necessary for the promotion of the foregoing resolutions. 

The honorary president of the international patent congress, 

BARON YON SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 

The president of the international patent congress, 

WILLIAM SIEMENS. 

The permaueiit executive committee so constituted met soon^after 
and organized as follows: (Extract from the official programme o*f the 
exhibition, No. 113.) 

Meeting of the executive committee appointed hg the international p>atent congress to carry 

out the resolutions of the congress, passed on the 4th, ioth, 6th, 7th, and Sth of August, 1873, 

U'ithpower to add to their number. 

Held on Saturday, the 9th of August, Baron von Schwarz-Senboru, honorary presi¬ 
dent of the congress, in the chair. 

Present: William Siemens, president of the congress; Th. Webster, Q. C.; Mr. Ham¬ 
ilton Hill, Mr. Eugen Langen, Dr. v. Rosas, Dr. Jannasch, Dr. H. Grothe, Dr. Wein- 
mann. Dr. jur. Rosenthal, Syndicus Dr. Andr<5, Hofrath v. Engerth, Professor W. P. 
Blake, Mr. Carl Pieper, C. E. 

It was resolved: 

1st. That the honorable J. M. Thacher, Mr. B. B. Hotchkiss, and Mr. S. Remington, 
of the United States, be added to the committee. 

2d. That Baron von Schwarz-Senboru be president of the executive committee, 
whether residing at Vienna or elsewhere. 

3d. That Mr. William Siemens be requested to write a preface or introduction to the 
proceedings of the congress, to be dedicated to Baron von Schwarz-Senboru. 

Mr. W. Siemens acceded to this request. 

4th. That Mr. Carl Pieper, C. E., of Dresden, be the general secretary of the execu¬ 
tive committee. 

5th. That Dr. v. Rosas, of Vienna, be treasurer of the executive committee. 

6th. That Dr. Rosenthal, of Cologne, and Dr. v. Rosas, act as special assistants to 
the general secretary for the publication of the proceedings. 

7tli. That the members of this committee residing in foreign countries constitute 
special local committees of their respective nationalities, with power to add to their 
number, to carry out the resolutions of the congress. 

Each local committee to be empowered to enroll members, call meetings and collect 
subscriptions of one pound sterling, or upward, per annum, to be a ccouuted for to the 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 265 

general secretary and treasurer, and to do such acts as may he necessary for carrying 
out the resolutions of the congress. 

8th. That the president and general secretary prepare hy-laws, to he submitted to a 
general meeting for approval. 

The honorary president of the international patent congress : 

BARON DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 

The i)resident of the international patent congress: 

WILLIAM SIEMENS. 

A written report of tlie proceedings of the congress was by request 
submitted to Dr. Banhaus, the Austrian secretary of the interior, who 
received the permanent executive committee and listened to explana¬ 
tions concerning the proceedings. The committee also had a conference 
with Count Audrany, the minister of foreign affairs. 

The proceedings have since been printed in Dresden, under the super¬ 
vision of Air. Carl Pieper, the general secretary. 

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF LAND AND FOREST CULTIVATORS. 

The following copy of the programme (ATo. 93) issued upon this sub¬ 
ject, sufficiently shows the range of discussion and objects of this con¬ 
gress : 

The modern age hecomes ever more and more impressed with the question of the 
identity of the interests of nations ; and this gives rise to the endeavor in every branch 
of industry and production to utilize the converging points of communication for the 
profitable interchange of views. 

In agriculture also, isolated working has long been abandoned. The numerous 
unions, the assemblies which take i)lace every year in different localities and con¬ 
gresses, are a speaking proof that the requirements of the age are understood. 

But the more liberal ideas of the day demand and justify, even under such circum¬ 
stances, an extension of the hitherto limited territorial boundaries ; they demand, 
indeed for many purposes, au international combination. 

The culture of land and forests offers also many international relations which may 
become the foundation of union. 

The resolution was therefore adopted to establish during the exhibition of 1873, 
among others, a congress of the cultivators of land and forests, which has for its pur¬ 
pose to consider the important questions of agriculture, including several districts, 
and to effect, according to the natnre of the questions,^ uniform x^roceeding, and, 
where possible, a uniform legislature. 

The international character of this congress requires for its working different forms 
trom those which have served in societies of a territorial character, the more so as the 
question of the international protection of birds, which has for a long time occupied 
the attention of the ablest authorities, and of the governments of different States, will 
constitute an imx)ortaut feature in the discussion of the cultivators of land and forests. 

It appears, namely, necessary that the different states taking jiart in the congress 
should be represented by their deputies, and that, through their interposition, a certain 
number of the most distinguished men in the question of laud and forest culture should, 
through the invitation of the j)resident of the congress, be induced to take part in this 
discussion. 

This assemblj" consisting solely of invited members, the constitution of the congress 
will be less the result of chance, and in addition to that, the limitation of invitations 
—thus rendered possible—to the most prominent men of this branch will lend greater 
importance to the congress and to its discussions. 

The direction of this congress was conferred by the president of the imperial exhibi¬ 
tion commission, his imiierial highness Archduke Reguier, ui)on the undersigned 
imperial minister of agriculture. 

The president will be supported by vice-presidents, the election of whom will take 
place accordiug to the relative number of representatives of the participating states ; 
further, there will be a managing committee, in which all the states taking part in the 
congress will be represented by their delegates. 

The vice-presidents will be invited by his imjierial highness Archduke Reguier to the 
acceptance of this post of honor. 

The final determination of the subjects of discussion for the congress will follow 
through the presidents, with the concurrence of the delegates of the states taking part 

herein. 

t 



266 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The iiiteruatioual congress of land and forest cultivators will sit from the 19th to the 
24th of September.^ 

The language of the congress is German, but English, French, and Italian are allow¬ 
able. 

All writings, works, and propositions are to be addressed to the undersigned presi¬ 
dent, provided with the superscription, “ International congress of land and forest 
cultivators.” 

Vienna, June, 1873. 

The president of the international congress of land and forest cultivators : 

JOH. CHEVALIER DE CHLUMECKY, 

Imperial llot/al Minister of Agricttllare. 


The Chief Manager : 

BARON DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 


The following was subsequently issued, (No. Go :) 


VIENNA. 

The items of the programme which, subject to a final confirmation, were adopted for 
the international congress of land and forest cultivators, taking place in Vienna from 
the 19th to the 25th of September of this year, are : 

1. What measures are to betaken for the iirotection of birds which are useful to the 
cultivation of the soil ? 

2. Upon what points, and methods of collecting of land and forest statistics, does an 
international agreement appear desirable for the attainment of comparative results ? 

3. What points of the laud and forest experimental cultivation require the establish¬ 
ment of an international system of observation ? 

4. What international agreements appear advisable for preventing the devastation 
of forests ? 


CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. 

Each succeeding great exhibition brings its fresh harvest of expe¬ 
rience, and the teachings of all, but especially of 1873, should not pass 
unheeded in the preparations by the commission for the exhibition in 
1876. A recapitulation of some of the teachings is therefore not inap¬ 
propriate as a conclusion of this report, to the sections of which refer¬ 
ence may be made for the data and amplification in detail. 

BAD EFFECTS OF TARDINESS. 

There is one oft-repeated lesson which seems never to be learned in 
season—the disastrous effects of tardiness in fireparation. Not to be 
ready on the opening day entails dissatisfaction, a disposition to depre¬ 
ciate and to complain, a loss of enthusiasm and popular interest, and a 
loss not only of receipts, but to the exhibitors and to the utility of the 
exhibition. Not to be ready at the appointed time is a serious breach 
of the etiquette of hospitality, for in the interuatioiial exhibition of 
1876 the people of the United States are to be the host of all nations. 
Attention to this subject cannot be too strongly and constantly urged 
upon all who are to take part in the work of administration or as 
exhibitors. 

NECESSITY OF SYSTEM. 

The advantages of a thoroughly systematic arrangement over one 
which consults «hiefly fine effects and convenience in placing, were 
never more manifest than by contrast of the Yienna exhibition with that 
at Paris in 1867. System and fine effects are not only possible together, 

international exhibition of horses, poultry, iloffs, pigeons, &c., takes place from the I9th to tha 
*^f September, anil the international races from the 21st to the 23il. 

, -‘-ye president proposes to organize excursions to some of the most remarkable estates in the nei<yli- 

borhooti of yienna. 



VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


267 


but one may be made to assist the other. The Paris dual system was a 
great step forward in the organization of exhibitions, and it was never 
so much a])preciated as at Vienna. Systematic arrangement, under a 
comprehensive classification, needs to be promoted, not sacrificed. The 
form and the interior arrangements of the building must be such as to 
conform to and not to warp the system. 

A systematic display promotes the great object of an exhibition, 
which are not t o impress the eye merelj^ or to ])leasethe fancy, for such 
efiects are evanescent, but a good system tends to survive the exhibition 
and to permeate and give an organic development to the literature of 
industries. Such efiects are lasting and universal in their nature. Sys¬ 
tem is better than size. There should also be thoroughness of repre¬ 
sentation, so as to give a just idea of our industries and resources. 
Such thoroughness cannot be secured without special effort. The work 
of the committees of admission and the departmental committees at 
Paris is referred to, and also the unwritten labor of many ot Vienna, as 
at all great exhibitions, for spontaneity in the exliibition of many desir¬ 
able objects is not the rule but the exception. 

CO:\IPACTNESS ESSENTIAL. 

The exhibition buildings should not be straggling and widely separ¬ 
ated. The interdependence of the industries needs to be shown as far 
as possible. A universal exliibition should be a microcosm, a unit, not 
a congeries of separate shows. Compactness is an essential feature. It 
promotes success. Only a fraction of the visitors to the Vienna exhi¬ 
bition saw the machinery-hall or the agricultural buildings. The fine 
display of agricultural machinery from the United States in a separate 
building was rarely visited. The building was generally empty while 
the main transept of the industry-palace was full of visitors. 

ACCESS TO BE EASY AND CHEAP. 

'Accessibility is one of the conditions of success. It certainly should 
not cost more than the entrance-fee, as it did at Vienna, for those who 
consulted their time and comfort. The transportation should not only 
be cheap, but rapid. Horses are not to be relied on ; when most needed 
they are inadequate. The horse-railways must be supplemented by 
steam service, and all should deliver passengers at a central point un¬ 
der cover, and the cost of transportation should be included in the 
price of admission. 

If the exhibition is large, means of rapid transit from one part to 
another should be provided at a trifling cost. 

UNIFORM RATES OF ADMISSION. 


The price of admission should be low and uniform. The receipts are 
greatest at a low price. 

SANITARY AND POLICE REGULATIONS. 

The generous provision for the comfort and health of visitors at the 
exhibition, and for the maintainance of order, is worthy of all emulation. 
Hardly a case of drunkenness or disturbance was known during the at¬ 
tendance of the millions of visitors. 


268 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


COSTLY BUILDINGS TO BE AVOIDED. 

It is hardly necessary to say more upon tbe subject of the cost of the 
buildings. The demolition of the industrial palace, after tlie brief six 
months of occupation, is a sufficient commentary upon the wastefulness 
of a costly plan with elaborate decoration. Eigid simplicity and cheap-' 
ness of construction, as far as consistent with tbe safety of the objects, 
should be the rule. The building should be subordinated to its contents. 

The receipts from visitors should not be over estimated. The statis¬ 
tics upon this point are ample and instructive. Neither should an ex¬ 
hibition be expected to be self-sustaining in immediate pecuniary re¬ 
turns, although the ultimate benefits to the national pro])erity far out¬ 
weigh all expense and trouble involved in the undertaking. 

PROMPT PUBLICATION OF CATALOGUES. 

The absence of a full catalogue at the outset is not only an incon¬ 
venience, but a defect. It impairs the usefulness of an exhibition. 
The difficulties in the way of a prompt publication of a complete list 
are many and well known, but they can be surmounted. 

The invoices of every exhibitor should be printed, and duplicate 
copies should be transmitted. Blank forms for the catalogue should be 
issued. If every exhibitor could be made to realize the great adver¬ 
tising advantage which an early issue of a good catalogue gives, there 
would be little difficulty in securing a full list in time. The entriovS 
might be stereotyped upon the system once proposed by Professor 
Jewett, or on some other equally rapid and economical plan. 

STATISTICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION. 

Information concerning the objects exhibited in a concise printed form 
is very desirable. Statistical data are much sought for on such occa¬ 
sions, and their absence is a blemish and loss. It is greatly for the in¬ 
terest of exhibitors to furnish such information in a printed form to 
representatives of the press, to experts, to jurors, and reporters. By the 
early dissemination of such information the popular interest in an ex¬ 
hibition is augmented. Early provision should be made for securing a 
statistical introduction to the catalogue of each group of the exhibition. 
It was done at Paris by the committees of admission of each class, and 
the introductions so prepared were among the most valuable and endur¬ 
ing contributions to industry. 

PROVISION FOR REPORTS. 

Suitable provision should be made at an early date for securing a 
series of thorough reports upon each group of the exhibition. The 
selection of persons for this duty should not be deferred until after the 
opening. The requisite study of each subject should proceed pan 
with the preparations, and in many instances the persons best qualified 
to stimulate the successful exhibition of any group of products would 
be the best persons to select for the preparation of a report. 

The publication of such reports should not be delayed long after the. 
close of the exhibition, and, as proposed by the Archduke Eainer, at 
Vienna, they should be separately printed, in a cheap form, so as to be 
within the means of the people and to secure general distribution. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OP W. P. BLAKE. 


2G9 


PROTECTION OF INTERESTS OF EXHIBITORS. 

There is evidently a want of an organization for the protection and 
furtherance of the interests of foreign exhibitors. M 3 " intercourse with 
the exhibitors has shown this. They feel the Avant of some assurance 
that their goods Avill be duly ])rotected and cared for, especially when 
the owners cannot attend. They Avish also to be represented faithfully 
in a commercial business Ava.y. No definite plan has been proposed, but 
one of the foreign commissioners who regarded such an organization as 
a necessity said that it should ha\"eofliciai sanction, and in its pecuniary 
responsibility invite the confidence and respect of all the exhibitors. 


[Inclosure A in Appendix C.] 

SENTIMENT AND CO-OPERATION ABROAD-DONATION®. 


Sy)i 02 )sis of a report presented in December. 

UxiTj]D States Centennial Commission, 

Xo. 904 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, December 15,1873. 

To the Executive Committee of the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentleaien : Having completed my mission to Vienna, in accordance with yonr in¬ 
structions, I now present a preliminary report npon some subjects not already covered 
by my dispatches, and which seem to me important to bring before you at the earliest 
moment. 

the general sentiment regarding our exhibition enterprise abroad. 

It is with great satisfaction that I can report the existence of the most friendly and 
even enthusiastic feeling in regard to the centennial exhibition. It is looked forward 
to by all classes with inquiring interest. The statesman and political economist expect 
to derive from it fresh and more correct information regarding our institutions and re¬ 
sources and a deeper view of the great future of the American people. The men of 
science expect richer harvests than ever ])efore of material for investigation, and look 
forward to the coming re-union of the nations in the New World as the opportunity to 
see some of its marvels with their own eyes. The industrial classes, with appetites 
whetted by what they have seen of our inventions and manufactures at Paris and 
Vienna, desire a nearer view and a broader association with the elements of our suc¬ 
cessful XDi’ogress. The merchants and 'tradesmen believe that in our exhibition they 
will have the most favorable opportunity to extend their trade and to introduce 
products of a higher culture than we yet can claim. These are some of the elements, 
in general, npon which the interest in our exhibition is based; but I have not men¬ 
tioned one which I am sure, from personal interviews with leading men of the various 
foreign commissions, jurors, and statesmen, comes of abroad and liberal sympathy with 
all that conduces to human progress and the realization that international exhibitions 
are potential in this direction. Much of the interest is engendered by the recognized 
fact that for the first time the American people are to have an international exhibition. It 
is spoken of as the first international exhibition in America under Government sanction 
and patronage. The Government is regarded as its responsible founder and sustainer. 
The undertaking is not regarded as in any degree local, but as the enterprise of the country 
and Government. Ever since, on the 4th of July last, the President of the United States 
issued his proclamation announcing the exhibition, and commending it to all nations who 
may be pleased to take part in it, the enterprise has become, in the eyes of the world, 
a national one, to which the honor and prestige of the people of the United States and 
of the Government are fully and irre\"ocably committed. In this great work the States 
are considered abroad as a unit. 

Europeans look npon the undertaking as the outgrowth of a national patriotic senti¬ 
ment seeking tangible and useful embodiment, to be followed out in the spirit in which 
it was conceived, and destined to bo one of the crowning glories of the century. It is 
believed and freel}^ expressed that the originality, energy, and power of meeting emer¬ 
gencies shown by the American people will, with our great resources, insure a grand 
exhibition, worthy of the efforts of the exhibitors and of the country. 



270 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The international exhibition, as you may judge from the foregoing, is already widely 
known in Europe. I may say that this results in a great degree from the representa¬ 
tion of the centennial commission at Vienna. The opportunity was unique and golden. 
It was as necessary for imparting information concerning our work as for gaining 
knowledge in reference to the exhibition. 


MAKING OUR EXHIBITION KNOWN ABROAD. 

Soon after my arrival I had the honor of being presented, as representing the cen¬ 
tennial commission, to their Imperial Majesties the Emperor and Empress of Austria, 
and thereby had the opportunity of making the object of the commission known to 
them. Later, when the Emperor visited the American section of the exposition, the 
large map of Fairmount Park, placed there by Mr. Sch wartzman, for the park commis¬ 
sion, was examined by him with evident interest. I subsequently had a favorable op¬ 
portunity of conversing at some length with the Archduke Carl Ludwig and several of 
his friends upon the subject. Having been appointed a delegate to the international 
jury I was a guest upon the brilliant excursion of the jury to Pesth, where the Hun¬ 
garians received and entertained with princely hospitality nearly one thousand persons 
of all nations for three days. In this re union mucli interest was shown in regard to 
what America proposed to do for another exhibition, and referenee was made by one 
of the Hungarian statesmen to a possible re-union of the jury there. There were pres¬ 
ent on that occasion Dr. Banhans, the Austrian minister of commerce; Count Zichy, 
of Hungary, and other prominent statesmen. The information so given was widely 
spread through the German press. At the international patent-congress, Baron 
Schwarz, in a closing speech, said that, if the members were not called together 
before, they should try to meet at Philadelphia in 1876. 

In Hungary I had the most enthusiastic assurances of sympathetic co-operation in 
our exhibition, and I have no doubt the representation from that country will be very 
large and interesting. 

WHAT FOREIGNERS EXPECT. 

A very intelligent interest was manifested generally by the exhibitors at Vienna, 
and there were inquiries for the regulations in detail of our exhibition. It is here my 
duty to state plainly that, notwithstanding the very favorable disposition shown not 
only by Austro-Hungary, but by the German Empire, Belgium, and other countries, 
they will not xiarticipate with us unless they are fully satished with our plans and reg¬ 
ulations. The exhibitors are now so habituated to great international exhibitions that 
they are intelligent critics of their organization and regulations. They have had dis¬ 
agreeable experience in some respects, and they will not subject themselves to like 
difficulties. They, therefore, look with anxiety to the tenor of our regulations, and it 
behooves us to exercise extreme caution in regard to them. 

I herewith submit some of the points upon which anxiety has been manifested, and 
suggestions have been made by some of the foreign commissions and exhibitors : 

First. Protection of their property and protection of the interests of exhibitors. To 
this end the organization of a responsible body to act as agent of foreign exhibitors to 
receive, place, describe, guard, and to dispose of or return articles sent, and further to 
give information concerning them to jurors or others. 

Second. A well-devised system of awards, a judicious selection of jurors, and effec¬ 
tive organization of the jury. 

Third. Facilities for transportation and protection from needless expenses of mov¬ 
ing, unpacking, placing, and removing goods. 

Fourth. Favorable and simple customs regulations. 

Fifth. Permission to trade under proper restrictions. 

Sixth. Facilities for advertising. 

Seventh. Early publication of a good catalogue assured. 

Eighth. Provision for descriptive reports and publication of the results of the exhi¬ 
bition. 

DONATIONS TO THE PERMANENT MUSEU.AI. 

I am happy to announce the commencement of the collection for the ])ermanent 
museum. The first donation consists of a valuable series of the iron ores of Sweden, 
presented by Mr. Danfelt, the Swedish commissioner. This initial donation is a nu¬ 
cleus about which I hope a splendid collection, illustrative of the mineral riches of the 
world, may be grouped. 

IRON ORES OF SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 

Of these iron ores there are nearly one hundred massive samples, ranging from ten 
to fifteen inches square, all selected with great care from the chief mines and beds by 
Professor Akerman, of the Royal Mining Academy. This collection, with the samples 
of iron and steel, these last not donated, &c., cost the Iron Association about $10,000. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


271 


COPrER ORE FROM NORWAY. 

From the Norwegian commission we received a very fine massive block of yellow 
copper ore, weighing some two tons. 


ORNAMENTAL BRICKS AND TERRA COTTA. 

A very attractive display of architectural bricks, terra cotta moldings, and majolica 
slabs for insertion in the fronts of buildings was made by tlie Wiener Ziegels fabrics 
and Ban Gessellschaft. I am glad to report the presentation by them of a suite of 
specimens of their bricks, tiles, and moldings, including some of the relief majolica 
slabs in the veuciisscitice style, such as are used for door and window casings. 

I also secured a somewhat similar series, but of ditt’erent forms and objects from the 
celebrated Reuuberg brick and tile works, near Berlin, Prussia, the company having 
presented their entire exhibition for the permanent museum. 

It is my belief that these two collections will not only be very interesting to our ar¬ 
chitects and lovers of applied art, but of some servdce in the wa}"^ of suggestions to 
our brick manufacturers. 

COLLECTION OP MANGAN IRON, BAUXITE, ETC. 

In the Austrian section there was a remarkable display of spiege iron and mangan 
iron, with samples ot bauxite, &c. This was donated, but afterward withdrawn 
with the intention of sending us a much finer series of specimens, with fresh fractures, 
in 1876. 

OZOKERITE AND PETROLEUM. 

We have also received a box of samples of ozokerite, a peculiar “ earth-wax” from 
Hungary, together with the associated minerals. This is a very interesting natural 
product, mined near Pesth, and it is destined to be the basis of extended manufac¬ 
tures. 

IMPORTANCE OF A CERAMIC COLLECTION. 

I regretted very much that I did not have the means of securing samples of the cera¬ 
mic art of various countries, but especially of Hungary and Bohemia. A small amount 
of money would have enabled me to secure a very attractive series of specimens for 
the museum, for there was a great accumulation of such objects .at the exposition. 

CHINA AND JAPAN WILL EXHIBIT. 

The exhibitions of China and of Japan were made in grejit part upon a commercial 
basis, and were attended with such a decree of success as to leave no reason to doubt 
that the people and the government will send us an equally good, if not better, exhi¬ 
bition in 1876. 

The governments of these Eastern nations generally take a great pride in making a 
good exhibition from their respective countries. Money is freely appropriated by them 
for such purposes. In fact, in Europe, as well as in Asia, the governments regard the 
great exhibitions as essential features of modern progressive civilizjition, and they 
systematically make the required appropriations for them. Not to do so would be re¬ 
garded as a neglect of a national and international duty. 

A TURKISH BAZAAR. 

Some Turkish merchants of wealth, who made extensive exhibitions of goods and 
carpets in Vienna, called upon me to state their desire to erect, in connection with our 
exhibition, a grand Turkish bazaar, like that at Constantinople, and to have also a 
Turkish coffee-house, and a complete Turkish bathing establishment; in fact, to con¬ 
struct a Turkish village in a suitable part of the grounds contiguous to the main build¬ 
ing. They propose to make the bathing place large enough to accommodate about 
fifty persons at one time, and to have Turkish attendants, so as to give a bath in the 
true Oriental w.ay. 

They wish the privilege of trading, and, if possible, to erect all the structures by 
Turkish labor, workmen being imported for the purpose, under the belief that it would 
be much cheaper for them than to take the mechanics of the country, who are not 
familiar with the style of construction and of finish of the Turkish buildings, and who, 
especially at that time, will be in great demand for the ordinary kind of buildings. 


272 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


(Inclosure B iu Appendix C.) 

EXTENT AND COST OF EXHIBITIONS. 

Tabular statement of the extent, cost, and receipts of the principal international exhibitions 

since the pear 1851, inclusive. 


Year. 

Place. 

Area of the buildings. 

Total space. 

No. of 
exhibitors. 

Sq. meters. 

Sq. feet. 

Acres. 

Sq. meters. 

Acres. 

1851 

1853 

1855 

1862 

1867 

1873 

London ... 
New Y'ork- 

Paris. 

Loudon ... 

Paris. 

Vienna.... 

92,663 

1,000, 000 
249, 692 
1, 866, 000 
1,291,800 

20 

5f 

30 

24 

m 

50 



15,000 
7,000 
23,954 
28,653 

50,226 

70,000 

169,691 
113,287 

160, 000 

200,572 

459, 340 ) 
or > 
687,835 ) 
1,131,235 

119 

280 

Year. 

Place. 

Number of 
visitors. 

Cost per 
sq. foot. 

Total cost. 

Total receipts. 

Period 

open; 

days. 

1851 

1853 

1855 

1862 

1867 

1873 

London .. . 
New York. 

Paris. 

London .. . 

Paris. 

Vienna.... 

6, 039,195 

.85 

$1,464, 000 
500,000 
4, 000, 000 
2,300,000 
4, 596, 763 
9, 850, 000 

$2,530,000 

141 

5,162,330 
6,211,103 
10, 000, 000 
7,254,687 

1.81 

1.25 

640,500 
2, 300, 000 
2, 822, 932 
2,000,000 

200 

171 

210 

186 


NOTES IN EXPLANATION. 

1851.—The cost stated may be said to be the price paid for the use of the building, 
which building remained the property of the contractors. If its cost had been 
iucluded, the sum should be increased at least $500,000 or more. The cost per 
square foot should be doubled. 

1853.—The information is very meager. No final report published. The building cost 
$200,000. The total cost of the exhibition was not less than $500,000. The 
area of the building, by inclnding the galleries, was greater than the area of 
the ground on which it stood. This was only 445x455 = 202,475 square feet. 

18.55. 

1862.—The receipts as here stated include a contribution of £11,000, say $55,000, from 
the contractors for the building to cover deficiency, apparently. 

1867.—The receipts are here exclusive of the grant, or subvention, of 12,000,000 francs 
by the state and city of Paris. The whole area is, as stated in the final report, 
687,835, but this includes Billancourt. The Champ de Mars alone is 459,340 
square meters. 

1873.—The expenditures and receipts are here only approximately given, according to 
the latest returns iu November, 1873. The receipts do not include the "sale 
of the buildings, &c. 


[Inclosure C in Appendix C.] 

OBSERVATIONS ON GREAT EXHIBITIONS. 

Translation from a worh by Dr. W. F. Exnet', *‘Der Austeller und die Austellungen,’^ 

JVehnar, 1873.) 

UTILITY OF EXHIBITIONS—HISTORICAL NOTICES. 

That exhibitions are useful need not be stated. No civilized nation would ever re¬ 
fuse to co-operate in them. But to know this alone is not sufiicient; those taking part 
in exhibitions must learn to understand their benefits, which, indirectly, are either men¬ 
tal or material. 
























































VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


273 


INTELLECTUAL BENEFITS. 

Through an exhibition of the works of hnniau activity and the exertion of many 
different individuals, information is rapidly imparted, and much of such information 
could not be so completely given in any other way. Science recognizes in an-exhibi¬ 
tion a new and important stimulus to improvement, especially in economic and statis¬ 
tical science, commerce, ffnances, and education. 

But the benefits are not confined to the scientific; the knowledge of the thousands 
Avho arrange, exhibit in, and patronize such expositions is increased and strengthened. 
Every visitor to an exhibition becomes involuntarily more or less instructed. The im¬ 
pressions received are often lasting, and stimulate earnest study, which leads to new 
exertion and new results. Every man of whatever occupation or station in life finds 
in an exhibition opportunity to gain rich experience in some way or other. 

An exhibition also directly stimulates mental progress. Many visitors of foreign 
birth learn the language of the country where an exhibition is to be held, in order to 
be prepared for it. Architects make plans for buildings, tariffs are made, competition 
is encouraged, and rivals learn of each other. 

The mental advantage of exhibitions is very considerable. Colleges, academies, 
pamphlets, &c., cannot accomplish in years what one yreat exhibition can do in the 
field of mental progress. By a great exhibition is meant an international, or world’s 
exposition, although circuit or local exhibitions have a similar effect in a less degree. 

By circuit or local we understand a small part of a state of large dimensions, (county 
exhibitions or state fairs,) the exhibitions of which should be encouraged by govern¬ 
ment, as very useful for knowledge of details, but these circuits being often small and 
not divided according to their produce, but politically, their exhibitions are but frag¬ 
ments of a whole, and must invite other neighbor districts to make up an exhibition. 

A splendid example of this was the “ Merseburg” Industrial Exposition in 18(54, in 
which the following districts took a share: Saxony, the circuit of Leipzig, Clansthal, 
ill Hanover, the domains Weimar and Eisenach, Gotha, Altenburg, Anhalt, Meiningen, 
the principalities Schwarzburg, Souddrshausen, and Rudolphstadt, and so furnished 
life to the whole organization. 

A “ World’s Fair,” or international exhibition, means the bringing together the pro¬ 
ducts of one, of many, or of all branches of activity of all mankind. Amsterdam in¬ 
vited, in 1865, the floriculture of all the world to an exhibition. In 1865, Paris had an 
international cheese exhibition. The agricultural exhibition in Paris, 1866, and the 
first international exhibition in London, in 1851, were of greater dimensions and caliber. 
Universal exhibitions, in which all mankind, with raw produce, industry, and art, take 
part, tlie world had only three; in Paris, 1855, London, 186*2, and Paris, 1867. We are 
on the eve of a fourth. 

These exhibitions give us an insight into the culture of mankind at large, and show 
us just what progress each nation has reached. They are nation-wanderings in the 
sense of the 19th century, not with destruction, but to cultivate, to improve, and to 
benefit. In an exhibition we study and witness the history of mankind. Exhibitions 
were not called into life for the sake of mental progress alone; pecuniary profit was the 
first instigation ; the nobler purposes were of later growth. The material profit extends 
to the promoters, the visitors, and exhibitors. Uuder the first we understand govern¬ 
ment or corporations, who call it into life. Exhibitions should always be supported by 
government and city corporations; the former, because it is the duty of governments 
to further all noble "enterprises ; the latter, bocaues the profit to a city having an exhi¬ 
bition is immen.se. ^ * 

Art-exhibitions may take place immediately, one after another. The most proper 
or suitable city should be selected for exhibition. Munich, for example, would not be 
the place for a universal exhibition, but would be well chosen for an art-exhibition. 
Erfurt would be as great a failure for an industrial exhibition as it would be success¬ 
ful with horticultural shows. A good and suitable place for an exhibition should pos¬ 
sess, first, a degree of perfection in the produce invited for exhibition ; second, suffi¬ 
cient accommodation for visitors; third, good communication with the residences of 

foreign visitors. # ^ ^ ^ * 

Material profit to visitors and consumers exists in the great selection of objects 
offered, the best opportunities to buy good and cheap. The statement of consumers 
that the cheap sources can be found without exhibitions is not correct; many firms 
become known only through exhibitions; a cheaper and more time-saving method of 
examining all the sources of produce, at the same time, does not exist; but the exami¬ 
nation must be done systematically and sensibly, to derive knowledge and profit 
without fatigue. 

The German public have gained the noblest result from exhibitions, and are now 
cured of the insane idea that the products of foreign countries excel their own. The 
consumer no longer buys abroad what he can procure, more advantageously, at home. 
* * * The practical advantage of the exhibitor is always great; he has to make 

great sacrifices and take great risks, but the prospect of real gain is great, and the 
participation must not be considered a lottery, but a legitimate speculation. 

S. Ex. 30-18 



274 EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The best evidence of the benefit to exhibitors is in the history of expositions. The 
forerunners of exhibitions were the fairs and prize-exhibitions originated by art 
and Hade-unions; in Loudon, one took place in 1756; in Paris originated the idea of 
an industrial exposition, with distribution of prizes, at the time of the directorial gov¬ 
ernment, and carried out in 1798, in which one hundred and ten visitors took part. 
The imperfect mode of locomotion, communication, and transport, and the low state of 
industry, (art excepted,) made those beginnings of exhibitions very small. Our cen¬ 
tury has the merit to have brought expositions to their ripeness. In the first half of 
the nineteenth century all civilized countries, especially the Germans, tried to embody 
the idea of exhibitions. Munich, 1818; Dresden, 1824; Berlin, 1827; Prague, 1828; 
Vienna, 1835 and 1839; then followed Moscow, 1825, and Madrid, 1841. In France 
followed larger and smaller exhibitions; 1801, 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 1839, 1844, 
1849. England waited, observing all, while Germany, encouraged, undertook greater 
exhibitions, the first of which took place at Mainz. Berlin followed with a secoml, 1844, 
in which three thousand exhibitors jiarticipated. Vienna had one, in 1845, with two 
thousand exhibitors. England, at the instigation of the anti-corn-laiv league, had exhi¬ 
bitions in Manchester, 1843; in London, 1845, 1847, 1849. Besides these, art and pic¬ 
ture exhibitions were received with joy wherever they were called into life. 

It is said that the first idea of inviting tlie whole world to friendly competition 
originated in Paris in 1844, but it was a German who worked out the idea of a great 
universal exposition in a pregnant form. Prince Albert, consort of the Queen of Eng¬ 
land, said, in 1851, ‘‘The exhibition shall be a proof and a living picture of the height 
of civilization a/id development of mankind, and give convictions that success in this 
direction can only depend upon the help which we give one another, through peace, 
love, and help, not only among individuals, but, also, all the nations of the eartli.” 
The exhibition in London, 1851, was built after a plan of Paxton, and, under the title 
Crystal Palace, was counted among the wonders of the world. The palace contained 
two thousand separated spaces 24 feet by 24 feet. The number of exhibitors was 14,837, 
out of which England, Scotland, and Ireland furnised 7,381; Germany, 1,720 ; Austria, 
748. The space under cover, occupied, was 799,000 square feet. 

In 1850 the export of England amounted to £131,000,000 sterling ; in 1853, (after the 
exhibition,) £214,000,000. This increase was mostly owing to the influence of the exhi¬ 
bition. In the industry which depends upon good machinery and cheap fuel England 
was in advance; Germany in skill of art and science; France in matters of taste of 
form, in which England with all her means and energy has since then made enormous 
progress. The South Kensington Museum owes its origin and existence to the exhibi- 
bition of 1851. Germany, too, has done her utmost not to be behind in these matters. 

New York followed, in 1853 and 1854, the example of London, only with the inten¬ 
tion ; the result was not a success; only 7,000 exhibitors were present, of whom 3,400 
belonged to the United States and England. The failure of that, and the great civil 
war, may be the reason that the Americans have so far not been prominent in exhibi¬ 
tion undertakings. 

The general German industrial and trade exposition, in Munich, 1854, was till then the 
greatest in Germany ; it had 6,588 exhibitors, of which 2,331 Bavarians were the most 
active. In 1857 Switzerland had an industrial exhibition with 2,000 exhibitors. In 
1861 followed an industrial and art exhibition in Florence. In 1860 were four larger 
exhibitions in France, (Chalons surMarne, Metz, Nantes, and Marseilles.) Between 1855 
and 1862 were exhibitions in Havre, Bordeaux, and Besaugon. 

SAFETY OF EXHIBITION-GOODS. 

The safety of exhibition-goods consists in three periods; the first is the packing and 
transportation of goods, the second comprises the duration of the exhibition, the third 
begins at the end of the exhibition. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

It is safest to intrust the transportation of goods to the commission generally ap¬ 
pointed by the government. Packing-cases should be made of strong wood and water 
tight; the covers should never be nailed down, but fastened with screws. All packa'ms 
and boxes should be conspicuously marked with tlie name of the firm, to avoid mistal^s. 
Directions for unpacking should always accompany every box. It is very important 
not to pack in one box goods belonging to different classes. The boxes or packages 
should not be too large, and the instruction how to unpack should meet the eye at the 
oiiening of the box or package. 

THE SECOND PERIOD. 

There is a choice of places in every exhibition for different objects. To one object the 
sunlight, for example, may be of a great benefit, and may damage the others ; so would 
a damp place be injurious to silks, &c., but not to minerals. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


275 


Fire, water, direct sunlight, dust, and the immorality of people are the factors of 
damajre. It need not be stated that everything in an exhibition should be fully insured. 
Ignitable materials should never be exhibited; matches might be represented without 
l)hos{)horu8, or imitations (fac similes) of other objects that are dangerous might appear. 
Smoking should be strictly prohibited. 

A more dangerous and merciless enemy than even fire and water is dust; in an exhi¬ 
bition glass cases and covers are the only means of help ; especially over night all things 
should be well covered, but even glass cases are not du8t-proof,'and should often bo 
cleaned on the inside. 

Direct sunVujht is injurious to many things, like colors, and should be avoided. 

Malicious destruction is prevented and guarded against bj’’ an intelligent public. 

Theft can hardly ever take place in the principal passages ; the commission generally 
provide sufficient guardians, but to very valuable goods separate watchmen should be 
engaged. Wire fences are good means of safety, and bills requesting “ not to touch ” 
should in every case be applied. 

THE THIRD PERIOD, AFTER THE EXHIBITION. 

It will be always to the interest of the exhibitor to sell everything he can during 
the exhibition, even without any profit, and save the freight it would cost to go back, 
besides the probability of damage to goods traveling to and fro. Things of little 
value, as samples, &c., should always be left as presents to museums, being in this way 
a good advertisement for the exhibitor. 

If goods are to be sent back where they came from, it should be done without delay 
after the close of the exposition. 

The separate objects exhibited must be so arranged that their advantages can be 
rapidly recognized, and that the public should, without the least loss of time, find every¬ 
thing they wish to see. This condition attained, the exhibition has the utmost perfec¬ 
tion. So far it is only an ideal, which, however, is our desire to realize. 

PREPARATIONS FOR EXHIBITION. 

EXHIBITION UNIONS. • ^ 

An exhibition is the beautiful result of the association principle. Two kinds of such 
unions are known ; the one is a union of exhibitors of the same branch of industry or 
domicile to exhibit their goods under one name collect!vel}^; for example, all firms of 
one city unite and exhibit their produce collectively under the title, “The industry 

from-Exhibitions of this co-operative principle have great advantages; it saves 

expenses, and articles when separately exhibited are almost lost to the observer, but 
win prominence in collective exhibitions. 

The formation of such unions should take place very early. Exhibitors cannot make 
their preparations too soon. Committees should issue their circulars without delay. 


REPRESENTATION OF PROCESSES. 

Just as interesting as the exhibition of objects in motion or action is the exhibition 
of objects in their process of manufacture. Methods and processes will always be inter- 
estingandgatheragreat crowd of visitors. An example of the great success of this man¬ 
ner of exhibition was the “gold-washing process” in 1862, exhibited by Victoria. An in¬ 
crease of this method of representation is urgently recommended, this being the best 
way of showing the skill of the workman, and every other advantage that can be 
claimed for the process, to the world. A substitute for this method is the exhibition of 
objects in different stages of progress of manufacture. 

The French have the best taste in exhibiting. However good and skillful the pro¬ 
ducts and works of other nations may be, none can equal the French. 

There was not one of the six millions of visitors in the third international exhibition 
who has not seen the gold pyramid under the eastern dome. That pyramid, gilded on 
tlie whole surface, represented the quantity of gold produced in Victoria since the ex¬ 
istence of the colony. This happy idea of the government of Victoria made the gold 
product of that colony the general topic of conversation in 1862. 

PLACES FOR REST. 

An exhibition should have two different kinds of resting-places ; rest from mental 
work, and rest from ])hysical exertion. Groups separated from one another are recom¬ 
mended ; such divisions tempt the tired student of the exhibtioii to rest. \Yithout such 




276 


EEPOKT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


places he will rush onward until qnite exliansted. Chairs should liberally be distrib¬ 
uted in the whole building ; such resting-places invite the visitor to stay longer. lu 
all places coinruauding a view over a great portion of the exhibition resting-places 
should be made ; lounges should be placed around trophies. Exhibitors in whose neigh¬ 
borhood such resting-places are, have of course great advantages, and there is no doubt 
that a great many would fifrnish seats at their own cost, provided they could obtain 
the sanction of the commissioners to place them in front or in view of their objects. 
Economy of space should never be carried too far at the expense of the comfort of the 
public. 

FEES OF ADMISSION. 

The entrance-fees should be low. Large numbers of persons at small admission-fees 
will give greater returns than vice versa. It has been found practicable to make differ¬ 
ent prices for different days; once or twice in the week to have the admission-price 
higher than on other days. In countries like England, where Sundays are most relig¬ 
iously kept, exhibitions are closed on Sundays. This we think a mistake; Sunday is the 
only daj^ which the workman can call his own, and therefore the onl}^ opportunity for 
him to see and enjoy the exhibition. Sundays and holidays would attract the greatest 
number of visitors, especially if the charge for admission would be low on such days. 
Mondays and Saturdays the charges should never be high. Exhibitions are generally 
open only in the day-time, but there are cases where exhibitions open in the evening were 
successful; the idea should uot be thrown away without further consideration. 

DRAWING IN THE EXHIBITION. 

In many exhibitions the drawing of objects is strictly prohibited; this is certainly a 
great mistake. To some exhibitors it would be very agreeable; to others it would make 
no difference at all. If some exhibitors object to the drawing of their objects, why should 
it be prohibited in all cases? Those who object might easily put up a notice to that 
effect; besides, it cannot be effectually prevented, and the disadvantages to exhibitors 
through sketching of their object is seldom of any account. Anybody wishing to imi¬ 
tate a certain object can easily buy it. Is it not for sale? Where is the damage in its 
being sketched ? An expert can, however, retain the whole thing without sketching 
it. Such narrow views should never exist in connection with such large uudertakin<>rs. 

o o 

BEAUTY OF EXHIBITION. 

The more a land becomes civilized, the more will trades be elevated to arts. To 
exhibitions it is greatly due that, siuce the beginning of the second half of the nine¬ 
teenth century, taste and beauty in the arts have been cultivated iu their truest sense. 

PERMANENT EXHIBITIONS. 

The chief purpose of permanent exhibitions is to extend all practical inventions and 
improvements of, at home and abroad, as far, and as much as j)ossible, especially those 
of machinery and tools for trade and industry; and through the exhibition of the best 
produce, to stimulate imitation and development, and finally to enlarge the field for 
commerce for producer as well as eonsumer. Some of those exhibitions are devoted to 
special branches of industry; for example, machine-industry and art-industry, which 
are generally called museums. The exhibitor can expect from permanent exhibitions 
the same results as from the temporary ones; temporary exhibitions not being renewed 
so often, advantages and results cannot be expected to be so rapid, but the more suc¬ 
cessively increasing and more considerable. The principal object should not be, how¬ 
ever, a commercial one, but the culture and development of trade and industry should 
be kept in view; therefore should objects of doubtful value be excluded from permanent 
exhibitions. Such exhibitions have increased wonderfully since the London Exhibition 
of 1862, especially on German ground, to the best advantage in all directions. 

HISTORICAL. 

Industry-museums are half a century younger than the exhibitions. The largest in¬ 
dustry-museum, “ South Kensington Museum,” originated after the exhibition and has 
become a model institution in many respects. Another magnificent institution of the 
same kind is theConservatoire des Arts et Metiers, in Paris. Both were built by the state; 
as are also the Musee de VIndustrie, in Brussels, the Model Magazine iu Stuttgart, and 
the Museum for Art and Industry in Vienna. Next to those in importance are the Ex¬ 
hibition for culture in trade, in Munich, the Permanent Exhibition, in Hanover, Indus¬ 
try-Hall, in Karlsruhe, the Trade Museum iu Nuremberg, the City Museum Exhibition in 
Leipzig, in Basel, Breslau, Brnchsal, Gdrlitz, Liegnitz, Nordhansen, Ueberlingen, Frier 
&c.; all of these were called into life by trade-unions. In France and England they 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF W. P. BLAKE. 


277 


also liavo been quite active in this direction; a very important institution of this kind 
is the Mnseuin of Art-Indnstry, in Paris, under the."direction ^of Viollet le duo. Least of 
importance are the private permanent exhibitions, which are mere mercantile specu¬ 
lations; for example, the exhibition of machinery, founded by the Wirth brothers, in 
Frankfort on the Main; for trade produce in Leipzig, founded by Fredirici, &c. To 
promote export trade several states have established permanent exhibitions in places 
where they hope to find a good market; for example, in Salonichi and Rustschuk, ar¬ 
ranged by the Austrian consulate, the results of which are yet to be seen. 

With regard to the arrangements in permanent museums the rules mentioned in 
chapters 2, 3, and 4 will hold good, but even more attention must be paid to beauty 
and comfort than in temporary exhibitions, and, this caTi the more easily be effected 
because there is plenty of time for constant improvement and for more advantageous 
arrangements. In the use of a permanent exhibition the public must have the great¬ 
est liberty possible, and should consider it as their property, use it, increase and pro¬ 
tect it as such. Complementary or allied to permanent exhibitions, are other institu¬ 
tions, as for photography, printing, engraving, chemical laboratories, mechanical 
shops, libraries, collections of drawings, and finally, and of greatest importance, 
schools in their various organizations. The first-named establishments are indispensa¬ 
ble for art-museums; the technical workshops, for purely industrial museums; the 
rest are of great advantage to museums of any kind. 

The principle of division of labor should be guarded by all industrial museums, 
inasmuch as they should not all follow the same branch of work. 

Collections of drawings often answer the purpose of models, and even the object 
itself, and take up but very little room ; in this direction very little has been done 
for permanent exhibitions. For the union of education with museums we plead most 
earnestly, and were it only in the form of lectures on the different branches of science 
and industry, with illustrations through the objects contained in the collection. 

An arrangement which proved good in Switzerland is a combination of a money 
advance-fund with ihe trade-hall, out of which an exhibitor may get an advance uijon 
his exhibited objects, by means of which a great many tradesmen are ai<led to buy the 
raw material, at least, and continue his activity when his business is dull. For the 
benefit of workmen permanent exhibitions should be kept open in the evening hours, 
and especially on Sundays. If admission-fees are charged they should be as low as 
possible. 

The use of book and drawing collection should be granted with the greatest liber¬ 
ality. Reproductions by means of j)hotography and cast, &c., if not given gratis, 
should at least be sold at cost price. 

Permanent exhibitions require, even more than the others, extensive advertising and 
especial support of the press. 

The oldest German industrial museum is in Stuttgart; and, under the direction of 
Dr. Steinbeis, it has grown to be one of the most prominent institutions of its kind in 
Germany. The beginning of the collections was made in 1849, which were continued 
with such energy and good judgment that it may now be counted among the richest 
j)ermanent exhibitions in Germany. It is only a great pity that the building is not a 
better one. The catalogue is very well arranged, and contains 400 pages. It is par¬ 
ticularly practical. At the heading of each department is a well-written historical 
technological notice about the objects belonging t o the department. 

The exhibition is divided into twelve groups; (L) Minerals, stone, earthen, and glass 
goods; (2) raw metals; (3) metal goods; (4) instruments; (5) wooden ware, &c.; (6) 
leather, leather goods, &c.; (7) weaver-work, &c.; (8) paper goods and book-binding ; 
(9) drugs and chemical products; (10) machinery; (11) tools; and (12) household 
objects. It has a workshop, an atelier for drawing for the promotion of the instruction 
in art-industry. Under the same auspices are 108 industrial schools in Wiirtemberg, 
which, in the year 1865-56, had a status of 8,264 scholars. The library, whose cata¬ 
logue has 448 pages, is a very good one, and open to the xmblic. 

The Imperial Austrian Museum for Art and Industry has, for the short time it was 
opened, (May,1864,) achieved remarkable results. It has proved very practical to change 
the exhibition of art-objects, which are borrowed from different collections and private 
individuals, the exhibition of school-works, the publication of a well-edited monthly 
X)eriodical, &c. 

The Industrial Hall in Karlsruhe {Baden) was called into life three years ago, after the 
model of that in Stuttgart. Although small in dimension, the organization and ar¬ 
rangements are perfect. Those above named are state institutions. Among the ex- 
hibitioiis directed b.v trade-unions, the most prominent are in Hanover, Niiremberg, 
Miilichen, and Hamburg. Tiie most prominent feature in the Nuremburg exhibition 
is tlie advance-fund for sewing-machines, loan and support fund, the girls’ industrial 
school, the library, the chemical laboratory, the popular lectures, &c. 

The permanent exhibition in Hanover. —There is hardly an institution with so clear 
and decided a purpose as this. Its chief aim is the educatiou of working-men. Great 


278 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


praise is due to the Prussian government, which supports the Hanoverian trade-union, 
as did formerly the Hanoverian government. 

The Art-Industrial Museum in Cola was founded by Consul-General (Austrian) Op- 
penheim, and will in a short time be opened. 

The gladly-anticipated project of a permanent exhibition in Dresden received a hard 
blow in ISG'G, from which to recover is very difficult, but an ultimate success is still 
hoped for. 

Of all the permanent exhibitions, the South Kensington Museum, in London, will, 
for all time to come, be a model of which the nation may justly be proud. We give 
only a few notices about the lectures, library, and museum. 

Lectures are held morning and evening, from eighty to one hundred per year, which 
are partially free of admission. When requested, certain lectures cun be repeated. 

The library has 15,000 volumes, and a rich collection of engravings, drawings, and 
photographs of architecture and ornamentation. The administration of this library 
is very practical. It is not required (as in other libraries) that the visitor should 
specify the title of the book ho wishes to use. If a workman, for example, does not 
know the title of a Avork upon a certain subject, or has not the skill to select from the 
mere title of the catalogue, the officials are bound to lay before him the books which 
will answer his special purpose. 

For the use of the library, small fees are charged: 6 pence per week, 1 shilling 6 
pence a month, 3 shillings a quarter, 10 shillings a year, &c. Registered students of 
central schools for art and science haA^e free admission. 

Every local school of art is entitled to borroAv objects of art, valuable drawings, and 
books from the South Kensington Museum; and already, in 1854, a great selection of 
Avorks of art circulated among the different schools of art in the Kingdom, Avhere mil¬ 
lions had the opportunity to make practical studies in industrial art Avhich until then 
was the privilege of only those living in Loudon. Reports show that, in 1860, this 
“traveling museum’’ went to tAventy-six places of the United Kingdom, Avas seen by 
306,987 persons, (mostly scholars of art-schools,) and yielded £6,011 7s. lOd. ster¬ 
ling ; although such articles as porcelain and glass were sent three hundred miles and 
fifty-six times packed and unpacked, not a thing was broken or damaged. ^ * 

A permanent exhibition of household objects and objects calculated to improA’'e the 
condition of workmen is the museum in Twickenham, S. W. Loudon. The present 
collection Avas commenced in the building of the Society of Arts, 1856. In 1858 the 
whole collection was considerably increased and put up in the Polytechnic Institution, 
and finally in a building of its oAvn. It owes its existence to the celebrated philan¬ 
thropist, Mr. Thomas Twining. The innsenm consists of the folloAving classes : (1.) 
Drawings of buildings, especially such which refer to homes for Avorkingmen. (2.) 
Building materials. (3.) Furniture and implements, Avith regard to its use for the 
poorer classes. (4.) Texture materials and clothing. (5.) Nutriments; illumination 
materials. (6.) Health preserAmtion. (7.) Domestic education, self-culture, &c. (8.) 

Divers articles. (9.) Household library. Arrangements are also made for lectures on 
physics, chemistry, natural history, physiology, and upon the separate classes of the 
museum. The whole institute is popular among all classes, and of special benefit for 
the Avorking classes, and is just as much a model of its kind as the South Kensington 
Museum, Avhose motto is : 

“ To know that Avhich before us lies in daily life 
Is the prime wisdom.”— Milton. 

Not only in Germany, England, and France, but even less cultivated countries recog¬ 
nize the importance and necessity of such museums as the means to advance and pro¬ 
mote art and industry. So is Saint Petersburg on the AAUiy to establish an art and in¬ 
dustry museum. EA^en in Venice, the home of art, they have opened a permanent ex¬ 
hibition of art-industrial objects in the Instituto delle Sciensie, Lettere, ed Arti. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 279 


APPENDIX D. 


KEPOET OF ME. HENEY PETTIT, CIVIL ENGINEEE, SPECIAL 

AGENT TO VIENNA EXHIBITION. 

Vienna, Austria, April 14, 1873. 

Dear Sir: In compliance with your communication of the 25th of 
February last, appointing- me special agent of the United States Cen¬ 
tennial Commission to visit the universal exhibition to be held in 
Vienna, Austria, and instructing me to report to you by the 1st of May, 
1873, such plans, papers, and suggestions as may, in my judgment, be 
necessary, I have the honor to present the accompanying report, together 

with plans, drawings, maps, papers, &c. 

* * ***** 

I am, with great respect, your obedient servant, 

HENEY PETTIT, 

Special Agent United States Centennial Commission. 

Hon. D. J. Morrell, 

Chairman Executive Committee 

U7iited States Centennial Commissio7i. 


EEPOET. 

I.—SITE OF THE VIENNA UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION. 

The buildings for the Vienna universal exhibition have been erected 
in the imperial park called the Prater, which is situated just outside the 
Leopoldstadt suburb, and within half an houPs walk from the Stephen’s 
Platz, or center of the city. Along one side of the Prater runs the new 
channel of the Danube Eiver, and on the other side the Danube Canal, . 
the latter of which separates it from the city. By reference to maps 
Nos. 2 and 3, accompanying this report, it will be noticed that although 
the Prater lies close to the city^, yet it is really outside of it, and there¬ 
fore, so far as convenience of location is considered, it would be difficult 
to find anywhere a situation better suited to the requirements of an 
exhibition. Much of the scenery in it has been beautiful, and it has 
been one of the favorite resorts of the public for many years. Several 
photographs, showing views in the Prater before these present buildings 
were erected, accompany this report. 

At present, access to the exhibition-grounds has been provided for 
carriages and pedestrians by several large avenues, the principal one of 
which is the Haiipt Alice, or Grand avenue, a noble straight boulevard 
whicli enters the Prater as shown in photograph No. 1, and runs nearly 
parallel with the great industrial palace through the entire park, from 
end to end. This avenue has about the same relation to the Vienna 
exposition buildings that Elm avenue will liave to our centennial build¬ 
ings. It is about one hundred and twenty feet in width, and is arranged 
with a center carriage-drive of forty feet wide, which is entirely too 




280 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


narrow, as it is not an uncommon tiling already to see vehicles seriously 
incommode each other from lack of room. 

This carriage drive is flanked on the side away from the exhibition- 
buildings by a road for equestrians, and on the side next the buildings 
by a foot-walk, about 20 feet wide. There are four rows of trees, planted 
about 20 feet apart, in strips of sodded bank, (9 feet wide,) which sepa¬ 
rate the difterent parts of the boulevard. 

The carriage-drive is laid with broken stone, which is daily rolled 
with heavy cast-iron rollers, and the foot-walks laid with gravel. Lamp¬ 
posts are placed along the curb-line at every 60 feet, and opposite to 
each other. Water-plugs at intervals. 

No tramivayfi for street cars have as yet been laid on this avenue. 

The whole site for the exhibition proper has been fenced in by a 
board-fence some 12 feet .high. For about 2 feet down from the top 
this fence is made of lattice-icorlc. and at the ground-level each board is 
cut to a point; the rest is close^ the boards being nailed to horizontal 
rails supported by wooden posts set into the ground. The finish is simxfle 
but ornamental, and the general effect very good. 

II.—PREPARATION OP THE OROUND—FOUNDATIONS AND DRAINAGE. 

The Prater, in which the exhibition is located, lies close to the river 
Danube, and its soil is a deposit from that stream. 

It consists principally of loose sand and gravel, and water is reached 
by digging, on an average, ten feet below the level of the ground. 

The surface of the park was originally covered with trees of medium 
size. Some of the photographs show these trees still standing in the 
courts between the transepts of the industrial palace at the time the 
jjhotographs were taken. 

The surface of the Prater was also very irregular, being intersected in 
every direction by ditches and hollows, which were evidently at one 
time water-courses. 

Such circumstances determined the nature of the foundations used 
for a large part of the exhibition-buildings. 

In Austria the bricks are not so good as we are accustomed to see in 
Philadelphia ; in fact, a large x)roportion of them would be rejected from 
first-class work; but wood is comparatively cheap, and therefore, as the 
nature of the soil in the Prater is such as to render shallow footings 
insecure, and as water is soon reached, it was decided that piles were 
the best for the foundations, and they were, therefore, used wherever 
they could be properly and safely introduced. 

An immense amount of grading was thus saved, as the proper levels 
for tlie floors and walls were obtained by simply sawing off' the xiiles to 
the required height. Portions of the foundations, however, which were 
subjected to heavy weights, and especially those for the permanent 
buildings, were founded on the best concrete footings, made with xieb- 
bles from the river-banks, and on the tot) of these were raised the founda¬ 
tion-walls of the best brick-work. 

The “ nave,” which is temporary, but a large construction, has a foun¬ 
dation on a footing of rough concrete made of broken bricks. 

All the small transepts, together with the buildings that form the 
various facades, and all the floors of the entire xialace, are carried on 
jiile foundations. 

The industrial palace stands on a small terrace elevated about two 
feet above the general level of the park. This was accomplished by 
driving the piles until their heads stood at the required level, and the 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 281 


terrace was formed artificially aromid the building by using gravel, 
winch was broiiglit by rail from the bed of tlie Danube. 

In some cases the piles are cut off level with the ground, and a foot¬ 
ing lor the walls is made of heavy beams resting on the grouixl, with 
their ends oidy supported by piles. Many of the covered walks are 
made in this way, by using these beams as curbs, and filling in with tlie 
bituminous-rock pavement, which resembles asphalt, but as to its exact 
composition I liaA^e not yet had time to investigate. 

The piles used Avere on an average ten inches across the head, and 
when sunk for wall-foundations were about five or six feet apart, and 
from ten to fourteen feet in depth. 

Foundations for iron columns in the nave were of six piles in a group, 
and in the transepts of four piles. 

The flooring in the industrial palace consists of boards, six by one 
and three-quarter inches, laid transversely of the building, with half- 
inch sjiaces between, to allow the dust to pass through. These are laid 
on joists, which are carried by the beams resting on the pile-heads. 

There is no cellar under the buildings, but simply an empty space 
betAveen the top of the piles and the natural level of the ground 5 the 
Avails of the building closing in the sides. 

Openings for ventilation occur at intervals. 

It Avill be noticed from the above that the amount of leAmling off to 
be done was not much, considering the immense magnitude of the under¬ 
taking: and what was done cost the general direction but a compara¬ 
tively small amount, the government having done the grading by soldier- 
labor, and charged the direction with the exi)euse, viz, a few cents per 
day for each man. 

The folloAYiug statement will explain how this occurred: 

The Austrian government and the municipal authorities of Vienna 
have been engaged for some time in the immense work of diverting the 
Danube from its present course into a new bed, now nearly completed, 
which Avill bring the river half a mile nearer to Vienna, and open up to 
the capital, by this close connection with a great navigable stream, all 
the advantages which can be derived for commerce from so favorable a 
position. 

It is intended to construct great docks, erect factories, warehouses, 
and counting-houses, along the banks of this new Danube, and so lay 
the foundation of an emporium Avhich shall attract all the traffic of the 
river. The new Danube stadt is to spring up close to the Prater, con¬ 
sequently near to the exhibition-buildings; and the great rotunda is 
looked upon already as the future corn-market and warehouse of the 
iieAv city, and in the construction of the machinery-hall its ulterior des¬ 
tination for warehouses and granaries has not been lost sight of. 

This view of the case explains much of the apparent unnecessary ex¬ 
pense Avhich has been incurred by making the machinery-hall walls so 
immensely thick, and so much of the industrial palace a permanent 
construction. 

'Valuable maps, Nos. 5 and 6 , accompanying this report shoAV the im- 
proA^ement of the Danube and the location of New Vienna. 

In regard to the system of drainage, it may be said that, owing to 
the fact that the land drains itself so easily, there is really no artifhfial 
system of land-drainage proper, but a complete system of tile-pipes car¬ 
ries off* all the water from the roofs, boilers, and water-closets, and con¬ 
ducts it into the Danube Canal. 

The drawings of this system of drainage I shall bring home with me. 


282 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


III.—GENERAL DESCRIPTION, PLAN, SURROUNDING GROUNDS. 

This universal exhibition at Vienna differs most radically from all 
previoiTs demonstrations of the same character, both in regard to the 
plans of the various buildings and tlie general arrangement. It will 
be remembered that in the Paris (1867) exhibition the two systems of 
grouping the articles to be exhibited, viz, the geographical and the sys¬ 
tematic, were combined. When preparing the plans for this exhibition 
it was considered that the Paris arrangement was not entirely satisfac¬ 
tory, and that no one system could combine all possible advantages. 
Consequently it was determined to sacrifice that portion of the Paris 
arrangement which necessitated the juxtaposition of all objects of the 
same class. In this exhibition, therefore, the groiipiug geograpliically, or 
by nations, has taken precedence over the other, and tlie systematic 
grouping is only recognized by providing separate buildings for specific 
purposes, as in the cases of the machine-hall, art gallery, and agricul¬ 
tural machine buildings. 

The following are some of the principal reasons given by the general 
direction of this exhibition for erecting buildings upon the plan which 
has been carried out: 

1. It provides direct railway communications to the very doors of the 
different parts of the exhibition-buildings. 

2. It provides for the exhibition of machinery in a separate building 
from the rest of the articles exhibited. 

3. The fine-art department is also kept separate, so that objects 
of great value are less liable to be injured by fire or other causes, and, 
therefore, artists and collectors are more willing to exhibit their best 
works. 

4. The arrangement of the ground-plan is considered by the general 
direction to be such that it is very easy for visitors to find their way 
from the department of one country to another. 

' 5. The design of the buildings is such that little or none of the light¬ 
ing is done by means of glass in the roofs. 

This is considered an important matter, first, because it is extremelj^ 
difficult to make large glass roofs perfectly water-tight, as the experience 
ot many previous exhibitions has shown; and second, because in the 
scorching hot summers of this climate it would be intolerable to admit 
the rays of the sun directly into the building. 

Each of the above reasons is certainly very excellent in itself, and 
(possibly with the exception of the 4th) it seems to be generally acknowl¬ 
edged that the plan executed will entirely answer the objects for which 
it was designed. 

It w-ill be noticed, however, that the plan was not developed with* 
reference to the systematic grouping of objects of the same class, and 
consequently fails in affording an opportunity to examine articles of 
the same kind, from different countries, when placed in close prox¬ 
imity. 

The consequence is that if, for instance, I wish to compare the tex¬ 
tile fabrics of the United States with those of China I am obliged to 
walk the entire length of the palace in order to see them both, and not 
oidy that, but I have to pass through every other variety of production 
in making the transit. 

The arrangement adopted does show, however, and that most beau¬ 
tifully, the objects of each country collected together in single tran¬ 
septs, each like a sei)arate exhibition in itself. 

Thus it is very easy for the casual visitor to observe the productions 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 283 

of eacli country without having his atteution drawn away too many 
surrounding’ objects; and, at the same time, the most characteristic 
productions of any one country are easily noticed on account of their 
predominance over the rest. 

The exact arrangement of the industrial palace is shown in the large 
drawing. No. 203, accompanying this report, and it is known among en¬ 
gineers as the ‘‘ gridiron ” plan of the building. 

During the last two weeks I have spent much time in and about this 
industrial palace, and, as during the tirst week, there were but few of 
the show-cases or objects for exhibition standing in the avenues, I 
shall speak of the interior of the building first as seen when empty, and 
afterward of the different effect with the objects in position. 

When seen empty, I noticed that the proportions of width and height 
to length were such that the nave or central gallery did not appear 
nearl^^ so long as I had been led to expect it would, and that it was very 
easy to take in its whole length at a glance from one end without the 
decoration at the other end appearing so small as to lose in effect. I 
noticed also that when walking in any of the transepts the distance to 
the nave did not appear long, so that by stepping out into the nave I 
could always tell immediately in what part of the building I was. The 
lighting of the interior of both nave and transepts is aelmirably man¬ 
aged, and this is acknowledged universally to be one of the best fea¬ 
tures of the building. While the windows are above the wall-space 
which is used by exhibitors, yet the width of both nave and transepts 
are not too great to imevent the light coming in on one side from prop¬ 
erly illuminating the walls under the windows on the opposite side. 

After all, however, the only architectural effect obtaiued is that from 
long avenues, respectively 83 feet 8 inches and 51 feet 1 inch wide, 
each flanked on either side by tall slender columns, placed 10 feet 2 
inches apart, and supporting a cornice from above which spring the 
wrought-iron arches for the roof. 

These columns are beautifully proportioned in themseh’es. They 
have light wooden pedestals and moldings, and plaster of Paris capi¬ 
tals and bases, the latter painted to resemble bronze, while the shaft ot 
the columns, which is of timber and used to stiffen the iron lattice col¬ 
umns, is covered with tightly-fitting crimson canvas, adorned with 
spiral and straight lines in gold. 

The cornice above the columns is also made of wood, and painted a 
creamy gray color, picked out in gold. 

The roofitrusses are painted olive-green, and the roof-sheeting is 
carefully whitewashed, the latter being much better done than we are 
accustomed to see it in the United States. The effect from the row ot 
crimson columns on either side is certainly very striking—in fact the 
redeeming feature of the entire decoration of the interior of the nave 
and transepts. 

When looking down the nave toward the rotunda there is no fine 
effect imoduced in consequence of looking into the rotunda, because the 
large columns which support the rotuiulaare so placed that the passage¬ 
way from the nave into the rotunda, or half gallery surrounding it, is 
even smaller than the nave itself. 

I was much disappointed in the effect that I hoped to see here, as the 
arrangement is equivalent to dividing the whole building into three 
large "divisions, viz: a center rotunda and two long naves, one on either 
si<le, each of which, as seen from the inside, forms a separate interior 
which in no way assists the others in an architectural point of view 


284 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


In fact, the rotunda is so Ingli and large tRat the nave-entrances look 
like little more than the ordinary doorways leading out from it. 

So much for the effect when seen empty. During this last week many 
large sliow-cases of the most ornamental descriptions have been erected 
in both the naves and trause[)ts, both along the side walls and directly 
down the center. The placing of high show-cases directly down the 
center of buildings, already narrow, has been most adversely criticised 
by many parties here, as it is completely destroying whatever vista 
there was from the form of the buildings, and it is feared will much 
confuse visitors as to their exact position in the building because they 
will not be able to see far in any one direction. Of course the favorite 
localities for the handsomest cases are right at the intersections of the 
transepts with the nave. Some of these show-cases are so large that 
they almost touch the roof, and are so wide as to completely close up the 
vista both down the nave and transepts. 

The key to the whole exhibition is a sim])le one, however, requiring 
but the most elementary knowledge of geography to enable a visitor to 
te 1 about where he is. 

The nave of the building runs as nearly as possible east and west, and 
the transepts north and south. The countries are then arranged accord¬ 
ing to their geographical positions on the surface of the earth. 

Korth and South America occupy the extreme western end of the 
building; England and Western Europe come next, and so on until we 
reach the extreme eastern transepts, which are appropriated to China 
and Japan. 

The final map by the general direction, showing the actual amount 
and locality of the space to be occupied by the different countries, has 
not been published yet. 

It has been prepared, however, and I have the promise of copies for 
the commission as soon as it is issued. 

It will be seen, from what I have already written, that the rotunda, 
which forms the central feature of the industrial palace, so far as its 
interior appearance is concerned, may be considered as a distinct part 
of the exhibition. In consequence of the great span of its roof, its 
magnificent circular corridor, and the excellent taste displayed in the 
decorations, it is already the great center of attraction. 

This immense construction is the result of combining the genius of 
the best English engineers with the best architectural talent of Central 
Europe. 

It was not to be expected, however, that two such elements should 
work perfectly harmoniously together, and the consequence has been 
that the rotunda, as built, is not exactly according to the design which 
either one thinks would have been the best. From conversing with 
architects and engineers connected with the work, I have been led to 
suppose that the engineers would have preferred to have left off the 
half-gallery or corridor formed by the nave dividing the two and passing 
around the base of the rotunda. 

The result would have been that the rotunda would have appeared 
much lighter than it does at.present, if seen from a near point of sight, 
but in return the handsome corridor, which is so admirable for the inte¬ 
rior effect, would have been lost. If the main columns supporting the 
rotunda-roof had been made somewhat taller, then probably the effect 
would have been better even than it is. Certainly it would have im¬ 
proved the exterior appearance. It seems to me now that the rotunda- 
roof, when seen from the outside, does not do itself justice and produce 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 285 


as much of an arcliitectural effect as it would if it liad been placed still 
liiglier above the adjoining roofs. 

The Austrian engineers and architects, in turn, insisted upon the lialf- 
gallery or corridor, and the result lias been one of the most strikingly 
beautiful architectural features of that kiud that is to be found anywhere 
in the world. 

It is much to be feared, however, that the interior of the rotunda will 
not be sufficiently well lighted, although that is an extremely dithcult 
point to decide so long as so much scaffolding remains about the col¬ 
umns of the great lantern, thus partially closing up the only openings 
by which light enters the rotunda. 

The finishing of the interior decoration will also most materially assist 
in making the general effect a[)pear lighter than it does at present. 

]\Iany architects here think that a serious mistake was made in not 
providing more light for this building. It could easily have been done 
without introducing glass into the roof itself. 

Accompanying this report will be found a considerable number of 
drawings, showing the handsome fa 9 ades, and details^of construction of 
the fine-art gallery. 

Pavilion for amateurs, the jury pavilion, and emperor’s pavilion, all 
of which, although exceedingly monumental in design, are executed in 
plaster or stucco finish. 

I do not think any of these buildings sufficiently near completion for 
me to form a correct oi)iuiou as to what their final appearance and 
adaptability will be. 

Also with regard to the machine-hall and agricultural-machine build¬ 
ing, it would be useless to describe them until they are entirely finished 
ami in use. Tue few drawings already in Philadelphia show the general 
forms of (instruction ot the-machine hall, and all further details 1 shall 
bring with me when I return. 

Before closing this portion of my report, I would most respectfully 
call attention to the location on the ground of the principal buildings 
forming this exhibition, particularly with regard to the spaces left be¬ 
tween them. 

When the buildings were first located, it was considered by the gen¬ 
eral direction that ample space had been left on the intervening ground 
for all extra buildings that might be required, but experience has shown 
that it would have been far better to have allowed more. 

The demand for building-sites on the exhibition-grounds has been con¬ 
tinually on the increase as the 1st of May, 1873, has approached, and 
consequently the authorities have been much at a loss to know where to 
2 )rovide sites for the numerous buildings that different nations and pri¬ 
vate parties are desirous of erecting. The piece of ground between the 
Industrial Palace and machine-hall is now so densely built up that it 
resembles a new Swiss settlement, with the houses arranged to face the 
main buildings. 

In order to obtain space, it has also been necessary to roof in all the 
open courts on the side of the Industrial Palace next the machine-hall, 
and I notice that lately some of the front courts are being treated in the 
same manner. Where such is the case, the roofovcw the court is so 
arranged as not to prevent the light from passing freely through the 
side-windows of the transepts. 

The second point to which I would respectfully call attention may 
possibly be considered premature for consideration at this time, but the 
effect of the exhibition upon public opinion at large is so much intlueuced 
by it, that its importance cannot be overrated. 



286 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


^ I refer to the decoration of the building. It makes no matter how 
useful and well adapted to its purpose a building may be, unless it ap¬ 
pears well, it will be passed b.y with a miniinum amount or attention. 

I have noticed here, besides Austrians and Bohemians, umny Italians, 
Russians, Turks, English, and other nationalities, re|)resented among 
the workmen, each busy in his own peculiar way. Much of the decora¬ 
tion of this exhibition, therefore, has been done by skilled hands, who 
are acknowledged to be the best in the world in their several branches 
of industry. I trust that lam not putting the point too strougl}^ by 
saying that unless better taste is displayed, both as regards the exterior 
and interior decoration of our Oentennial buildings than is commonly 
to be seen in our streets, we need not to expect other than a ridiculous 
impression upon foreigners who will visit us in 1870. 

My iniiiressious in regard to the adaptability of the Vienna (or ‘‘grid¬ 
iron”) plan of buildings to our rer|uirements in 1870 have not been very 
mneli inodilied since I have seen the design executed. 

It is exceedingly instructive to observe and study the immense amount 
of thought and labor which has been displayed here upon a ])lan which 
is in itself exceedingly difficult to treat effectivel}^. Still, 1 sincerely 
liope that the United States Oentennial Commission will succeed in 
erecting buildings that will combine both the geographical and sys¬ 
tematical systems of groupings, and still preserve the advantages to be 
found here. If so, it will differ very radically in arrangement from the 
buildings of the Vienna Universal Exhibition of 1873. 

IV.—STYLE OF THE BUILDINGrS—MATERIALS USED AND DECORATION. 


With the single exception of the main rotunda, all the buildings in 
this Vienna Exhibition may be embraced in two styles of construction 
and decoration, and the result obtained shows a similarity, both in 
manner and in finish, which runs through all the architectural work 
that is to be seen. 

First. Buildings constructed in the Swiss Chalet style, viz: of wooden 
frame-Avork filled in with brick, and plastered on the outside, the frame¬ 
work showing on the exterior, and generally colored so as to make it 
very ])rominent. 

These buildings display the most varied forms in their designs, the 
majority showing excellent taste and adaptability to the purposes for 
which they are intended. 

This style of building is characteristic of the central part of Europe, 
viz : South Gennany, Swdtzeiiaud, and Austria, and is seen at this ex¬ 
hibition in all its glory. The main entrance to the exhibition, the rail¬ 
road-station, all the covered ways, and abnost all the buildings put up 
by private parties, are in this style. The ge/ieral appearance of the 
smaller buildings of the exhibition, although displaying much same¬ 
ness in the materials used and manner of building, is, nevertheless, 
very [)leasing, because the designs are artistic and well adaiffed to their 
several uses. 

The second mode of building is to use rough brick-work throughout 
for the principal parts, and then cover the whole exterior with\diat 
the Germans call “ gyps,” which is t)laster, cement, or stucco. Zinc is 
used for rooting almost exclusively, and for very many of the large cor- 



quarries near Baris, and the zinc roofs are left unpainted. The stucco 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 287 


finisli admits of the most elaborate ornameutatior), being introduced at 
a small cost, and produces an effect which is wonderfully beautiful and 
apparently monumental, so long as one forgets that it is all a sham, 
and that the columns, cornices, window-architraves, balustrades, vases, 
and statuary are made of a substance but a little better than common 
l)laster. All the superb fa 9 ades of the industrial palace, jury-pavilion, 
and emperor’s pavilion are executed in this stucco-finish on rough brick 
walls. The designs are throughout grand and monumental. 

Particularly beautiful are the corridors, with groined arched roofs, 
and the main entrances, v/ith large memorial tablets above the arches, 
and the medallions between the principal columns. The main columns 
supporting the rotunda are also incased in a wooden frame-work, with 
a stucco finish. 

The proportions of these columns are admirable and imposing in the 
extreme, and the whole corridor is considered one of the best examples 
of interior decoration on a large scale that will be found anywhere. 
Such excellent results have only been obtained by employing the very 
best talent in that line. Much of the very best of the interior decora¬ 
tion of the industrial palace is owing to the invention of an Italian, M. 
Bossi, of Milan, who discovered how to paint patterns on common can¬ 
vas in such a manner that at a little distance the effect thus produced 
could not be distinguished from real painting. All through last sum¬ 
mer thousands of square yards of this material were being prepared at 
the establishment of M. Bossi, near Vienna. The canvas when finished 
costs from Id. to Is. per yard, according to the color, and has this great 
advantage over paper-hangings, that it has no tendency to bag when 
applied to damp walls, and consequently can be used as soon as the 
structure is finished, without waiting for it to dry. All the columns and 
cornices throughout the entire industrial palace are decorated with this 
painted canvas, and the entire ceiling of the immense rotunda is lined 
with it. The patterns printed on are sometimes in gilt, and sometimes 
in bright colors; and the canvas in certain cases is stained a bright 
crimson. Much of this ornamentation is not put on yet, so 1 speak only 
of the more substantial part. 

It will be extremely important, in designing our Centennial buildings, 
to employ the very best talent in the designing and decoration, as very 
much of the success of the whole exhibition will depend undoubtedly 
upon the effective and monumental appearance of the buildings. 

With our varied-colored bricks, tiles, and slate, and proper introduc¬ 
tion of terra-cotta, and cast and wrought iron work, we ought, however, 
to produce an equal monumental effect, and be much more true to the 
construction, and consequently improve upon the immense stucco shams 
which are so characteristic of this exhibition. 

^—method of construction and toie of erection. 

First, in regard to the great rotunda: This consists of an immense 
conical wrought-iron roof, supported on thirty-two wrought iron col¬ 
umns. The columns rest on base-plates, laid on concrete foundations. 

These columns are box-shaped in section, being 24.4 meters high ; at 
their center 3.05 meters deep, and 1.24 meters wide. The boxing is not 
continuous throughout, seven bays or openings having been left in each 
of the longer sides. 

They are stiffened by angle-irons running vertically, and by bulk¬ 
heads of iron lattice-work horizontally. 

The head and foot of each column are made stronger than the body, 


288 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


the foot being plated up 1 meter in height, and having bulkheads. On 
two sides of the columns are plate iron brackets 14.1 meters above the 
foot, for the springing-line of the arches which connect the columns. 
Tlie plates used in these columns are 10 millimeters thick, the founda- 
tion-[)late being 13 millimeters ; angle-irons, .ix.ix.013 meters; and the 
rivet holes 18 millimetres in diameter. 

The workmanship of these columns, and particularly on some of the 
main radial girders hereafter to be described, is not as good as that 
turned out at our best bridge and roof works in the United States. 

The conical wrought-iron roof consists of three principal members or 
sets of members: 

1st. A great tension-ring, which surmounts the heads of the columns. 

2d. A series of radial girders inclined at an angle of nearly 31° with 
the horizon, which are strongly riveted at their lower ends to the ten¬ 
sion-ring, and exert an outward horizontal thrust which is resisted by 
the ring. 

3d. A top compression-ring, to resist the inward thrust of the radial 
girders at their upper ends. Each of the above radial girders has other 
secondary duties to perform not mentioned above, and is strengthened by 
a series of live ring-girders, placed between the different radial girders 
at similar distances up the roof. The radial girders taper from, say, 
C' 0" at the bottom to 2' 0" at the top. 

The entire under side of the roof is lined with wrought-iron plates— 
thick, made to lap, joint, and be riv^eted and calked. It will be no¬ 
ticed that the entire exterior of this roof is therefore a series of immense 
troughs, in which I am told snow collected last winter as much as four 
feet deep. 

The lining-plates do not come in contact with ring-girders, however, 
at every point, because of the overlap, so that there are ^''x say 2' i)" 
solaces left to allow the rnin to run down under the ring-girders to the 
cornice at the main tension ring, and thence down through the posts to 
the ground. Some engineers consider tins an advantage, as it prevents 
the snow trom accumulating on one part, and keeps it more or less dis¬ 
tributed over the roof in these troughs. I myself should doubt exceetl- 
ingly the permanent efficacy of such an arrangement if used in the United 
States, and should expect that the chances of leakage into the building 
would be very much increased thereby. 

The effect of the direct rays of the summer’s sun upon such an im¬ 
mense surface of plate-iron immediately eximsed to it remains to be 
noticed yet; also whether the seams, which are calked and white- 
leaded, will remain tight enough to hold snow-water, if it should collect 
to any considerable amount, remains to be seen. At present the roof 
appears to be perfectly water-tight. I was on it immediately after a 
heavy rain, and the drainage seemed admirable. 

The exact method used iii putting up the main columns which support 
the roof, and also that of erecting the roof itself, was one decided upon 
by the contractor who built the rotunda. The method’proposed by Mr. 
Scott Kussell, the engineer, was not adopted, and the consequence was 
that an immense extra expense for scaffolding and equipments was in¬ 
curred by the director of the exhibition. Mr. Russell’s method I shall 
give in my tiual report; the one actually emi)loyed was as follows, being 
thus graphically described by Mr. Geo. C. W. Holmes, who is Mr. Scott 
Russell’s engineer and representative on the ground. 

For the erection of the columns a strong circular scaffold, 8 meters high, was pro¬ 
vided, which encircled the entire rotunda. From the lloor of this scaffold were sus¬ 
pended sixty-four i)owerful screws, viz: two to each column. These latter arrived in 
segments, the heads coming first and the bottom segments last. The heads were then 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 289 


placed in position on the concrete foundations, and were bound together by the wrought- 
iron girders, which form the 8n])port8 for the great interior gallery round the base of 
the dome. To the outer sides of these segments were bolted strong wronght-irou brack¬ 
ets, to which were fastened links suspemled from the above-mentioned screws. All the 
sixty-four screws were then turned simnltaneonsly by means of long wooden levers, 
the column-heads of course following them, and rising, for each complete revolution of 
the levers, through a distance equal to the pitch of the screws. This operation was 
continued till the column-heads were raised high enough to allow of the next segments 
being pushed in underneath and riveted to them. The wrought-iron brackets were 
then removed from the heads and attached to these second segments, the screws being 
lowered so as to allow of the links being attached to the brackets in their new position. 
The operation of lifting was then repeated just as before, till the third segment could 
be thrust in, and in this way the whole of the columns were put in place. In the 
mean time, another great circular scaffolding was being erected in the center of the 
l)uilding, and was made wide and high enough to allow of the platform of the great 
lantern being built upon it. When the scaffold and platform were completed, the 
radial girders were brought in segments into the interior of the bviilding, and were 
deposited and riveted together on the floor, every one exactly underneath the position 
which it was eventually to occupy. They were then raised each in one piece, by means 
■of cranes, to the required height, their upper ends being riveted to the ring-platform, 
while the lower extremities were made fast to the column-heads. 

There being notliing very peculiar about the coustructiou or erection 
of the other parts of the principal buildings, 1 shall not describe them 
in this rei)ort. 

As to tlie time occupied in erecting the various buildings, the accom¬ 
panying set of photographs, i)ublished under the authority of the gen¬ 
eral direction, is the best record we can have, as each one is dated, and 
shows the exact state of the work at the time. 

VI.—WATER-SUrrLY AND FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

Very few previous exliibitions, if any, have had such extensive 
arrangements made for the water-supply as this in A^ienua. The Prater 
itself affords unusual facilities to proprietors of refreshment-saloons 
and to exhibitors in annexed buildings, as it is only necessary to sink a 
tube-well at any part of the grounds to get an abundant snpi)ly of good 
drinking-water, purified by passing through the Danube gravel. But 
for su])plying the hydraulic motors, fire-plugs, fountains, &c., three 
systems of service have been provided. Of these the first consists of 
two steam-pumps, constructed on the system of M. Prunier, of Lyons, 
these pumps being erected at the eastern end of the machinery-hall, 
and being capable of suppl 3 dng 20,000 cubic feet of water per hour. 
The principal object of these pumps is to supply the machine-hall, 
but as this demand will absorb but a small portion of the quantity 
which the pumps are capable of delivering, there will remain from this 
source a considerable supply of good filtered drinking water for other 
purposes. 

The second system of water-works is erected in the western end of 
the machinery-hall, for the puriiose of furnishing the necessary water 
for the fire-plugs in the buildings, for the hydrants, the fountains, 
h^Tlraulic motors, &c., the whole being worked upon the high-pressure 
system. The reservoir belonging to this system is placed upon an iron 
tower 110 feet high, situated between the exhibition-palace and the 
machiner^^-hall, and it feeds a net-work of pipes of the aggregate length 
of about nine and a half miles, supplying the whole exhibition build¬ 
ings and grounds with water. There will be fixed, in connection with 
these pipes, about one hundred fire-plugs in the buildings, and nearly 
one hundred and fifty hydrants in the open air. The steam-pumps are 
capable of feeding the high-pressure work with 10,000 cubic feet per 
hour. Finally, a third system of water-works is established chiefly for 

S. Ex. 30-19 




290 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


the purpose of feeding the six large fountains placed in frout of the 
exhibition-pnlace. For this purpose a well is suuk near the jury-pavil¬ 
ion, by means of a steam-engine constructed by Sigl, the well being 12 
feet diameter, and is sunk 20 feet deep below datum. From this well 
the water will be raised by two steam-pumps, and partly forced to the 
fountains and partly used for drinking and other purposes. This sys¬ 
tem will be capable of discharging about 10,000 cubic feet per hour, and 
will be connected with the high-pressure system in order to aid the lat¬ 
ter in case of fire. In the aggregate, the water-works erected for the 
service of this exhibition will be capable of supplying 40,000 cubic feet 
of water per hour. AVatch-houses, each containing a fire-engine com¬ 
plete, with the necessary contingent of men, have been erected at 
^ numerous points on the grounds. In addition to this the principal 
buildings are so constructed that they can be easily cut in two, and 
thus, if a dangerous fire should arise, it can be isolated and confined to- 
that portion of the building in which it originated. In due course of 
time I shall have drawings of this entire water-service. 

The following information with regard to our own Belmont Keservoir, 
near George^s Hill, may be of use in this connection. I make the ex¬ 
tract from a letter written b^" Mr. AA^illiam H. McFadden, chief engi¬ 
neer of water-department, dated Philadelphia, March 10, 1873, in an¬ 
swer to a note I wrote him just before leaving home. “ The total iDump- 
ing capacity of Belmont AYorks is at present 10,000,000 gallons per 
diem, and will during the coming season be increased to 18,000,000 gal¬ 
lons per diem of twenty-four hours. The storage capacity of reservoir 
at George’s Hill is 40,000,000 gallons. Average daily quantity supplied 
during 1872, about 4,000,000 gallons.” 

VII.—VENTILATION AND SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS. 

In regard to the ventilation of this industrial palace, nothing can 
possibly be imagined more perfecLaud satisfactory. 

The simple fact of having the immense rotunda conical in shape, and 
open at the top, and at the same time located in the middle of the nave^ 
which has all the transepts opening into it, has resulted in making the 
whole building one huge self-ventilating apparatus, which operates as 
follows: 

The lantern of the rotunda is open between the columns, and acts as 
an immense chimney to draw the warm air from the large circular hall 
below. 

This hall in turn is supplied b}^ air from the nave or main corridor, 
and the nave from the various transepts. 

Several times when 1 have been standing on the balcony around the 
foot of the lantern, the draught through the opening from the hall below 
has been strong enough to blow my handkerchief straight out when 
held up by the corners. 

In regard to sanitary arrangements, Avater-closets, &c., I shall have 
definite information when they are finished and have been tried by 
use. 


COST OF BUILDINGS AND PRICES OF MATERIALS. 

The actual cost of the A^ienna exhibition buildings and improve¬ 
ments has far exceeded the original estimates. AVitli regard to several 
of the principal items of expense it is not difficult, however, to account 
for this increase, and the one item alone of the rotunda-roof may be 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 201 

cited as an example ; as the Austrian engineers more than doubled its 
weight in wrought iron over the amount estimated as necessary by Mr. 
Scott Kussell. This increased weight in the roof necessitated heavier 
columns and foundations, and increased the cost in proportion. The 
result of the various changes, modifications, and additions concerning 
the first plans has resulted in tlie original six millions of florins, which 
the Austrian Keichsrath or Parliament voted for the purposes of the ex¬ 
hibition, being finally increased to sixteen millions of florins. 

At the present stage of the exhibition, while so much work is still 
going on, it is of course impossible to decide what the actual cost will 
be, but it maybe useful to know that, in the opinion of those connected 
with the work, it is now geuerall}^ conceded that when all is complete 
and finished it will be found that this Vienna universal exhibition has 
cost in round numbers not much less than twenty million florins, or say 
ten millions of dollars. 

The following are some of the prices actually paid for several of the 
most important materials used in the various buildings. I give the 
amounts in the same coin as they have been given to me by those en¬ 
gaged in the work: 

Fir Timber— 5 pence per cubic foot. 

This timber is used in these buildings in about the same waj- we 
would use white pine. 

Piles— including driving—90 krentzers per running foot. 

These are about 10'' diameter at the head, and penetrate say 10 feet 
or more, depending upon location. 

Bricks—( not laid)—from 50 shillings to 00 shillings per 1,000. 

These bricks are much larger than ours, being 11|" by 5|" by 2^", 
and are very rough at that. Hard bricks, such as we use, are not liked 
by the workmen here, as they are so frequently required to round off the 
edges to make the bricks take the plaster or stucco-finish. If the bricks 
are not comparatively soft, the workmen will not use them. 

Canvas —Plain round, f yards wide, 30 kreutzers per yard. Colored 
ground. | yards wide, 60 kreutzers per yard. 

It will be remembered that an immense amount of canvas has been 
used in these buildings. The entire under side of the roof of the ro¬ 
tunda is lined with it, almost every column in the interior is cased in it, 
and every interior cornice is decorated with it. It is made in England 
and printed near Vienna. 

Wrought-iron. 

The first contracts were at £20 per ton, manufactured, delivered, and 
directed, but afterwanl, when iron went up in price, they were made at 
£25 per ton. This iron is from Belgium, and was manufactured at Du¬ 
isburg, on the Bhine. 

There is no cast iron used in the buildings worth mentioning, the 
amount being so small. 

VIII.— RAILWAY AND CITY COMMUNICATION. 

One of the principal defects in the arrangements in connection with 
previous exhibitions has been the lack of adequate direct railway com- 
inunicatioii to the very doors of the various buildings, and special at¬ 
tention has been ])aid to rectify this defect here at Vienna. 

The ‘‘Stadtsbahn” (State Bailroad) and the “Nordbahn” (Bortli Bail- 
road) are the two principal lines which reach Vienna in the vicinity of 
the Prater, (see maps Nos. 2, 3, 4,) and it has been by joining these two 
lines by means of a connecting railroad through the Prater that imme- 


292 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


diate commiuiicatioii lias been made with all the railroads of the Aus¬ 
trian Einjiire. Tins connecting railroad was built in the spring of 1872. 
Where it enters tbe exhibition-grounds it spreads out into some dozen 
branches or sidings, one or more of which runs past the outside of each 
of the main buildings, and, by means of small turn-tables, trucks con¬ 
taining building-materials or objects for exhibition can be conveyed 
directly to the spot where they are wanted. Tbe tracks are laid with 
the top of the rail about M' below the floor-level, and they will be floored 
over during the continuance of the exhibition. Tbe principal passenger- 
station for tbe exhibition is located just back of tbe center of the ma¬ 
chinery-hall ; and covered ways connect it with the principal buildings. 
I have made arrangements to obtain from the chief engineer of railroad 
communication official drawings of these connections througbout, and 
will have them in course of time. 

Yesterday morning 1 understood there were three hundred cars waiting 
to be unloaded for tbe industry-palace. 1 went out in the afternoon to 
see tbe result, and found the arrangements were so simple and satisfac¬ 
tory that all was done with perfect order and dispatch. The ware¬ 
houses for storing empty boxes are located in various parts of the 
ground, and others are being built at tbe lower end of tbe Prater, 
some distance from the industry-palace, i see a large number of empty 
boxes are now standing iu the space back of the machine-ball, waiting 
for transportation to tbe warehouses. This storing of empt 3 " boxes 
during tbe exhibition is considered a very important matter by tbe 
authorities here, and provision has been made accordingly. It will be 
remembered that at Paris much confusion, delay, and serious trouble was 
experienced, alter the exhibition closed, in tinding the boxes to repack 
exhibited articles. Tbe fee charged here for storing packages is on an 
average about 40 cents per cubic meter, and workshops are provided for 
repairing them at a moderate charge. In regard to the method of rapid 
transit between tbe city and tbe exhibition, I am surprised to see so 
little provision made. No line of street-cars extend nearer than the 
Prater stern, (see maps Nos. 2 and 3,) and but two lines of omnibuses 
are 'now running out from the Stephen platz, or center of the city, to 
the industrial palace every two minutes, fare 7 cents. The fact is that 
the Prater is near enougli to the heart of the city for the mass of the 
people to walk there, and tiacres, or light one and two horse carriages, 
will be much in demand for those who prefer to ride. The impression 
upon a stranger at this time is that the means of conveyance out to the 
exhibition is inadequate to what will be required. What may be done 
after May first remains to be seen. 


Vienna, Austria, April 28, 1873. 

I .mentioned in my laT letter on the I7th instant that I expected to 
meet again ]Mr. Scott Kussell, for the purpose of laying before him my 
maps and plans of Fairmount Park and Pbiladelphia, and obtaining 
from him any suggestions that he might see tit to oiler. I have done 
so, and found that Mr. Ilussell took great interest in our undertaking, 
spending tbe best part of two days in taking me over bis great rotunda 
here, and in discussing various points with regard to our own exhibition 
in 1870. 

In general terms the iirincipal points suggested for consideration by 
Mr. Pussell may be stated under the following heads j but 1 must preface 
by saying that during our two days’ intercourse! was able to take many 
notes from him which are too long and technical to repeat in a commu- 
cation like this, but which I hope may prove of use from time to time 
to tbe commission. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION—REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 


293 


Mr. Russell sugpfested as follows: 

1. The nature of the site that has been already determined upon in 
Philadelphia decides that we can much better erect a main building or 
industrial palace which is more or less circular in form than any other. 

2. That in designing such a building it is perfectly possible to retain 
all the advantages of the Paris system of classification, and at the same 
time avoid the objectionable features of that exhibition. 

3. That when planning the building, if we can so arrange it that all 
parts may be seen from some one central point, we sliall produce a result 
that will be more satisfactory in use, and infinitely finer in effect, than 
anything of the sort that has yet been accomplished. 

4. That when working up the drawings, great care should be taken 
to use repeatedly sitnilar pieces in the construction, and avoid as much 
as possible a variety in the parts. 

There is not one of tlie above suggestions which is not of the greatest 
importance when considering what our buildings should be, and if any 
one of them should be overlooked, just in that respect will our building 
(as a whole) prove a failure. The London exhibition of 1851 was par¬ 
ticularly good with regard to the points mentioned in the third and 
fourth suggestions, and will always be remembered on account of the 
good features therein mentioned. The Paris exhibition was lamentably 
deficient in both the third and fourth respects, the third in particular, 
but will always be remembered on account of its excellent system of 
classification. 

This Vienna industrial palace is, of course, too new yet to tell what 
the general im[)ression it may produce upon the world at large may be, 
but this much is certairdy self-evidejit, that if the great rotunda, which 
furnishes the only grand view to be seen, were taken away, the re¬ 
mainder of the industry-palace would not be considered worthy of 
notice outside of Vienna. 

How much superior, therefore, to all these previous exhibitions will 
ours be when we combine all tlie above four principal considerations. 
We must not fail to produce the best industrial palace yet built. 

After considerable trouble, 1 have finally succeeded (to-day) in pro¬ 
curing, here in Vienna, some valuable drawings of previous exhibitions, 
viz: London, 1851; London, 1802; Paris, 1855; and Pans, 1807. It 
was a most agreeable surprise to me to be able to get these drawings 
here, as I expected to have to hunt them up in Paris and London. 
They will certainly be of much interest to our commission. 

I have been at work in all directions for them, and finally obtained 
them through Mr. August Kostlin, royal inspector of the Stadtsbahn 
and editor of the Allgemeine Bahnzeitung, the principal engineering- 
journal of Central Europe. Mr. Kostlin has therefore assisted me very 
materially. 

Since my last communication to you, 1 have also had an interesting in¬ 
terview with Mr. Hofrath Eichler, the engineer who designed and super¬ 
intended the construction of all the railroad-communications in the im¬ 
mediate vicinity of the exhibition. He informed me that his s^'stem of 
tracks was arranged for the unloading of 250 wagons per day, and was 
found to be perfectly satisfactory in every resjiect from the commence¬ 
ment of the work in the Prater up to the 15th instant, but during the 
last two weeks ir has proved entirely inadequate to the requirements. 
Upward of 1,300 wagons are now standing in the vicinity of Vienna, 
waiting to be brought into the Prater. By working all night, in order 
to get the wagons into position, so that exhibitors may unload their 
goods in the morning, and by removing the empty boxes during the 


294 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


latter part of the clay, the railroad officials manage to handle some 300 
cars nmler the most favorable circumstances; but it would take at 
least five days to uuload all the wagons now waiting in this neiglibor- 
hood. It is, therefore, very evident that, as wagons are still arriving 
from a distance, it will be nearly (if not quite) June 1 before all articles 
for the exhibition are finally located in their proper places. 

Vienna, Austria, May 0, 1873. 

I am still following up my intention to see all the leading men en¬ 
gaged upon this work here, and during this last week have had a very 
suggestive interview with Mr. Hasenauer, the chief architect, the gen¬ 
tleman to whom Baron Schwarz is indebted for the admirable designs 
and decorations which make up the fagades of the several buildi ngs. 
Mr. Hasenauer made one very strong point in particular, with regard 
to the advantages this Vienna‘‘gridiron’’plan of biiikling has over 
previous industrial palaces, of the truth of which I have myself ob¬ 
served ample demonstration during the last three weeks. Mr. Hasenauer 
remarked that, owing to the great number of large-sized doors, each 
leading into separate departments of the building, the various countries 
have been able to work separately, simultaneously, with satisfaction to 
their various commissions, and also as expeditiously as the delivery of 
goods would allow; whereas if the building had been constructed with 
as few main entrances as in Paris in 1807, the crush would certainly 
have damaged many articles. His remark was certainly very true. 
Mr. P. Cuuliffe Owen, secretary of the British commission, also tells me 
that in London, in 1862, it was found necessary at the last moment even 
to cut holes through the wall in some places, in order to get articles 
into their proper imsitions, the doors not having been made either 
large or frequent enough for the requirements. 

Mr. Owen has also very kindly given me copies of the plans and 
drawings issued by the British commission for the use of their own ex¬ 
hibitors. These, of course, only apply to the British departments in 
the various buildings, but they are admirable to show how a great 
country, which has given two exhibitions, and has been well represented 
in many others, has arranged to transact the necessary business in the 
best way. The British commission here is certainly most admirably 
organized. Their plan of the water-pii)e service is, in my opinion, much 
the best that has been issued by any parties. One of their official cat¬ 
alogues 1 sent by mail to your address in Philadelphia. It left Vienna 
on the day before it was issued to the public. 

Vienna, Austria, May 20, 1873. 

The exhibition here presents at this time a much more favorable ap¬ 
pearance than it did two weeks ago, both as regards the internal ar¬ 
rangements of the various buildings and the general appearance of the 
surrounding grounds. The different exhibitors have had time to re¬ 
arrange their articles, which were so hurriedly brought into position for 
the opening ceremonies, and as each day advances more order seems 
apparent in every department. Although the rotunda and main gallery 
would appear at first sight to be entirely finished, that is, with all the 
cases and exhibits in their proper positions, and very many of the 
articles are packed together as closely as the space will allow, yet every 
day brings something new into prominence. Many of the transepts 
and covered courts, however, still show unfinished cases, unpacked 
boxes, and workmen busily engaged in getting things into shape. I 
regret to be obliged to say that the American Department in the in- 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 295 

diistrial palace is still among the latter, and that even to-day the pas¬ 
sage-way from the main gallery into the American transept is barricaded 
with strips of wood nailed across from post to post, so that none but 
exhibitors and interested parties are admittted. Some little seems to 
be done*, however, every day, and I presume that eventually we shall 
have a satisfactory display. The prolonged unsettled state of affairs 
in the American department is very much to be regretted, as it has 
placed, I fear, the interests of our Centennial in a false position before 
many people who do not draw any distinction between the different 
American commissions represented here in Yieiina, but judge of all by 
the one accredited by the Government to the exhibition. 

I leave Vienna this week, and hope to be in Paris between June 15 
and 20, and in London by June 30. 

Yours, very respectfullv, 

HENRY PETTIT. 


IX.—FINAL REPORT OF MR. HENRY PETTIT, SPECIAL 

AGENT TO VIENNA EXPOSITION. 

Philadelphia, August II, 1873. 

Hear Sir: I have the honor to present to you my final report on the 
structures used for the A'ienua universal exhibition of 1873. I have 
also arranged, for reference, a short statement giving valuable data 
concerning the most important of previous English and French exhibi¬ 
tions. Taking these in connection with my special reports, dated 
Vienna, April 4, to May 26, inclusive, 1 trust you will find some informa¬ 
tion that may be of use to your committee. 

I am, with great respect, your obedient servant, 

HENRY PETTIT, 

Special Agent United States Centermial Commission. 

Hon. D. J. Morrell, 

Chairman Executive Committee 

United States Centennial Commission. 


REPORT. 

An international exhibition, such as that now in operation at AJenna, 
may be said to resemble in its operation a series of smaller exhibitions 
for specific purposes, following each other in rapid succession for a 
period of say six months, during which time an immense central exhibit 
of the products of all nations is also being held in an industrial palace, 
a machinery-hall, and uuinerous annexed buildings. It will at once be 
obvious, from this fact, that almost every conceivable interest may be 
brought into connection and be made to take part in the ultimate suc¬ 
cess of a universal exhibition; and it is also self-evident that in order 
to insure ultimate success the various departments must be placed 
under the control of those who are fitted for the w ork either by natural 
ability or previous experience. 

Every important universal exhibition thus far given by the leading 
nations of Europe, it will be found, has proven itself, in the end, to be 
of greater magnitude than its predecessor, and each general manage¬ 
ment of pre^fious large exhibitions has endeavored to prepare itself for 




296 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

the great work by carefully examining all that has been done before.. 
The United States Centennial Commission commenced its work with 
precisely this same intention on the part of the executive committee^ 
and, as they have more information and greater resources than any 
previous body in a similar position, it is most natural to expect that the 
Philadelphia exhibition, on the occasion of the Centennial, will be as^ 
satisfactory as any that has thus far been held. 

If we have understood our mission to Europe aright, its object has 
been to assist the executive committee in obtaining useful information 
with regard to the technical questions involved in the engineering and 
architectural features of i)revious exhibitions, especially Vienna, 1873 
and we would respectfully call attention to what will be at once 
acknowledged in this connection, viz: that the mofit valuable and inter¬ 
esting yjortion of such information will not be found on the bod}" of this 
report, but in the engineering and architectural works, translations, 
papers, drawings, photographs, lithographs, and other illustrations, 
accompanying it. 

For the purpose of giving some faint conception of what has 
been done in Europe with regard to exhibitions, the following partial 
list of the most remarkable will be of use : The first industrial exhibi¬ 
tion was held in France in 1798. The first international industrial 
exhibition was the one in Hyde Park, London, in 1851. France, at 
various places, in 1798, 1801, 1802, 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827^1831, 1839,. 
1841, 1849, 1855, 1867. Belgium, at Ghent, 1820. Prussia, at Berlin, 
1844. Austria, at Vienna, 1846, 1873. England, at London, 1851, 
1862, since become annual; Birmingham, 1849; and at numerous pro¬ 
vincial cities. Bavaria, at Munich, 1854. Holland, at Amsterdam, 1859. 
Ireland, at Dublin, 1829, triennial; 1865, Winter Garden. liussia, at 
Moscow, 1872. 

It is satisfactory to observe, however, that nearly all the essentially 
good points worthy of study concerning the buildings used on the 
above-mentioned occasions will be found embodied or suggested by the 
constructions used for the three largest and most successful, viz: Lon¬ 
don, 1851; Paris, 1867; and Vienna, 1873; and at the same time not 
omitting to examine London, 1862, and Paris, 1855. The Sydenham 
Palace may be considered as a second edition of the original 1851 pal¬ 
ace, “■enlarged and revised,’’^ and the Alexandra Palace, Muswell Hill, as 
ditto of the exhibition building of 1862. Each of the three most suc¬ 
cessful exhibitions above mentioned had buildings and arrangements 
radically different from each other, both as to general plan and details 
of construction, as to external appearance and internal working. 
Each exhibition was planned in a manner considered by the manage¬ 
ment at the time to be best suited to the site and requirements of the 
occasion, and each accomplished in a greater or less degree what was 
desired. 

We have arranged for reference some general data with regard to 
each of these five exhibitions, more particularly for the purpose of 
showing their relative sizes and the cost of the several constructions. 

X — LONDON, 1851. 

The first private meeting held on the subject of this exhibition was- 
at Buckingham Palace, on June 30,1849, and the exhibition was opened 
to the public on May 1, 1851, the intermediate period being one year 
and ten months. It is interesting to observe fronr some contract drawings 
accompanying this report, that the actual work upon the buildings 


VIENNA EXPOSITION REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 29T 


proper must have been done between July 1 , 1850, and May 1, 1851— 
ten niontlis. (Query, How much can the United States do, twenty-three 
years later, for her first great exhibition, in two years ?) The site for 
the building in Hyde Park was a rectangular strip of ground contain¬ 
ing about 20 acres, and approximately 2,300 feet long by 500 feet wide. 
The total area of ground-fioor in the building was 17.8 "acres, and that 
of the galleries 5 acres. 

It was built principally of cast and wrought iron, glass, and wood, 
great saving of both time and money being accomplished bj" simplicity 
ot details and re-duplication of parts. The total quantities used were as 
follows: 

Cast-iron.. _ . 3,500 tons. 

Wrought-iron. 550 tons. 

Glass. 890,000 sui)erficial feet, and weighing 430 tons.- 

Wood. 000,000 cubic feet. 

The cost of this building and its fittings was £170,000, or say $850,000, 
being about 3 shillings 5 pence per square foot of superficial area cov¬ 
ered. It must be remembered, however, that the contract under which 
the building was erected did not provide for its absolute sale to the 
royal commissioners, but was for “use and waste only.’’ After the 
exhibition closed, the building itself remained the property of the con¬ 
tractors. Had it been otherwise, the total cost would have been increased 
at least £ 100 , 000 . The characteristic features of this building, which 
excited universal admiration and wonder at the time, were the “airy 
lightness of the whole structure” and the superb vistas afibrded by a 
nave 1,800 feet long, 72 feet wide, and 64 feet high, intersected near 
the center of its length by a transept 408 feet long, 72 feet wide, and 
108 feet high, to the crown of the semi-cylindrical roof. 

Accompanying this report will be found the following books and 
drawings, &c., having reference to this building: 

1st. A complete work called “Das Grosse Industrie-Ausstellungs- 
Gebiiiule, in London, 1851,” published by Forster, in Vienna, giving 
text and drawings of the plans and details of construction of the 
building. 

2d. A set of sixteen lithographs from the private collection of Messrs. 
Vincent Brooks, Day & Co., London, showing the various contracts en¬ 
tered into by the royal commissioners when carrying out the work. 

3d. A set of nine large colored lithographic perspectives, showing both 
exterior and interior views of the various parts of the building as it 
appeared on difi’erent occasions. 

4th. A section of one of the parliamentary maps, .showing Hyde Park 
and surroundings. 

XI.—PARIS, 1855. 

It is extremely difficult to convey a correct idea of this exhibition 
without referring to illustrations of some kind, owing to the fact that 
the buildings varied in form and construction and were irregularly 
located on the ground. 

The following data will, however, serve our present purpose: The 
principal edifice was an extensive rectangular building, 820 feet long 
by 360 feet wide, exclusiv'e of the projections, in which were the stair¬ 
ways. The whole building covered about 8 acres of ground. It was 
situated on the south side of the Cham})s El 3 ^s 6 es, and is now known as 
the Palais de I’Industrie. It was erected by a company in 1852 to 1855, 
and was intended to be a permanent construction. It therefore affords 
an example of how the French people erected a permanent memorial¬ 
building as it were, in connection with a universal exhibition. It 





298 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

was built of stone, bas galleries around tbe main exbibition-ball, and 
roof of iron and glass. Tbe present director of tbe building told me 
that experience bad proven a great mistake to bave been made in tbis 
latter respect, by providing too mucb glass and over-bead light, and 
that mucb trouble bad been experienced in consequence. All tbe other 
buildings used for tbis exhibition were temporary in character, viz : 

An annex for machinery, 4,000 feet long by 85 feet wide, covering 
about 7.8 acres. This building was not expected to be so ungainly in 
proportions when tbe exhibition was first projected. Its greater length 
was essential to afford space that was required as tbe work advanced. 

A circular building, 330 feet in diameter, known as tbe i)anorania 
rotnnda, covering about 2 acres. 

A palace of fine arts, of irregular plan, located at a considerable 
distance from tbe industrial palace, and covering over 4 acres. 

The cost of these buildings was, so far as can be known, as follows: 


Francs. 

Palace of industry...12, 500, 000 

Machinery annex. 2, G02, 000 

liotunda and gallery... 607,000 

Pine-arts building. 1, 051, 700 

-Suj)plementary construction ...-. 105, 800 


Total...16, 866, 500 

^ay $3,373,300. 


Accomx)anying tbis report will be found tbe following sources of in¬ 
formation with reference to tbis exhibition : 

Tbe text and atlas of tbe “Allgemeinen Bauzeitung for 1856, giviag 
plans and details of tbe various buildings. 

A collection of ten lithographs of various sizes, giving exterior views 
of tbe whole exhibition, and interior views of tbe palace and machinery 
annex. 

LONDON, • 1862. 

The principal part of the ground upon which tbe buildings for tbis 
exhibition stood was a tract about 16 acres in extent, which bad formed 
a portion of tbe site purchased at South Kensington for tbe exhibition 
of 1851. 

The main edifice was in general outline a rectangle, 1,150 feet by 650 
feet, but with greater width of 750 feet at tbe ends. It covered an en¬ 
tire area of 17| acres, and was intended to be permanent in its construc¬ 
tion. When preparing tbe design, provision was made to include the 
picture-gallery, and care was taken to make tbe whole arrangement 
suitable for future international exhibitions. The exterior walls were 
built of brick-work, and hollow cast-iron columns were used for tbe in¬ 
terior supports. Tbe roof bad both wooden and iron principals, and 
included two octagonal domes of 160 feet diameter each, with 260 feet 
external height to tbe top of tbe finials. 

j^djoining tbis permanent building were two temporary annexes for 
tbe machinery department, covering an additional area of 7 acres, which, 
taken in connection with the main building, made tbe total area 24J 
acres. These buildings inclosed on three sides tbe Royal Horticultural 
Society’s Gardens. 

In the principal structure the most impressive interior effect was 
obtained from the nave, 800 feet long, 85 feet wide, and 100 feet high to 
the ridge of tbe roof, over each end of which rose a dome 160 feet in 









VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 299 

diameter and 200 feet clear interior height. These domes were at that 
time the largest ever constructed—St. Peter’s, at Eome, being lo7i feet, 
and St. Paul’s, at London, 112 feet. The dome of the Capitol, at Wash¬ 
ington, has 91 teet 8^ inches interior diameter, and clear interior height 
of 180 feet 3 inches. The top of the figure of liberty is 287 feet 51 
inches above the ground at east front of the biiilding\ The domes oil 
the London 1802 exhibition-building formed the most difficult and ex¬ 
pensive part of the whole work. They weighed 120 tons each, and 
required an immense amount of tiniber-scafl^*ol(liug. 

LIST OF SOME OF THE QUANTITIES USED IN THIS EXHIBITION. 


Brick... 17 ^ 250, 000 

Cement and plaster, bushels. 17,105 

Cast-iron, tons. 1, 953 

Wrought-iron, tons. 2, 269 

Timber, cubic feet. 139,178 

Timber, lineal feet 9 inches by 3 inches, in plank, battens, &g. 2, 238, 722 

Glass, superficial feet. 007, 512 ‘ 

Stone, cubic feet. 0,877 

Stone, superficial feet 6 inches thick and under. 02, 831 


Owing, however, to the omission of any expensive ornamentation, the 
actual cost was exceedingly low for the amount accomplished. The fol¬ 
lowing are the principal items: 


Contractors for the buildings.£320, 080 

Designs, drawings, and superintendence.. . 8, 323 

lioads and approaches.. 13, 359 


312, 302 

The total cost of the exhibition, including expenses during the period 
it was open, was £159,637—say, $2,298,185.00. 

Accompanying this report will be found the following, having refer¬ 
ence to this exhibition: 

A general plan of the entire exhibition and grounds, with the royal 
commissioners’ report. 

Ditto, with further information in the “Allgemeinen Bauzeituug,” 
Yienna. 

A set of three large lithographs, giving prospective views of the build¬ 
ing from Eoyal Horticultural Society Gardens, &c. 

A set of four rare photographs, showing the interior. A most valua¬ 
ble description of the technical work involved in this exhibition will be 
found in “ Captain Phillpott’s lecture on the construction of the build¬ 
ing,” reprinted with additional matter as Ai)pendix No. Y., in the report 
of the commissioners for the exhibition in 1802, published in 1803. 

XII.—PARIS, 1807. 

This exhibition was nearly four times as large as any that had pre 
ceded it, and was much more comprehensively organized.” As, however, 
the general features of the constructions are so perfectly familiar to all 
parties interested in enterprises of a similar nature, we propose in this 
2 )lace simply to give a few data for comparison. At the end of this re¬ 
port will be found stated some of the many important considerations 
which this remarkable exhibition suggests. 














300 


EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Tlie Champs de Mars was rectangular in outline, being 3,375 feet by 


1,545 feet—an area equal to 119 acres. 

The longer axis of the building. 1, d08 feet. 

The shorter axis of the building. 1, 247 

Length of straight galleries between the semicircular ends 360 

Circumference of the whole building. 4, 800 “ 

Total area within the outer limits of the building. 37. 8 acres. 

Of this the center garden occupied. 1. 5 “ 

Amount remaining under roof. 30. 3 


This area under roof was distributed follows: 







Acres. 


Promenade around the center garden. 

17 

feet wide. 

covering.. 

.48 

1. 

“ Gallerie de Phistoire du travail”... 

28 

. do... 

_do- 

.88 

o 

Gallery of fine-arts. 

49 

. do.-. 

_do_ 

1.38 

3. 

Corridor for the liberal arts. 

20 

. do... 

_do- 

.83 


Passage-way. 

16 

. do... 

_do_ 

.72 

4. 

Corridor for furniture. 

76 

- do... 

.... do.... 

3.9 


Passage-way. 

16 

. do... 

.... do- 

.92 

5. 

Corridor for textile fabrics. 

76 



4.9 


Passage-way. 

16 


_do_ 

1.1 

5. 

Corridor for raw materials. 

76 

. do... 

-do.... 

5. 6 

7. 

Gallery for machines. 

115 


....do- 

10.4 


Gallery for restaurants. 

33 

. do... 

.. .do- 

4. 89 


The area of the park and reserved gardens around the industrial pal¬ 
ace was 81 acres. 

The area of the Island of Billancourt, used for the trials of agricultural 
machines, was 52 acres. 

TIME. 

An imperial decree placed the work under the direction of an imperial 
commission of sixty members in June, 1865. The ground was given up 
by the government, September 28, 1865. The first iron pillar was 
raised April 3, 1866. The work was not entirely finished at the time 
of the opening ceremonies, A^ml 1,1867. 

COST. 

The total cost of the exposition-building was 11,783,024 francs, say 
$2,356,605.00. 

This was at the rate of 7 francs 14 centimes, or say $1.43 per square 
foot of surface covered. 

The expenditure was for specific purposes as follows : • 


Construction of the palace. 



Detailed items. 


Taking 5 francs 
= 1 dollar. 

1 

Earthwork, masonry, and carpentry. 

Francs. cts. 
1, 854, 768. 23 

$370, 9.53 65 

2 

Metal-work. 

7, 970, 799. 08 

1, 594, 159 82 

3 

Ornamentation in the roofing. 

109,167. 89 

21, 833 58 

4 

Zinc-work in roofing. 

514, 999.61 

102, 999 92 

5 

Glazing and glass. 

249, 903. 31 

49,980 66 

6 

PaintiiTg. 

297, 222. 71 

59,444 54 

7 

Drapery, &c., for ceiling, in linen, &c. 

93, 400. 21 

18,680 04 

8 

Cariatides, consols, pedestals, poles, &c. 

177, 267. 97 

.35, 453 59 

9 

Elooring and flaggings. 

120, 334. 36 

24, 066 87 

10 

Entiances, portals. 

34, 840. 00 

6,968 00 

11 

Lightning-rods. 

15, 206.12 

3,041 22 

12 

Provisionary fences, &c. 

Personal and general expenses. 

35, 316. 86 

7, 063 37 

13 

309, 798. 58 

61, 959 73 


Total. 

11, 783, 024. 93 

2, 356, 604 99 






























































VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 301 


Statement oj the exjyenses and receipts af the exhibition from February 1 , 1885 , to February 4 , 

1872 . 

EXPENSES. 


Item. 

Object. 


Takings francs 
= 1 dollar. 

I 

Construction of the palace. 

Francs. cts. 
11, 783, 024. 93 

$2, 356, 604 99 

II 

Grant for the installment of the interior department of the 
exhibition, gallery of the history of work, Chinese expo¬ 
sition, &c. 

292, 272. 20 

58, 454 44 

11U 

Installment of the machinery depai tment, snpport for shaft¬ 
ing, carpentry, masonry, railroads, &c. 

1, 347, 557. 80 

269, 511 56 

V 

Water-service. 

346,134. 23 

69,226 85 

VI 

Gas-service.. 

346, 108. 60 

69,221 72 

VII 

Fencing in the park. 

50, 000. 00 

lO; 000 00 

VIII 

The arrangement and making of park. 

2, 879, 621. 52 

57.5, 924 30 

IX 

Bridge on the Qnai d’Orsay. 

69, 278. 26 

13, 855 65 

X 

Grant for the transportation of workmen. 

10, 233. 25 

2, 046 65 

XI 

Printing and publishing. 

272, 327. 43 

54,465 49 

XII 

Administration and superintendence. 

9.57, 431. 04 

191, 486 21 

XIII 

Office expenses and stores. 

139, 316. 65 

27, 863 33 

XIV 

Office-building on the Champ de Mars. 

102, 242. 91 

20,448 58 

XV 

Special expenses of the fine-art department. 

92, 595. 48 

18,519 10 

XVI 

“Commission d’encouragemeut’’. 

597,410. 27 

119,482 05 

XVII 

Medals and awards. 

1, 089, 443. 88 

217,888 78 

XVIII 

Indemnities and fees. 

615, 204. 20 

12.3,040 84 

XIX 

Expense of representation. 

174, 680. 09 

34, 936 06 

XX 

Ceremonies upon granting awards. 

578, 530. 38 

115,706 02 

XXI 

Interest paid on advances of the “credit foncier”.i... 

10, 353. 92 

2, 070 79 

XXII 

Musical exhibition. 

190, 900. 52 

38,180 11 

XXIII 

U nforseen expenses. 

1, 099, 087. 31 

219, 817 46 

XXIV 

Maintenance of the palace. 

79, .584. 37 

15,916 87 

XXV 

Restoration of the Champs de Mars. 

320, 182. 96 

64, 036 59 

XXVI 

Net profit, constituting dividends. 

2, 766, 000. 00 

553,200 00 


Reserve fund for uuforseen needs or for the public good. 

47, 283. 00 

9, 456 60 



26, 256, 805. 20 

5,251,361 04 


RECEIPTS.. 


Item. 

Object. 


Takings francs 
= 1 dollar. 

I 

Grant or snhsidv from the government. 

Francs. cts. 
6, 000, 000. 00 

$1, 200, 000 00 

II 

Grant or subsidy from the city of Paris. 

6, 000, 000. 00 

1, 200, 000 00 

III 

Admissions by subscription. 

935, 050. 00 

187,010 00 

IV 

Admissions by turnstile. 

9, 830, 369, 50 

1, 966, 073 90 

V 

Restaurants and lemonade-stands. 

475, 327. 37 

95, 065 48 

VI 

Saloons and “ boutiques ’’. 

40, 020. 00 

8, 004 00 

VII 

Money-changing offices. 

25, 000. 00 

5,000 00 

VIII 

IX 

Chairs ... ........... __........._......_........... 

36, 0 0. 00 

7, 2C0 00 
2,000 00 

Ai-m-chairs on wheels. 

10, 000. 00 

X 

Tobacco-shops. 

70, 000. 00 

14,000 00 

XI 

Advertising by posters. 

75, 000. 00 

15, 000 00 

XII 

(’.atalognes. 

323, 000. 00 

64, 600 00 

XIII 

Commemorative medals. 

14, 361.60 

2, 872 32 

XIV 

Photographs. 

85, 000. 00 

17, 000 00 

XV 

Water concessions. 

18, 7.57. 30 

3,751 46 

XVI 

Gas concessions. 

108, 322. 07 

21,664 42 

XVII 

Materials for the demolition of the palace. 

1,011, 779. 82 

202, 355 96 

XVIII 

Materials for the demolition of the park. 

63, 475. 51 

12, 695 10 

XIX 

Water-closets. 

2.5, Oil. 05 

5, 002 21 

XX 

Waiting-room . . 

35, 000. 00 

7,000 00 

XXI 

Concessions at “ Billancourt ”. 

70, 000. 00 

14,000 00 

XXII 

Interest from the account-current. 

364,811. 32 

72, 962 26 

XXIII 

XXIV 

Musical concerts. 

Sundry receipts. 

106, 417. 40 
534,102. 26 

21,283 48 
106, 820 45 



26, 256, 805. 20 

5,251,361 04 























































































302 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Accotnpaiiyiiif^ this report will be found the following : 

The report of the imperial commission, giving a complete description 
of the building in all its parts, and the official plan of the exhibition. 

The international jury reports—13 volumes. 

A complete work by Anton Hanninger, engineer, published by Wald- 
heiin, in Vienna, giving text and details of the construction of the 
building. 

A collection of forty panoramic photographs, lithographs, &c., show¬ 
ing the exhibition both as a whole and in detail. 

XITI.—VIENNA. 

(Continuation of previous reports from Vienna, April 4 to May *26, 1873, inclusive.) 

Industrial palace. 


Length of building, end to end. 3,000 feet. 

Width at center permanent building. 677 “ 

Width at intermediate galleries. 572 “ 

Diameter of rotunda on center line of columns.. 343 “ 9 inches. 

Width of half-gallery around the rotunda. 40 “ 

Total clear width under rotunda and half-gallery. 413 “ 

Interiorheightof rotunda to base of large lantern. 158 ‘‘ 

Ditto to top of large lantern. 215 “ 

Exterior height to top of crown. 276 “ 

Angle of roof with the horizontal. 31° 

Width of central nave. 84 

Width of cross transepts ... . 51 ‘‘ 

Length of vista in nave on each side of the ro¬ 
tunda .... 1, 246 

Size of courts between the transepts, each. 100'x240' 

Number of such courts. 28 


Machine-hall. 


Length of building..... . 2, 620 feet. 

Width of building.. 165 feet. 

Center avenue, width in the clear. 92 feet. 

Side avenues, width in the clear. 28 feet. 


Areas. 

Industrial palace: 

Area under rotunda. 2.2 acres. 

Area under rotunda and half gallery. 3. 4 

A-Crcs 

Area of entire rectangular x>ermanent portion, 677 feet square, in¬ 
cluding the 4 courts... 10. 5 

Area of entire rectangular permanent i)ortion, 677 feet square, ex¬ 
cluding the 4 courts... 7, 0 

Area of temporary portion of palace, including the 28 courts_ 32. 3 

Area of temporary portion of palace, excluding the 28 courts _ 17. 0 

Total area of palace, excluding courts. 24. 0 

Total area of palace, including all courts, viz: area capable of 

being x)ut under roof... 

Actual area under roof June 1st, 1873. 


42.8 

35.0 

























VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 


30 ^ 


Acres. 


Machinery-ball: 

Area covered.... 9. 0 

Fine-art gallery: 

Area covered and affording 30,800 feet of available wall length.. 1.5 

PaAdlion for amateurs—area. .4 

Museum—area... .4 

Agricultural buildings : 

Three large frame structures, covering. 6. 0 

Area inclosed by the fencing.. 286. 0 

Total area on the Prater available for exhibition purposes. 573. 0 


The total weight of all wrought-iron work for the rotunda is 4,000 
tons. The columns rest upon foundations made in concrete, (see first 
report,) which were built in October, 1871. The contract for the rotunda 
was taken by M. Harkort, a noted lattice-girder bridge-builder of Har- 
koi ten, Prussia, and it stipulated that the supply of iron should com¬ 
mence on Jannary 1, 1872, and that the whole building should be fin¬ 
ished by September 15 of the same year. It is but fair to state, how¬ 
ever, in this connection, that if the rotunda had been built in accordance 
with the original sketches of Mr. Scott Kussell, the weight of wrought- 
iron necessary would have been but little more than half the above 
amount. 

The following may be interesting for comparison: The dome of the 
Capitol at Washington, by Mr. Thomas U. Walter, architect, contains 
8,878,743 pounds, or 4,439 tons of 2,000 pounds each of cast-iron. The 
total cost was $950,000, which covered all brick-work and masonry, and 
a picture by Brumidi, $40,000. It would be fair to assume that the 
actual cost of the iron-work did not exceed 8 cents per pound. 

(For cost of Vienta rotunda, &.c., see accompanying estimate.) 

XIV.—SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE. 

The system of sewerage throughout the buildings and grounds, to¬ 
gether with the most important work connected with the retiring-rooms 
of the exhibition, was designed and executed by Mr. George Jennings, 
sanitary engineer of Lambeth, London, under the personal supervision 
of Mr. John Phillips, C. E. The intention of the Austrian authorities 
at first was to allow each party to have their own cess pool and separate 
arrangements, but a very short experience of the consequences com¬ 
pelled the adoption of a complete system which should be able to in¬ 
clude all buildings within the inclosure. Stone-ware pipes were used, 
with the joints laid in Portland cement. Tiie main sewer leads into the 
Danube Canal at a point say one and a half miles from the exhibition. 
The various lines of pipe, sizes, grades, &c., we have shown upon the 
situation-plan of the exhibition. The rotunda, roof, and inner side of 
the center rectangle of the palace is drained into eighteen sunken wells. 
A 15-iuch pipe, having four smaller ones leading into it, connects with 
each well. Each of these smaller pipes carries off its portion of the 
water which comes from the roof, after it has passed down through the 
lar«’e wrought-iron boxed girders which support the rotunda. There 
are^four and sometimes five of these wells in each court. The arrange¬ 
ment is remarkably simple and satisfactory, for it must be remembered 
in this connection that the rotunda, roof, and gallery has an immense 
exterior surface. 

The machinery department has each boiler-house drained into a sunken 
well located between the boiler-house and the machinery-hall. The' 








304 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


machinery-ball itself is drained at numerous points into wells located 
on the south side of the building. 

The grades for the sewerage system are merely nominal, one in 700 
and one in 1,000, but sufficient to allow thorough washing out by water 
from a hose several times each week. 

Cisterns were introduced in all the retiring-rooms for the purpose of 
keeping uniform the strong pressure of water which comes from the 
“ high-service.” 


XV.—tVATER SUPPLY—(ADDITIONAL.) 

The water-tower, elevation 110 feet, is* located near the west end of 
the machinery-hall. The tank had capacity of 10,000 cubic feet. The 
water is forced up into this tank through the center pipe of the tower, 
and flows out at the top by several nozzles. It passes down through 
two of the outside supporting columns, which act as stand-pipes, and 
are connected at the lower end with the one main which supplies the 
large system throughout the grounds. An accompanying drawing 
shows the s^^stem. The two steam-pumps used for su})plying this tower 
were manufactured at Brim, the capital of the Austrian Province 
^lahren, by the “ Bruner Macliinen Fairicks Gessellschaft,” 1873. They 
we arranged to work either separately or together, and can force into 
the tower 18,000 cubic feet per hour. When we last visited these 
pumps, about May 26, they were working from sixteen to eighteen hours 
]ier day, and supplying 300,000 cubic feet per day to the exhibition. 
They were performing, in fact, extra duty, which legitimately belonged 
to the pumps of the “low-pressure” system, the latter not being in 
working order up to that date. The pump-house was located at the 
northwest end of the machine-hall, and the well from which the water 
was drawn was immediately in the rear of the punip-house. This well 
was 20 feet in diameter, and extended down 16 feet below the water- 
level, say 26 feet below level of ground. It was lined with brick, rest¬ 
ing upon a cast iron ring at the bottom. The method used in sinking 
this well was ingenious. The sup})ly of water is aiiparently unlimited. 
The pumps and tower were manufactured by the same parties. 

The two steam-pumps for the “ low-pressure” service were located at 
the east end of the machinery-hall. These were manufactured by 
“ Eug. Prunier. Ingenieur et Oonducteur, Lyon, France.” The supe¬ 
riority claimed for them was their ability to supply with rapidity, their 
capacity being upward of 20,000 cubic feet per hour. N'o well was 
necessary in connection with this system, as the pumps sucked the 
water directly from the ground itself and forced it into a neighboring 
tank placed at an elevation twenty feet above the ground; capacity of 
tank, — cubic feet. From this tank a line of pipes jiassed along the 
northern side of the machinery-hall, and connections were made from 
it into the boiler house. This line of pipes emptied at the east end into 
the Henstadel Wasser, and a branch led into the agricultural depart¬ 
ment. The above system was not in working order up to May 25,1873. 

In the rear of the jury-pavilioii were two steam-pumps manufactured 
by “ Gebruder, Decker & Co., Oaustatt, No. 401, Patent 1873,” in 
MTrtemburg, near Stuttgart. These pumps drew their supply of water 
from a well 12 feet in diameter, and sunken 20 feet deep, and, working 
by means of an air-chamber, were able to force up about 10,000 cubic 
feet per hour. This arrangement supplied all the fountains, and forced 
the water to a height of 70 feet through a nozzle 2J inches in diameter. 
The nozzle most frequently seen in use for the large fountains was com- 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 305 


posed of one center opening 35 millimeters in diameter, and sixteen 
smaller openings around it of fifteen millimeters-diameter each. The 
water, after being forced through the fountains, was conducted back to 
the supply-well and used again. 

• The above three systems of water-supply were arranged to work either 
separately, or, in case of emergency, in connection with each other. 

XVI.—RAILWAY COMNUNIOATION—(ADDITIONAL.) 

The ‘‘Stadtsbahn” and ^‘Xordbahn’^ are connected by a line of single 
track which passes directly in front of the exhibition railroad-station, 
an additional siding being introduced in the immediate vicinity of the 
station. From the station east, this track was built by the Stadtsbahn, 
the rest by the “ Nordbahn.” About three times as much freight for 
the exhibition passed over theNordbahn as from the Stadtsbahn, and, 
strange to observe, there was but one main switch from the east or 
Stadtsbahu end, over which all freight for the exhibition was obliged to 
pass. The arrangement answered its purpose, however, up to about 
April 15, over half a million cubic meters of gravel and building-mate¬ 
rials having been brought for the work on the exhibition. During the 
Two weeks previous to the opening, however, it proved entirely inade¬ 
quate so far as affording facilities for unloading in the immediate vicin¬ 
ity of the buildings. It was thought by the railroad officials, who evi¬ 
dently did not appreciate at that time what an immense business their 
exhibition would occasion, that having made provision for unloading 
250 cars per day easily, it was all that would be necessary. During the 
great rush, however, previous to the grand opening, experience enabled 
them to unload, when working night and day, 300 cars. The method 
adopted wasabout as follows: The wagons were arranged during the night, 
so that exhibitors could unload their boxes the first thing in the morning. 
Say 150 wagons were unloaded by noon, and then commenced the re¬ 
moval of empty boxes to the warehouses, and the bringing in of other 
freight. Four locomotives were at work night and day in the yard with 
these trains, and two more at the Stadtsbahu and Nordbahn ends of the 
road for similar purpose. One thousand three hundred wagons were 
frequently on hand at once, waiting to be unloaded, during greatest rush, 
and required four to five days’ time to distribute the accumulation. 
Much time was occupied in being obliged to send individual cars to sep¬ 
arate parts of the building, and even separate articles from the same car 
to different points ; thus delays occurred at the most critical time. The 
building itself was well provided with entrances, but the railroad facili¬ 
ties were not such as enabled them to be used to the best advantage. 
Experience proved that at least four tracks on each side of the indus¬ 
trial palace and two on each side of the machine-hall Avould not have 
been too much for the work. There were nearly three German miles, 
equal to fifteen English miles, of track laid in the Prater in connection 
with the exhibition work. One great difficulty, undoubtedly, was in the 
use of only one connection at the Stadtsbahu end. High grades and 
short curvature prevented any communication from the Nordbahnhof 
directly to the exhibition. 

A tramway for streets-cars was laid from the Prater Stern to a point 
near the northwest end of machinery-hall; also over the Sophiem Bruke 
to the Ilaupt Allee. 

The accompanying papers and drawings give important information 
with regard to the machinery-department, shafting, &c., workmen’s 
houses, restaurants, blacksmith-shop, sanitary arrangements, watch- 
houses, barracks, &c. 

S. Ex. 30-20 




306 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


XVII.—COST. 


Detailed estimate of the cost of the Vienna Exhibition. 


The principal items in this estimate are very nearly correct, as they 
have been compiled from the contracts made for the work. The accuracy 
of others cannot, of course, be known positively until long after the ex¬ 
hibition closes. 

Taking one florin as = 50 cents, we have:— 

Florins. Dollars. 


1. Industrial palace. 

The rotunda alone cost 1,000,000 florins 

or $500,000. 

2. Machinery-hall. 

3. Agricultural-hall. 

4. Fine-art gallery... 

5. Amateur-gallery.. 

6. Emperor’s pavilion. 

7. Covering of the courts.. 

8. Jury-pavilion. 

9. Manager’s buildings, otflces. 

10. Postal, telegraph, and custom buildings 

11. Six large guard-houses. 

12. Ten small guard-houses. 

13. Infantry barracks... 

14. Cavalry barracks .. 

15. Sutler’s department... 

16. Fencing of exhibition-grounds, covered 

ways, &c. 

17. Water-supply, including all forcing-en¬ 

gines and water-tower... 

18. Arrangements for working the machin¬ 

ery-hall, such as boiler-houses, driv¬ 
ing-engines, shafting, foundations, 
work-shops, &c...... 

19. Provisionary buildings. 

20. Expenses of the building-ofiice, includ¬ 

ing salaries, gas-rent, coal, &c. 

21. Preliminary work of the building-oflice, 

drawings, &c. 

22. Building-requisites,engineering-instru- 

ments, stationery, &c.. 

23. Delivery of the rotunda, freight, &c.- 

24. Drainage, and water-closets, &c. 

25. Fountains. 

26. Expenses for telegraph and gas arrange¬ 

ments ... 

27. New annexes... 

28. Police service, gardens and grading, 

railways, &c., and military labor .. 

29. Terracing, streets, roads, places of wait¬ 

ing for cabs and carriages.. 

30. Sanitary provision—medical treatment 

by army physicians. 

31. Cashier’s office—a service at entrances. 


6,289,018 3,144,509 00 


951, 448 475, 724 00 

670, 000 335, 000 00 

742, 000 371, 000 00 

422, 600 211, 300 00 

20, 000 10, 000 00 

580, 000 290, 000 00 

141,000 72, 000 00 

75, 042 37, 521 00 

53, 477 26, 738 50 

34, 989 17, 494 50 

40,904 20,452 00 

64, 500 32, 250 00 

14, 979 7, 489 50 

8, 700 4, 350 00 


292,000 146,000 00 
340, 000 170, 000 00 


603, 400 301, 700 00 

15, 000 7, 500 00 

345, 000 172, 500 00 

40,000 20,000 00 

12, OCO 6, 000 00 

22,800 11,400 00 

147, 000 73, 500 00 

25,000 12,500 00 

36, 800 18, 400 00 

500,000 250,000 00 

369,479 184, 739 50 

748, 931 374, 465 50 

4,681 2, 340 50 

4,314 2,157 00 




























VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 307 


Florins. 

3U. Territorial indemnifications. 12,156 

33. Sundries... 69,366 

31*. General expenses of the central direc¬ 
tion ... 1,553,000 

35. Price, difference of bricks, including 

tax of consumption paid to the mu¬ 
nicipality when passing through the 
city gates. 95,000 

36. Reserve fund. 352, 416 


Dollars. 

6,078 00 
34,683 00 

776,500 00 


47, 500 00 
176,208 00 


Total 


15, 700, 000 7, 850, 000 00 


XVIII.—LIST OF BUILDINGS WITHIN THE INCLOSURE. 


[From the Official Plan of the General Direction of the Exhibition.—Official-Plan of 
the WorhPs Exhibition, Vienna, 1873, edition of the General Direction, translated 
from the German by W. H. Burr, C. E.] 


Main Exhibition—Buildings and Side Buildings, 


I. Industry-palace with the ro- XI. Postal telegraph and cus- 


tunda. 

II. Machinery-hall. 

III. Art gallery. 

IV. Pavilion for art. 

V. Exhibition of amateurs. 
YI. Western agricultural hall. 
YII. Eastern agricultural hall. 

VIII. Jury pavilion. 

IX. Emperor’s pavilion. 

X. Ofiices of the direction. 


toms. 

XII. Barracks. 

XIII. Building for the' exhibition 

of horses. 

XIV. Railway-station. 

XV. Guard-houses. 

XVI. Water-closets. 

XVII. Covered ways of communica¬ 
tion. 


The plan is divided into four zones. Each zone has its own number 
ing. 


First zone. 


1. American restaurant. 

IJ. American school-house. 

2. Beer-hall of the citizen brewery, Pilsen. 

3. Beer-hall of the Pilsen Joint-Stock Brewery. 

4. Hungarian wine-house, (Czarda.) 

5. American drinking-hall. 

6. Pavilion of the Xew Free Press. 

7. Swiss confectioners, by Possard, of Zurich. 

8. Pavilion of the musical box manufactory, by Heller, in Bern. 

9. Beer-hall of the brewery of Liesing, near Vienna. 

10. French restaurant. 

11. Pavilion of Prince Monaco. 

12. Pavilion of the Finsponk Domain. 

13. Swedish school-house. 

14. Swedish army exhibition. 

* This is the item of expense whieh occasioned so much severe criticism by the press 
of the country, and in regard to which the most spirited debates took place in the 
Austrian Parliament. Accompanying this report will be found the record of the final 
debate. 











308 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISxSlONERS. 


15. Swedish hunting' pavilion. 

16. Gothic mausoleum, by Wasserburger. 

17. Boiler-house for the water supply, Brothers Decker & Oo., of 

Canstatt. 

18. Kiosque of the Southern Railway. 

19. Kuhn’s portable house, (dwelling.) 

20. Pavilion of the First Austrian Savings Bank. 

21. Mr. Stark’s pavilion. 

22. Pavilion of the Little Child. 

23. Restauration of the Brothers Proven^aux, Paris. 

24. Reading-room, ') 

25. Restaurant, > of Katale Biffi, from Milan. 

26. Wine-house, ) 

27. “ Eisen hof,” hall for the exhibition of metal industry. 

28. Pavilion of the Austrian Healing Springs. 

29. Pavilion of tobacco and cigar specialties. 

30. Pavilion of the Perlmoser cement w are manufactory of J. Keumiil- 

ler, in NTussdorf. 

31. Russian restaurant, by Engel, in St. Petersburg. 

32. Wine honse of Steiermark, (Austrian province,) of the Steiermark 

Vineyard Company of Gratz. 

33. Russian dwelling-house. 

34. Exhibition of the Austrian Lloyd. 

35. Wigwam. Restaurant. 

36. Iron forcing-house, by R. Ph. Wagner. 

37. Palace of the Viceroy of Egypt. 

38. Little Japan—buildings and gardens. 

39. Dr. Hardt’s oriental circle. 

40. Turkish dwelling-house. 

41. Turkish bazaar. 

42. Turkish coffee-house. 

43. Persian dwelling-house. 

44. Exhibition of the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Marine. 

45. Light-house, by Sautter & Co., of Paris. 

46. House of the Photographic Association. 

47. Dairy of the Imperial and Royal Farming Company. 

48. Pavilion for the reception of the sick. 

49. Building court. 

50. Italian restaurant—iron house, by S. C. Hemming & Co., of Lon¬ 

don. 

51. Exhibition of the Imperial and Royal Horticultural Society. 

52. Pavilion of the iron furniture manufactory of Quittner & Herzog. 

53. Gardener’s dwelling. 

Second zone. 

1. Light-house. 

2. Fountain. Sultan Achmed II. 

3. Triumphal arch of Wienerberg brick manufactory. 

4. Russian peasants’ house. 

5. Pump-house. 

6. Iron church. 

7. Swedish dairy. 

8. Pavilion of the administration of the royal Hungarian woods 

and forests.” 

0. Pavilion of the Steiermark owners of woodlands. 

10. Saxon peasants’ house. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 309 


11. Szekler peasants’ house. 

12. Austrian school-house. 

13. Yorarlberg peasants’ house. 

14. Austrian gymnasium. 

15. Pavilion for glass-painting. 

16. Slovatian peasants’ house. 

17. Croatian peasants’ house. 

18. Koumanian peasants’ house. 

19. Gaydelian peasants’ house. ) jj, ,, • , , , i ^ , 

20. Gaydelian peasants’ house, j neighborhood of Presburg. 

Third zone. 

1. American restaurant. 

2. Vienna bakery, by Eoman Uhl. 

3. English workman’s dwelling-house. 

4. Pavilion for seed. 

5. Water tower for the high-water service. 

6. Iron house, by S. C. Hemming & Co,., London. 

7. Swedish restaurant. 

8. Norwegian ) ^ . i i -x- 

9. Swedish \ exhibition. 

10. Norwegian garden kiosque. 

11. German teaching pavilion. 

12. Germany’s pavilion of industry. 

13. German exhibition of mining industry. 

14. Tasting-room of the Dreher beer brewery. 

15. Pavilion of the Duke August of Coburg-Gotha. 

16. Pavilion of Prince Schwarzenberg. 

17. Pavilion Mauthner. 

18. Stable building, by R. Ph. Wagner. 

19. Curtis’ obelisk of cement. 

20. Little house of artificial stone, by Chailly. 

21. Yorderberg 1 

22. Innerberg exhibition of mining industry. 

23. Karntuer ) 

24. Pavilion of the joint-stock brewery of Silberegg. (Karntner.) 

25. Joint Stock Machine Building Company, formerly Danek & Co., 

Prague. 

26. Tar and asphalte, by J. Bosch. 

27. Building ornaments of zinc, by Vine. Wenzel. 

28. Steffen’s exhibition of machinery. 

29. Rothschild’s bridge-building. 

30. Rothschild’s machinery exhibit. 

31. Slate exhibit, by Jno. Liebieg. 

32. Wood-ware, by Schuberth. 

33. States Railroad pavilion. 

34. English restaurant, by Abel Moser and Posse. (Iron house.) 

35. Pavilion of the joint stock company for bridge and street building. 

36. Tyrolese house. (Wares of carved wood.) 

37. Additional exhibition : contributions to the History of Trades and 

Inventions, and pavilion for women’s work. 

38. Pavilion. 

39. Pavilion of the Imperial and Royal Private Austrian Danube Steam 

Navigation Co. 

40. Alsatian peasant-house. 

41. Exhibition of the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Agriculture. 


310 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


42. Wine-tasting hall of all lands. 

43. Sacher’s restaurant. 

44. Pavilion of the joint stock company for forest industry. 

45. Pavilion of the Archduke Albert. 

Fourth zone. 

1. Bakery by Heilfinger. 

2. Boiler-house. 

3. American boiler-house. 

4. English workman’s dwelling-house. 

5. English boiler-house. 

6. English workman’s dwelling-house. 

7. French boiler-house. 

8. English gas factory. 

9. Gas Company, limited. 

10. Belgian workman’s dwelling-house. 

11. Machinery workshop. 

12. Swiss boiler-house. 

13. Belgian boiler-house. 

14. Pavilion of the world’s trade. 

15. German boiler-house. 

16. Germany’s pavilion for brick-kilns and ice-machines. 

17. Austrian boiler-house. 

18. Pavilion of the Northern Kailway. 

19. Pavilion of the Northwest Railway. 

20. Boiler house for the water-supply. 

21* Pavilion Kinghofer. 

XIX.—LIST OF PAPERS, DRAWINGS, ILLUSTRATIONS, ETC., CONCERNING 
THE VIENNA EXHIBITION OF 1873, ACCOMPANYING THIS REPORT. 

Translations from the German, by Mr. W. H. Burr, C. E., of Baron 
Schwarz-Senborn’s lecture before the Engineers and Architects’ Associa¬ 
tion of Vienna. Notes concerning the great rotunda,” by inspector 
Heinrich Schmidt. ‘‘The building for the exhibition of 1873,” from the 
journal of the Engineers and Architects’ Association. 

^ A complete set of the official programmes of the exhibition. Special 
orders of tbe general direction. 

A complete set of the forms, blanks, drawings, &c., used by the Brit¬ 
ish commission in transacting business with exhibitors in their own 
department, and with the Austrian general direction. Presented by P. 
Ounliff Owen and A. I. K. Trended, of the royal British commission. 

A series of articles written by Mr. Geo. 0. V. Holmes, resident engi¬ 
neer of Mr. Scott Knssell, at Vienna, giving full detailed description, 
with accompanying drawings, of the construction of the exhibition build¬ 
ings. Published in London “Engineering” from January 3 to Mav 
16, 1873. 

Throughout both volumes xv and xvi of “Engineering” will be 
found very valuable contributions concerning the technical part of the 
exhibition. A complete work devoted to the same purpose will be issued 
by Messrs. Maw & Dredge, editors of “Engineering,” after the exhibi¬ 
tion closes. 

A set of 80 lithographic ivorMng-drmvings of the exhibition-buildings. 
Presented by Baron Schwarz-Senborn. 

A collection of 130 photographs, taken by the Vienna Photographic 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 311 


Association, showing the i)rogress of the work and final appearance of 
the exhibition. 

A collection of 33 specimens of the canvas or jute-printed decorations 
of the various buildings, being pieces of the actual decoration for the 
palace. 

A collection of 11 chromo-lithographs, showing the appearance of the 
city of Vienna during the continuance of the exhibition. 

Maps, catalogues, flags, &c. 

Also: 

Published works, lithographs, photographs, and illustrations with 
regard to the following: 

Munich exhibition, 1854. 

Sydenham palace, London. 

Alexandra palace, London. 

Art-treasurers’ exhibition, Manchester. 

Conservatory, Covent-Garden theater. 

Oxford music-hall, London, &c. 


XX. —A FEW PEACTIOAL COXSTDERATIOXS CONCERNING 

THE UNITED STATES CENTENNLVL BUILDINGS, PHILA¬ 
DELPHIA, 1876. 

We will not occupy time by restating the main points already decided 
by the committee on plans and architecture, but simply present, under 
as few heads as possible, some suggestions in regard to the most essen¬ 
tial matters for consideration at this stage of the centennial work, and 
in course of our remarks make frequent allusion to what has been al¬ 
ready done abroad in settling similar difficulties. 

XXI. —THE PREPARATION OF AMPLE ACCOMMODATION FOR ALL EXHIB¬ 

ITS THAT MAY BE ACCEPTED. 

As one of the great ends for which international exhibitions are held’ 
is to properly display the various objects contained in the buildings, it 
will at once be acknowledged, that in order to do so satisfactorily, it is 
of no small importance to have as much information as possible both as 
to the number and kind of the exhibits that must be provided for. In 
this respect no other international exhibition has ever been undertaken 
with so little information and precedent, from native sources, as the in¬ 
ternational at Philadelphia in 1876. 

Therefore, owing to this primary fact, that it is impossible to know 
positively, at this early stage of the w^ork, the exact kind of exhibits 
that will be sent, or the area in square feet each State or country may 
need, the buildings should be so designed as to meet further require¬ 
ments that may arise during the progress of the work. The importance 
of this w^as fully appreciated in designing the buildings at Vienna. 

When the original sketches for the industrial palace were first pre¬ 
sented for criticism, it was distinctly stated that the expansion or adap¬ 
tation of the building to future requirements could be accomplished in 
two ways, either by extending the transepts in length, or by a judicious 
use of the intermediate courts. The first supposition proved fallacious, 
and w^e think fortunately so for the appearance of the edifice. IVIr. Hase- 
nauer, the chief architect, being a man of both taste and tact, saw 
instantly that if the transepts were extended to various lengths, the 



312 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


result would be utterly ruinous to the general architectural effect of the 
whole design, and he prevented the possibility of any such action being 
taken, by putting permanent ornamental facades, iu keeping with the 
central feature of the building, at the extremity of each transept. With 
regard to the courts, however, the case w-as different. These courts 
were intended not only for the display of those exhibits from the coun¬ 
try in the adjoining transepts which could be shown in the open air, but 
also to afford opportunity to gain area under roof if required, and expe¬ 
rience has proven that such area urns required in almost every instance. 

For our own guidance we have no precedent by which we can judge 
so long previous to the opening of our exhibition as to how much space 
each State and foreign nation will need. It is altogether a matter of 
individual judgment. Although we do know, for instance, how much 
per cent, of the whole area of the Paris building, or the Vienna building, 
was occupied by the United States, yet it does not at all follow that 
either France or Austria will require the same percentage of space in 
our industrial palace. The Philadelphia buildings should undoubtedly 
be adapted to the proper display of all offered exhibits that are found 
to be proper and suitable for admission, the more instructive and novel 
the better; but so long as neither their kind or number can be posi¬ 
tively known, the building should be capable of adaptation to the great 
demands that will undoubtedly be made as the work progresses. It has 
frequently occurred at previous exhibitions that some of the most inter¬ 
esting articles have been offered for exhibition during the last six months 
previous to the grand opening. We would refer to the list of the various 
building and annexes forming the Vienna 1873 exhibition, which accom¬ 
panies this paper. Even a rapid glance at this list will convince any 
one of the immense variety and large size of the exhibits represented. 
By comparing this list and the final official plan of the exhibition and 
grounds, with the early drawings of the direction, it will at once be 
recognized how^ the demand for space, both in the building and on the 
grounds, increased, as the work advanced, far beyond the most sanguine 
expectations of the officials in charge. In one of our reports from Vienna, 
we wrote as follows, w hich corroborates the above: ‘‘ When the build¬ 
ings were first located it was considered by the general dii'ection that 
ample space had been left on the intervening grounds for all extra build¬ 
ings, but experience has shown that it would have been far better to 
have made greater allowance. The demand for building-sites has been 
continually on the increase as the 1st of May, 1873, approached, and 
consequently the authorities have been at a loss to know where to pro¬ 
vide sites for the numerous buildings that different nations and private 
parties are desirous of erecting. The piece of ground between the indus¬ 
trial palace and machinery-hall, originally intended for walks and foun¬ 
tains, is now so densely built up that it resembles a Swiss settlement, 
with the houses arranged to face the main building. 

“ In order to obtain si)ace, it has also been necessary to roof in all the 
open courts on the side of the industrial palace next the machinery-hall, 
and we notice that, lately, some of the front courts are treated in the 
same manner,” 

XXTI.—ADAPTABILITY TO THE SITE IN FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

It has been very gratifying to Americans connected with the Centen¬ 
nial commission to observe the universal acknowledgment by all Euro- 
l)ean engineers and architects who have examined the topographical 
map prepared by the park commissioners, of the adaptability of the site 
chosen, to the purposes of an exhibition. The capabilities of the ]iai k 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 313 

being once appreciated, it only remains for the commission to make the 
most of tbe site for the exhibition. Fortunately there is no reason why,, 
when locating the various buildings, boulevards, terraces, fountains, &c., 
such work should not be done as will meet the requirements of the occa¬ 
sion, and at the same time permanently improve the park. 

In this respect we would first call attention to the location of the 
memorial hall, as, when that point is once settled definitely, other sec¬ 
ondary considerations will be found to adjust themselves. It will be 
remembered that the tract of ground chosen by the commissioners, and 
niarked A on the park map, slightly rises from all directions toward 
its center. This necessitates locating the memorial hall so that when it 
is left as an isolated building it may stand well upon the ground, the 
higher up the better, as is the case at Sydenham or Alexandra palaces, 
near London. This unevenness of the ground also seriously affects the 
choice of a i)lan for the industrial palace, because on no consideration 
should the form of the temporary building be such as to force the per¬ 
manent memorial building out of its rightful position, viz, the best site 
on the ground. Future generations, it is to be hoped, will visit our 
memorial hall long after the temporary portion has been removed, and 
we owe it to them, if not to ourselves, to leave the j)ermanent part of 
our centennial work as well located as possible. 

The large illustrations accompanying this paper show clearly the 
superb appearance of Sydenham and Alexandra palaces, in consequence 
of their being admirably located at the highest portion of the ground. 
The treatment of the site at Sydenham, in particular, shows great fore¬ 
thought and skill on the i^art of the management in availing themselves 
of the natural advantages of the ground. With regard to a site for our 
own buildings, we would respectfully make the following suggestions: 

Standing at the highest point of the site marked A on the park map, 
which tract has been definitely decided upon for the industrial palace, 
the conviction has forced itself upon us that there are four different di¬ 
rections, exactly opposite and at right-angles to each other, toward each 
of which some imposing part of our palace should face, viz: toward 
Elm avenue, toward the long view up the Schuylkill, toward George’s 
Hill, and toward the art-gallery. 

A view of the exterior of our industrial palace from any one of the 
above four directions should be an impressive one, because it will be 
proper, from the very necessities of the case, to provide the largest por¬ 
tals for the general admission of the public on those four sides, and the 
question of approach must be thought of. The Paris building, 1867, 
made but little pretension in this respect. Vienna, 1873, has an impos¬ 
ing approach toward the main entrance only. Sydenham, 1851, has the 
most imposing of all, when entered from the terrace. Philadelphia, 
1876, has an opportunity to accomplish more than either. 

Whether or not our palace shall produce a favorable and impressive 
effect upon the visitor as he approaches it from a distance, deserves the 
most careful consideration. It seems to us that it should undoubtedly 
influence the final selection of a plan, for, if we must spend immense 
sums of money, let us have a building which is capable of appearing to 
advantage when seen from all directions. 

We have an immense amount to learn from our European friends in 
regard to the location of our public buildings, and we would most ear¬ 
nestly impress upon the commission the importance'of the proper placing 
of our industrial palace on the ground. The adoption of any plan that 
would necessitate a bad location for the memorial hall would be a blun¬ 
der fnr worse thaTi a crime. 


314 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


ExteDcliug our remarks from xhe industrial palace proper to the gen¬ 
eral treatment of the whole of that portion of the park which has been 
donated to centennial purposes, we would suggest the following as the 
governing features in the arrangement of the exhibition: 

The industrial palace being linally decided upon, both as to general 
plan and location, connect it with George’s Hill by means of a wide 
boulevard, 100 feet in the clear for vehicles, and 50 feet on each side 
for pedestrians and equestrians. This boulevard to have, at the very 
least, three rows of trees on each side, and to be capable of brilliant il¬ 
lumination at night by several rows of gas-lamps on each side, with 
intervals between the lamps of not more than 40 feet. The Champs 
Ely sees at Paris to serve as the model for the details of construction; 
and the system of watering as applied to the main drive along the cliff 
at Brighton, in England, to be introduced. The idea for the treatment 
of George’s Hill, viz, to locate on the plateau above a permanent build¬ 
ing of artistic merit, affording a pleasant resting-place and point of sight 
for seeing the whole exhibition below, and to form a series of terraces, 
fountains, &c., leading down to the boulevard, was first suggested to us 
as far back as last winter by Mr. IT. J. Schwartzman, landscape archi¬ 
tect of the Eairmount Park commission, who at that early time had 
partially developed a design for the treatment of that portion of the 
grounds. Mr. Schwartzman’s idea, if carried out, will be undoubtedly 
just the right thing in the right place, and it can be accomplished at a 
comparatively small cost, compared with the great results to be attained. 
The building and terraces would not only be beautiful in themselves, 
but afford a prominent point of universal interest at the opposite end of 
the exhibition grounds from the industrial palace. The boulevard 
would become the general thoroughfare inside the exhibition grounds, 
and present an appearance as gay as the Haupt Allee at Vienna. If at 
the same time the machinery department should be located on the tract 
south of the boulevard, and the various out-door exhibits of private en¬ 
terprise arranged so as to bring those which are most attractive into 
prominent positions along the north side, and on the slope of the hill 
toward the reservoir the view from George’s Hill would rival that of 
the Champs de Mars, in 1867, from the Trocadero. 

The horticultural department, if located on Lansdowne Terrace, could 
be counected with the main boulevard by an avenue, wiiich should lead 
down on the same center-line as the horticultural buildings themselves, 
which avenue would intersect the boulevard at a point about the'center 
of its length. This intersection could be improved as at the Bound 
Point ” in the Champs Elysees. The Belmont avenue could be retained, 
with increased width, for street-cars, vehicles, equestrians, and pedes¬ 
trians. 

The above-mentioned points furnish but an outline of one system of 
arrangement, bnt quite sutficient for present purposes, to prove that the 
site is capable of such treatment as would give us man}" good points not 
found at any previous exhibition. 

If some such general features are adopted soo?i, the result will be that 
a clear, well-defined intention will be stamped upon the work at its very 
start, and system will be evident throughout. Each part of the exhibi¬ 
tion will not only appear well in itself, but be recognized as forming part 
of one grand design. 

Such action will also inspire confidence in the public as to the success 
of the centerinial movement much quicker than any other means, by 
giving the public a clear and satisfactory idea, illustrated by pictures 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 315 


distributed tbrougiiout the country, that their money is being silent in 
producing grand results, creditable to the country in" 1876. 

We have spoken incidentally of the machinery-hall as being located 
on the south side of the main boulevard, viz, between it and Elm Ave¬ 
nue. The circumstances are such that the most direct railroad connec¬ 
tion can be obtained upon that side, and as the area is ample for our 
purpose, it seems evident that the machinery-hall should be so placed. 
The location for the agricultural machinery halls can only be judiciously 
decided upon when more is known as to how extensive they must be, 
and what interior arrangements may be required; whether, for in¬ 
stance, they shall contain implements and machines standing quietly in 
position, as usual in European exhibitions, or in motion, as has been 
done at the Cincinnati industrial exhibitions, of which Mr. A. T. Gos- 
horu, director-general of the United States centennial exhibition, has 
been president. The same remark is also true with regard to all build¬ 
ings required in connection with cattle-shows, trials of speed of horses, 
trials of agricultural machines, warehousing of boxes, &c. The reports 
and drawings accompanying this paper, show how each of these depart¬ 
ments was provided for at Vienna. 

XXIII.—THE APPIilCATION OF THE DUAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION, 

AND PLANS OF EXHIBITIONS. 

The following points with regard to the application of the dual system 
of systematic and geographic classification have been suggested to us 
in various conversations with parties who have had experience in pre¬ 
vious exliibitions. The dual system can be applied to any covered area, 
w'hich has a proper width in proportion to its length, whether it be rec¬ 
tangular, circular, segmental or elliptical in plan, and in each case either 
system can run either way; but there will be found no one plan which 
is so complete that serious objections cannot be urged against it. We 
do not propose in this paper to discuss the relative merits of any of the 
various arrangements that have been proposed, but simply to call atten¬ 
tion to some of the difficulties to be overcome in any building having 
curved corridors or a ground-plan more or less retangular in form. The 
commission can best decide which shows the greatest capability for 
adaptation to our wmnts. 

We quote the following passage from Baron Schwarz-Senborn’s lec¬ 
ture before the Engineers and Architects’ Association of Vienna. He 
said : “ You will remember that the monotony of the building of Paris, 
1867, was perfectly awful. It resembled a gigantic gasometer, and 
made but very poor impression on the mind ; certainly no such impres¬ 
sion as was created by the exhibition building of 1851, in London.” 

Again, the curved galleries used at Paris, in 1867, produced consider¬ 
able inconvenience in carrying out the dual classification, in consequence 
of the radial segments being smaller at one end than at the other. 

It is not a satisfactory answer to this last remark to state that in cases 
w'here the exhibit was very large, it was extended into the neighboring 
segment, because, as soon as that variation is considered admissible, the 
clearness of the system is lost, and the wdiole arrangement becomes 
confused and “ unphilosophical.” 

Again, curved corridors often occasion extra expense in the construc¬ 
tion, and what is of much importance for our consideration, they will 
be found much more difficult to be disposed of by sale, after the exhi¬ 
bition closes, than if not curved. 

xVlso, in the opinion of many, the interior effect from a curved gallery 


316 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


or corridor, j)rolotige(3 to a great length, is so confusing that the public 
often become uncertain as to which part of the curve they may be in at 
the time, and locomotion through the building then becomes very un¬ 
satisfactory. We have had this remark corroborated by many diHerent 
parties who experienced annoyance in Paris, in 1867. The latter diffi¬ 
culty can be entirely overcome, however, by the introduction of naves 
or straight galleries intersecting the curved galleries, in which case the 
naves serve as points of reference when moving about in the building. 
This idea was much favored by Baron Von Weber, the eminent Saxon 
engineer, who has represented his country at very many of the leading 
exhibitions in Europe. Baron Von Weber suggested, for our purpose, 
an adaptation of the Paris building of 1867, which could be made by 
separating that structure along the center of its shorter axis, and in¬ 
serting between the two halves a lofty nave; the ends of the naves to 
be treated architecturally, and the center part of it, or the whole if 
desirable, to be designed to form the permanent memorial hall. This 
idea he thought could be developed so as to include most of the advan¬ 
tages to be found in previous exhibition-buildings. 

There is, however, one class of curved buildings which does a way with 
the defects incident to curved galleries and corridors, viz, those which, 
like the Vienna rotunda, are constructed so as to bring the whole exhi¬ 
bition under one immense roof. The greatest living advocate for such 
constructions is Mr. JScott Russel, who prepared the original design for 
the Vienna rotunda. Mr. Russel described to us, as perfectly feasible, 
the construction of an industrial palace for our exhibition, which should 
allow all the exhibits to be placed under a single roof, of one thousand 
(1,000) feet span if necessary; which roof should be an example of Mr. 
RussePs system of conical-roof construction. For a graphic account ot 
this method of construction, which was proposed by Mr. Russel for the 
erection of the rotunda, at Vienna, but not adopted by the Austrian 
authorities, we would refer to an article written by Mr. G. 0. V. Holmes, 
Mr. RussePs resident engineer at Vienna, which was published in the 
London Engineering for March 14, 1873. By keeping this idea of one 
immense conical roofed building in view, and referring back to the sug¬ 
gestions given in our report from Vienna of April 28,1873, you will have 
the key to the motive which originated Mr. RussePs remarks in his con¬ 
versation concerning our palace. Whether or not such a building 
would be desirable for our purpose, the commission can best decide. 

Buildings more or less rectangular in plan do not, as a general thing, 
concentrate all tbe exhibits around one central forum or meeting-place, 
nearly as effectually as a building having curves, and the imi)ortance 
of providing some such central meeting-place, be it a rotunda, dotne, or 
nave, with the buildings properly arranged in connection with it, is very 
great. 

^‘After all, the most interesting study to liuman beings is human 
beings themselves,” and that exhibition-building which affords the most 
satisfactory opportunity for people to see each other and appear to each 
other to the best advantage, will be in a fair way to great popularity 
from that single fact alone. A good opportunity to study human nature 
in this respect can be seen at the crystal palace at Sydenham, where, 
although there are so many objects of artistic merit throughout the 
building, yet the crowd seem to care but little for such exhibits, and at¬ 
tend much more frequently “ to spend a happy day,” than to examine 
critically what is around them. All exhibitions are attended, more or 
less, for this same reason, and the popularity of such undertakings very 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OP HENRY PETTIT. 317 


much depends upon having a building so constructed that people can 
be entertained when en masse. 

Indirectly connected with this subject there is this thought also for 
consideration. A large item of expense, probably much more than wilt 
be realized at first, can be avoided by making the memorial-hall so much 
of the integral part of the ground-plan of the whole industrial palace 
that it can be utilized by placing some portion of each department, or 
each country, in it. 8o many acres of temporary buildings can be thus 
saved. If the memorial-hall does not form an integral part of the ground- 
plan, it will be extremely difficult to use it in connection with the dual 
system of classification. 

At Vienna the permanent portion of the industrial palace, viz, the 
rotunda and square galleries, including the four largest courts, did 
form an integral part of the general plan of the building. Also, at 
Paris, in 1855, the permanent industrial palace was used for the dis¬ 
play of the various departments. 

We would most respectfully suggest a very thorough consideration 
of this point in all its bearings, particularly as there is a very decided 
0 [)inion expressed by many in favor of making our memorial building 
so entirely separate and distinct as not to be utilized in furnishing 
available area for the application of the dual classification. Such 
would undoubtedly be a most expensive plan to carry out, and it is very 
questionable whether we could succeed between now and 187G in execu¬ 
ting ill a creditable manner so ambitious an undertaking. 

XXVI.—FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS WITH REFERENCE TO THE MATE¬ 
RIALS AND SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE BUILDINGS. 

We shall obtain a clearer idea of what we can accomplish in this re¬ 
spect by first finding out what materials we have at our disiiosal; and, 
secondly, by noting some general lessons to be learned from the con¬ 
struction of other exhibition buildings. 

It will be acknowledged by any one gifted with common sense, that 
we can build the cheapest, quickest, and best with the materials we are 
in the habit of using; and those materials are brick, colored stones 
terra cotta and tiles of various forms and colors. The list is along one, 
and speaks volumes as to the resources of the country in building ma- 
aud marble, iron, slate, glass, and wood—the item bricks including 
terials. 

Perhaps it is not too much to say that in our exhibition buildings we 
can use, in a greater or less degree, any or all of the above materials, 
and still keep within the limits of our moderately skilled labor, and 
command a good class of work. 

Just in this connection we will enumerate some of the principal 
materials used for previous exhibition buildings: London, 1851, was 
built principally of iron and glass, with wooden floors. The Munich, 
1854, and Sydenham Palaces stand to-day with the same construction. 
London, 1802, and the Alexandra Palaces have exterior walls of brick¬ 
work and cast-iron columns for the interior supports, both wood and 
iron being used in the roof. Paris, 1867, had also brick walls and 
wooden floors, with iron nsed extensively, but in a way that was radi¬ 
cally different from that in London in 1851. 

The following extract from Baron Schwarz-Senborn’s lecture explains 
itself. When speaking with regard to the Paris building of 1867 being 
salable after the exhibition closed, he remarks: 

The government of Wiirtembiirg was desirous of purchasing one part of the bniltl- 
ing and putting it up again in Stuttgart, so as to use it for a trades school-house. Mr. 


318 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


President von Steinbeis went on to Paris, accompanied by two other engineers, but 
Avhen he arrived there he was forced to declare his opinion that it was impossible to 
carry out the idea, because it would cost more to break up the old building than it 
Avould to erect a new one in Stuttgart. The reason of this was that the whole struc¬ 
ture was rivetted together, and all the old rivets would have had to have been taken 
out. On this account the commission of the exposition sold off the old building 
merely as old iron. It was broken up into proper lengths and sold at 13 centimes the 
kilogram, realizing for the whole only 1,200,000 francs; by which transaction the 
contractors for the demolition made only from sixteen to eighteen thousand francs, 
their expenses being very heavy on account of the high rate of wages. 

With regard to the various materials used in the Vienna buildings, 
we would refer to our first report, and remark here that rough brick 
walls with plaster finish, iron-lattice posts and roof-trusses, with 
wooden and zinc covering, predominated. 

The illustrations accompanying this paper show what effect was ob¬ 
tained in each case. There is one lithograph, however, of the interior 
of the Brighton Aquarium, which is intensely suggestive to us as to 
what we can accomplish by a most effectiV'C use of very old means. 
This lithograph shows the great effect that may be obtained by the 
proper introduction of colored and glazed bricks, in connection with 
terra cotta and tiles. This Brighton Aquarium furnishes a suggestive 
example of a style of work in w^hich we ought to excel, and w hich is 
extremely effective when properly introduced. An example of such 
brick-work is to be seen on the north side of the new Academy of Fine 
Arts, Philadelphia, by Messrs. Forness & Hewitt, architects, and sev¬ 
eral admirable specimens have been executed at Central Park, New 
York. There are many Americans to w horn the brilliant colors that are 
to be found upon the terra-cotta or brick construction of some of the 
oldest Italian cities would be a new revelation if reproduced in our 
centennial buildings. Fortunately it is quite within our ability to pro¬ 
duce with moderately skilled labor, and at a reasonable cost, a similar 
effect. 

With regard to the use of our plain red bricks, the question may as 
well be stated plainly and without affectation. It will be much better 
to leave brick entirely out of consideration, w^hen working up the de¬ 
sign for our buildings, if in using them we shall be compelled to repro¬ 
duce the intensely monotonous and unbearably stupid w^ork that is to 
be seen around ns already. As, however, the facts of the case are 
these, viz, that w’e can build quicker and cheaper in brick than in any 
other manner, and it is unreasonable to expect that such an immense 
construction as our industrial palace shall not be partly made of bricks ; 
it remains for us to use them in the most effective manner possible. Tak¬ 
ing all into consideration, it is fortunate we have such materials and labor 
equal to the emergency. It would be found, for instance, a physical im¬ 
possibility to reproduce the superb designs, with bas reliefs in stucco 
and plaster, that form the exterior decoration of the Vienna building. 
The skilled labor which has been especially educated to that business 
for 3 'ears w^e could not command, to say nothing of the difficulty of ob¬ 
taining sand of the peculiar quality used in the VHenna plastering, 
Avhich is found in such abundance near that city. Also with regard to 
the immense amount of riveted iron-work used in the construction of 
both the Paris, 1807, and Vienna, 1873, buildings, we may just as well 
consider such construction as beyond our reach, both on account of the 
time required to execute it, and the great cost of such work in this 
country. 

In the many points to be observed in the construction of previous ex¬ 
hibition buildings, there are none more important for bur consideration. 


VIENNA EXPOSITION-REPORT OF HENRY PETTIT. 


319 


tliau those referred to by Baron Scbwarz-Senborn in his remarks to the 
engineers and architects of Vienna. We therefore quote again from 
that valuable paper. Speaking of the' London, 1851, exhibition the 
Baron says: 

I will not call your attention now to all the inconveniences and deficiencies which 
were found to exist in that building. Oue of the greatest, however, not only here, but 
also in all later exhibitions, was the leaking in of rain through the roof, whereby a 
great number of the objects on exhibition were damaged. This was a defect which 
occurred in a far greater degree in the year 1867 in Paris. Another objection was tho 
galleries, which are always a source of trouble in an exhibition building. They 
caused much trouble and annoyance, both by the dust which they were the means of 
raising throughout the building, and by difficulty of access and installation. In ad¬ 
dition to that, it became very evident that the number of people who visited the gal¬ 
leries, compared with those who circulated in the lower part, was an exceedingly small 
one indeed. 

Another very perceptible inconvenience was the insufficiency of doors, which was 
the cause of much confusion, especially during the fourteen days previous to the open¬ 
ing of the exhibition, when the greatest shipments of goods arrived at the doors of the 
exhibition at one time. 

I have seen in London, in the years 1851 and 1862, and in Paris, in 1855 and 1867, 
the time during the last few days before the openings, when there have been such 
quantities of wagons and railway carriages standing outside of the doors of the exhi¬ 
bition that they have been kept waiting from six to eight days and nights because 
they could not be unloaded, there being no sufficient space for the purpose. On 
account of the two few entrances, the empty boxes could not be got away quick 
enough. 

Another objection lay in the grouping of the countries. The exhibition building 
was so divided that one-half of the space was given to the home country, England or 
France, and the other half to foreign countries. The consequence of that arrangement 
was that the goods of one nation were dragged through the space of another, boxes 
often went astray and had to be looked for through all kinds of foreign departments. 

The want of sufficient light, or rather, I should say, the unequal distribution of the 
light, was another drawback. Many portions of the buildings had too much light, 
while others were quite in the shade. This circumstance gave rise to a great many 
complaints. 

We regret, however, to have to add to this extract from the Baron’s 
lecture that all the above difficulties were not avoided at Vienna. For 
instance, the leak of rain through the roof was not prevented. On one 
occasion, after a storm, we ourselves counted seventy-eight separate 
leaks through the plate-iron roof of the rotunda; the canvas lining, 
however, protected the articles below. We have learned also since 
leaving Vienna that during the prevalence of some heavy storms many 
of the courts and galleries were found very imperfect in keeping out 
the rough weather. With regard to the provision of numerous doors, 
however, for entrance and exit, the Vienna Industrial Palace undoubt¬ 
edly does show a great improvement upon any previous exhibition 
building, and the omission of useless galleries prevented annoyance and 
trouble. 

With regard to that portion of the industrial palace which is to be 
temporary, there is also this consideration to be remembered: temporary 
and cheap are not synonymous terms when applied to exhibition build¬ 
ings, for this reason: When designing with such a purpose in view, the 
tirst consideration must be to provide proper protection for the articles 
exhibited, and it must be remembered that some articles require more 
careful protection than others. A case in point could be easily imagined 
where one exhibit would require a more costly building to properly pro¬ 
tect it for one month than another would for a whole year. At Vienna 
this was so fully appreciated that the temporary parts of the palace 
were almost as costly as the permanent portions, the chief difference 
being made in manner of providing foundations. 

If the superstructure of our temporary buildings is made so cheaply 


320 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS 


as not to alford satisfactory protection against fire and weather, the 
very object for which they are intended will be defeated. Exhibitors 
will not trust their goods where the risk is very great. 

The importance of proper railway communications, which shall bring 
building-material and exhibits, and afterward transfer visitors from the 
city to the grounds, has already been referred to in our report. The 
most satisfactory example of the rapid and convenient transfer of 
people to and from an exhibition building is undoubtedly to be found 
at Sydenham, near London. An entirely satisfactory arrangement for 
the carrying and distribution of freight has yet to be devised. 

The experiences at Paris, 1867, and Vienna, 1873, also impress one 
with the conviction that it seriously affects the gross receipts of an 
exhibition not to have the work upon the buildings and grounds com¬ 
pleted at the time of the opening ceremonies. Buddings partly full of 
scaffolding, showing unfinished plastering, unpacked boxes, and lack of 
arrangement in all directions, make it impossible that the inauguration 
should pass off with eolat^ and the good results from a popular success 
be assured from the commencement. A poor opening in the presence 
of so very many of the great from all parts of the world, who are inva¬ 
riably present on such occasions, and invariably expect a creditable 
display, is not unlike a faux j^as at the very start. 

HENRY PETTIT, 

Special Agent United States Centennial Commission, 


APPENDIX E. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 


ACTION OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF THE NATIONAL 

GOVERNMENT. 


By the President of the United States of America. 

A PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas by the act of Congress approved March third, eighteen 
hundred and seventy-one, providing for a national celebration of the one 
hundredth anniversary of the Independence of the United States, by 
the holding of an International Exhibition of arts, manufactures, and 
products of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 
eighteen hundred and seventy-six, it is provided as follows : 

‘‘ That whenever the President shall be informed by the governor of 
the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection 
of suitable buildings for the ))uri)ose, and for the exclusive control by 
the commission herein provided for of the proposed exhibition, the 
President shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of 
the same, setting forth the time at which the exhibition will open, and 
the place at w^hich it will be held; and he shall communicate to the 
diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, together 
with such regulations as may be adopted by the commissioners, for pub- 
. lication in their respective countries 

And wdiereas his excellency the governor of the State of Pennsylva¬ 
nia did, on the twenty-fourth day of June, eighteen hundred and seventy- 
three, inform me that provision has been made for the erection of said 
buildings and for the exclusive control by the commission provided for 
in the said act of the proposed exhibition ; 

And whereas the president of the United States Centennial Commis¬ 
sion has officially informed me of the dates fixed for the opening and 
closing of the said exhibition, and the place at which it is to be held: 

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, Ulysses S. Grant, President of the 
United States, in conformity with the provisions of the act of Congress 
aforesaid, do hereby declare and proclaim that there will be held, at the 
city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, an International Ex¬ 
hibition of arts, manufactures, and products of the soil and mine, to be 
opened on the nineteenth day of April, anno Domini eighteen hundred 
and seventv-six, and to be closed on the nineteenth day of October, in 
the same year. 

And in the interest of peace, civilization, and domestic and international 
friendship and intercourse, I commend the celebration and exhibition to 
the people of the United States ; and, in behalf of this Government and 
people, I cordially commend them to all nations who may be pleased to 
take part therein. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington, this third day of July, one thousand 

S. Ex. 30-21 





322 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


eight hundred and seventy-three, and of the Independence of the United 
States the ninety-seventh. 

[L. s.] u. S. GRxANT. 

By the President: 

Hamilton Fish, 

Secretary of State. 

REMARKS ON BEHALF OF PRESIDENT GRANT, MADE BY 

THE HON. GEORGE M. ROBESON, 

July 4, 1873, at Philadelphia, when the grounds selected for the exhibi¬ 
tion-site in Fairniount Park were transferred and dedicated, and the 
proclamation was made public, the President having been prevented 
from attending in person by being called to the death-bed of his father. 

‘^Mr. President and Gentlemen : In making this proclamation the 
President desires to express his deep personal interest in the object of your 
great enterprise., his sympathy ivith your patriotic endeavors, his apprecia¬ 
tion of the fitness of the place and the occasion designated, his earnest de¬ 
sire that ‘‘ all nations ’’ will tahe part in this exhibition of human industry 
and shill on the great memorial occasion of a people tvhose energies are 
drawn from every land, and his hope and confidence that in its spirit and 
its success the “ exhibition and celebration ” unit remain a lasting illustra¬ 
tion of peace and civilization., of domestic and international friendship and 
intercourse, and of the vitality of those great principles ivhich lie at the 
foundation of human progress, and upon tvhich depend our national 
strength, development, and safety. With this e.vpression, the great exhiln- 
tion is commended to the patriotism of our ivhole people and the co-operation 
of the world.’’^ 

The above proclamation was sent to foreign governments with the 
following note: 

Form of note sent by Secretary of State to foreign ministers accredited to the 

United States. 

Department of State, Washington, July 5, 1813. 

Sir : I have the honor to inclose, for the information of the govern¬ 
ment of-, a copy of the President’s proclamation, announcing 

the time and place of holding an International Exhibition of arts, manu¬ 
factures, and products of the soil and mine, proposed to be held in the 
year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

The exhibition is designed to commemorate the Declaration of the 
Independence of the United States, on the one hundredth anniversary 
of that interesting and historic national event, and at the same time 
to present a fitting opportunity for such display of the results of art and 
industry of all nations as will serve to illustrate the great advances 
attained, and the successes achieved, in the interest of progress and 
civilization, during the century which will have then closed. 

In the law providing for the holding of the exhibition. Congress 
directed that copies of the proclamation of the President, setting forth 
the time of its opening and the place at which it was to be held, to¬ 
gether with such regulations as might be adopted by the commissioners 
of the exhibition, should be communicated to the diplomatic representa¬ 
tives of all nations. Copies of those regulations are herewith trans¬ 
mitted. 

The President indulges the hope that the government of-will 

be pleased to notice the subject, and may deem it iiroper to bring the 




MISCELLANEOUS. 


323 

exhibition and its objects to the attention of the people of that country, 
and thus encourage their co-operation in the proposed celebration. And 
he further hopes that the opportunity afforded by the exhibition for the 
interchange of national sentiment and friendly intercourse between the 
people of both nations may result in new and still greater advantages to 
science and industry, and at the same time serve to strengthen the 
bonds of peace and friendship which already happily subsist between 
the government and people of-and those of the United States. 

I have the honor to be, sir, with the highest consideration, vour 
obedient servant. 


A similar communication ivas addressed to the ministers of the United 
States accredited to foreign governments. 


GENERAL REGULATIONS. 

First. The International Exhibition of 187G will be held in Fairmount 
Park, ill the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and 
seventy-six. 

Second. The date of opening of the exhibition will be April 19, 1876, 
and of closing will be October 19, 1876. 

Third. A cordial invitation is hereby extended to every nation of the 
earth to be represented by its arts, industries, progress, and develop¬ 
ment. 

Fourth. A formal acceptance of this invitation is requested previous 
to March 4, 1874.* 

Fifth. Each nation accepting this invitation is requested to appoint a 
commission, through which all matters pertaining to its own interests 
shall be conducted. For the purpose of convenient intercourse and sat¬ 
isfactory supervision, it is especially desired that one member of each 
such commission be designated to reside at Philadelphia until the close 
of the exposition. 

Sixth. The privileges of exhibitors can be granted onlj- to citizens of 
countries whose governments have formally accepted the invitation to 
be represented, and have appointed the aforementioned commission, 
and all commnnications must be made through the governmental com¬ 
missions. 

Seventh. Applications for space within the exi)osition buildings, or 
in the adjacent buildings and grounds under the control of the Centen¬ 
nial Commission, must be made^ previous to March 4, 1875. 

Eighth. Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be furnished 
to the commissioners of the different nations which shall accept the invi¬ 
tation to participate. 

Ninth. All articles intended for exhibition, in order to secure proper 
position and classification, must be in Philadelphia on or before Jan¬ 
uary 1,1876.* 

Tenth. Acts of Congress pertaining to custom-house regulations, 
duties, &c., together with all special regulations adopted by the Cen¬ 
tennial Commission in reference to transportation, allotment of space, 
classification, motive-power, insurance, police rules, and other matters 
necessary to the proper display and preservation of materials, will be 
promptly communicated to the accredited representatives of the several 
governments co-operating in the exposition. 

Philadelphia, November., 1873. 

*See General Eegulations for Foreign Exhibitors, p. 22, in which these regulations 
are modified. 







324 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


The above regulations were adopted by the United States Centennial 
Commission by virtue of authority conferred by the acts of Congress 
approved March 3, 1871, and June 1, 1872. 

The above regulations were sent officially to foreign governments with the 
same note ivhich communicated the Freside7iVs proclamation. 

A.—For President’s executive order providing for a collective exhibition by the Ex¬ 
ecutive Departments and the order for the appointment of the board of management 
for the jiurpose, see pages .“168 and 301). 


ACCEPTANCE OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. 


Extract from Prince BismarcPs instruction to the German envoy at Wash- 

ingto7i. 


* 




* 




* 






I request you respectfully to communicate to the Secretary of State, 
Mr. Fish, that the German Empire accepts with sincerest thanks the 
invitation of the Government of the United States of America to take 
part in the above-mentioned exhibition. The appointment of a special 
commission for the exhibition, as also a plenipotentiary residing in 
Philadelphia, will therefore be made in time. 

I reserve a special communication in this matter, and beg to be fur¬ 
nished with the rules, proposed under No. 10 of the general regulations, 
as soon as the same shall have been published. 

The chancellor of the Empire, 


BISMARCK. 


ACCEPTANCE BY THE NETHERLANDS. 

Mr. de Westenherg^ the ^ninister of the Netherlands^ to Mr. Fish. 

« 

I have the honor to inform your excellency that the government of 
the Netherlands has received this international invitation with lively 
satisfaction, and intends to take part in the said exposition by contrib¬ 
uting productions of the arts and indus*try of the Netherlands." 

To this effect a commission will be appointed in the Netherlands, and 
also a committee to direct and furnish information to exhibitors. 

As soon as it shall be in my power, I shall hasten to communicate to 
your excellency the names and quality of the perk)ns who are to consti¬ 
tute this committee. 

******* 

WESTENBERG. 

Legation of the Netherlands. 


Belgium, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, IMexico, Ecuador, Hayti, 
and the Sandwich Islands have also accepted, and the resident com¬ 
missioner for Ecuador has presented his credentials at Philadelphia, and 
considerable appropriations have been already made by some of these 
governments to enable their Commissions to go on with the work. 





MISCELLANEOUS. 325 

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND WANTS OF THE INTERNA¬ 
TIONAL EXHIBITION OF 187G. 

Tlie Liiitcd St<it6s C6ut6Diiici] Coinniission cIikI the Bdard of FiricincG 
were duly orgauized, and have presented to the people full information 
ot the purposes and scope of the exhibition and celebration by every 
means at their command. 

Through the press and through the mails, addresses and circulars to the 
public were disseminated, informing them that the national banks through¬ 
out the country were empowered to receive subscriptions, and were sup¬ 
plied with the necessary books and forms. No satisfactory results have 
been realized from tliese efforts, except in Pennsylvania, which State 
stands pledged for about three million dollars, upon the following basis, 
viz : one and a half millions of private subscriptions, one million condi¬ 
tionally appropriated by the State, and a half million by the city of 
Philadelphia 5 both appropriations to be expended in the erection of a 
memorial building, which is to be used as the fine-art gallery. And 
these two amounts are not available for the other buildings of the 
exhibition. Philadelphia has also furnished seventy-five thousand dol-. 
lars for the payment of the expenses of the commission in its earlier 
work.* 

In other States, and in the Territories, some of the people are await¬ 
ing the action of Congress upon the question of invitations and appro¬ 
priations, while the iutluences of the financial troubles deter others from 
any considemble subscriptions. It is the expectation of the people that 
Congress will do what under the circumstances is necessary to secure 
the success of the Exhibition and the celebration of which it is the 
demonstrative element. 

Whenever the question of an appropriation shall arise, it will remain 
for Congress to disburse the money in such installments as shall be 
most convenient for the Treasury, and with the strongest and wisest 
safeguards that can be devised. Obviously, the Government would 
ai)poiut some of the directors. 


SPECIAL ADVANTAGES CLAIMED FOR THE EXHIBITION 

OF 1870. 

A careful study has been made of the official reports of former inter¬ 
national exhibitions, resulting in the conviction that we have all the 
requisites for success in the undertaking, except the proper form of in¬ 
vitation to foreign governments and the pecuuiaryaid from the National 
Government necessary to impart to the exhibition dignity and propor¬ 
tions commensurate with its memorial character. 

We have now more time than most nations have had for their prepa- 
tions. 

We have greater facilities for rapid construction and organization of 
such an exhibition. 

We have the command of a more varied and interesting collection of 
materials for the national and American continental department of the 
Exhibition. 

* Since the above was written, the municipal government of Philadelphia has ap 
propriated another million of dollars, and the people of that city are raising by sub¬ 
scription still another million. 




326 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

We liav^e the counsel and the services of persons of large experience 
in international exhibitions, and offers of services from others. 

We have the finest site, in its adaptation to the purposes of the Ex¬ 
hibition, in its co*nvenience of access and beautiful surroundings, ever 
occupied for such an occasion. 

We have a plan of building combining, with due economy of construc¬ 
tion, the best features of the buildings used at Paris in 1867, in regard 
to the arrangement and assimilation of objects, and that at London of 
1851 in extensive vistas, imposiug general effect, and great central 
spaces for the free circulation of visitors. 

The building-plans, with the most complete railway approaches ever 
devised in such a case, are all ready; and if our funds justified it, we 
could begin building in thirty days. 

We have a hundred years of progress to celebrate such as history 
has not recorded of any other nation. 


THE EXHIBITION, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL. 

The Exhibition is referred to in the acts of Congress as a national cele¬ 
bration, to be held under the auspices of the Government of the United 
States. 

The Commission is national, each member having been commissioned 
by the President of the United States, and the Commission is required ro 
report to him and to Congress, and to render a final account of steward¬ 
ship to the President of the United States. 

The Secretary of the Treasury is, as provided by law, to prepare cer¬ 
tificates of stock. 

The Exhibition is nationally commemorative of the greatest event in 
our history—our very birth as a nation. 

One of the leading objects of the Exhibition, declared in the act, is a 
comparison between the evidences of our progress in a century and that 
of other nations. The essential condition for this is that the Exhibition 
shall be international, and that was the very basis and fundamental idea 
of the act approved March 3, 1871, for the reason that it was the only 
way of showing, by an appeal to results and demonstration, the com¬ 
parative condition of the arts and their progress in the several nations 
of the world. 

The first and essential step for an international exhibition in the United 
States is an invitation from the Government of the United States as ex¬ 
plicit and direct as those which have been addressed to it by other gov¬ 
ernments. 

The reason for a formal invitation is this: foreigners (with the rare 
exception of a very few enterprising individuals) never take part in an 
international exhibition, sav^e when they are protected and regulated by 
commissioners from their own government; and no govermnent ever ap¬ 
points commissioners unless it has been invited to co-operate. There¬ 
fore, to proclaim an international exhibition without inviting foreign 
governments to appoint commissioners is futile. Such an invitation has 
practically been sent in this case, but a technical question has arisen con¬ 
cerning the strict legal right to send it. 

We have proclaimed to the world that we will celebrate the occasion 
by an international exhibition in which we have challenged all coun¬ 
tries to a comparison of achievements and progress for the century. The 
President has ofiicially commended this national enterprise to foreign 
nations. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 


327 


- We have accepted invitations to three great international exhibitions, 
viz., from Great Britain in 1851, France in 18C7, and Anstria-Hnngary 
in 1873, and onr citizens have been exhibitors at several others. How 
would it look for us, after having accepted such hospitalities, and after 
having announced our intention to reciprocate them at a similar con¬ 
course, to be held at a specified time, within our own country, to give 
notice that we abandon the enter[)rise for any cause which it was within 
the power of Congress to remedy f Or what will the people say, when 
187G has come and gone, if we shall have had a miserable, haif-devel- 
oped exhibition and national celebration, because their legislators were 
too short-sighted to perceive the incalculable advantages of a complete 
and successful one"? 

SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL EXIIIBITONS. 

Progress in the experience in such exhibitions shows more and more 
the necessity of fixing the fees of admission at such a rate as will enable 
the greatest number of people to enjoy instruction from their teachings. 
The nations in which they are held derive great, immediate, and direct 
benefits by attracting throngs of strangers, who expend large sums of 
money in ways which increase the revenues; but still greater direct ad¬ 
vantages which, if not so immediately realized, are no less certain and 
more extensive. If this be true of European states, how much more so 
must it be of our young nation, with all its inducements for immigration 
of those trained to the industries and arts of Europe, and its vast areas 
in all directions open to settlement and development ? J^ew industries 
are also suggested and created, giving more varied and profitable em¬ 
ployment to capital and labor. Old industries and arts are improved 
and cheapened by the improved machines and tools, methods and pro¬ 
cesses ; and by scientific combinations, materials before unknown are 
utilized. Articles, implements, machines, and fabrics of common use 
are extensively advertised, and increased sales result. All these results 
tend largely to the increase of national wealth and the national revenues, 
and open the way to a decrease of taxation. 

These benefits, and those which accrue to the general community of 
nations in various ways, have secured the recognition of international 
exhibitions as among the most potential instrumentalities in promoting 
progress, especially in the countries in which they are given; and have 
caused it to be established as a usage that the nations in which they are 
held should appropriate liberally from the national funds to secure the 
privilege of holding them, and their success as national undertakings. 
Such a use of money cannot be considered as outcome, for it is more 
productive of never-ceasing benefits and income than any use that can 
be made of it. 

The most rapid development of new industries is due to international 
exhibitions. There will be found the representatives of manufacturing 
capital and enterprise of the world, studying with shrewd and eager 
scrutiny the whole field of invention and discovery, alert to be the 
pioneers in the introduction of some new manufacture, the demand for 
which can be made universal or very extensive. This causes a constant 
increase of profitable employment for mechanics. 

In this manner the manufacture of sewing-machines, articles made of 
India-rubber, band and machine tools, articles of use and beauty, large 
and small, of every kind, has been either created or stimulated by inter¬ 
national exhibitions to an extent be^mnd all computation. But this is 
only one out of many ways in which the productive energies of the 


328 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


world are stimulated, and the convenience and comfort of mankind pro¬ 
moted, resulting from bringing together the products and processes of 
universal industry and invention. 

A youthful nation like our own, in presenting specimens of minerals, 
soils,agriculture, and natural resourcesof the several States, and the sta¬ 
tistics showing the quantity, quality, and location of land open to settle¬ 
ment, the coal and iron districts, the silver and gold deposits, the copper 
and other metalliferous treasures in which our country abounds, will 
derive advantages peculiar to itself, and too obvious to need detailing. 

Our meager exhibitions at London, Paris, and Vienna, though they 
produced profound impressions of the extent of the resources of the 
country and of the inventive skill of the people, are but slight indica¬ 
tions of what would be the vast and varied results of a just and com- 
jdete presentation of all of our resources, arts and products. 

A moment’s reflection will show that the constant assembling and as¬ 
sociation of people from widely separated and sometimes discordant sec¬ 
tions of our country, during six months, in 1876, for the purpose of 
renewing the most patriotic memories and studying, with advantages 
never before adbrded, our marvelous progress and resources, will greatly 
stimulate an honorable national x>iflde, and do more to promote warm 
and comiflete brotherly reconciliation than volumes of legislation. 

The common sense of the nineteenth centurv has recognized the im- 
mense advantages of such exhibitions. One of their good results is to 
school the public mind in the all-important principles of thorough luncti- 
cal classification and organization of arts, sciences, industries, forces, and 
productions. Those princiides are the basis of that true progress which 
is rapidly enabling man to extend his dominion over the material world, 
and to devote more of time to self-culture and to the develox)ment of the 
mental and moral capacities among the people. 

But the acceleration to the movement of progress resulting from such 
exhibitions is due to many other causes, all tending to the benefit and 
instruction of mankind. 

They acquaint the nations with the natural resources, commercial 
capacities,.and industrial aptitudes of each other, and with the deficien¬ 
cies which each has occasion to supply through the channels of trade. 

They are practical tests of the natural economy of industries. 

They develop new industries, enlarging the sx^here for the x>rofitable 
emxfloyment of labor. 

They have developed new uses for the secondary products of manufac¬ 
tures and chemical processes which have previously been thrown away 
as waste. 

They are schools for the artisan, who in a few days can learn there 
more x^ertaining to the industry in which he is engaged, as it is prac¬ 
ticed throughout the world, than in a life-time of xdoddiug in his shop. 

They point out to the consumer, through the judgment of exx^erts, the 
best x)roducts of every kind, securing the reward to the most meritorious 
producers, and exciting the emulation of all to reach the highest grade 
of excellence. 

The late Wm. H. Seward, when Secretary of State, said of them, in 
communicating to Congress the United States Report on the Paris Ex- 
X)Osition in 1867 : 

Their beneficent influences are many and widespread; they advance hnraan knowl¬ 
edge in all directions. Through the universal language of the products of labor, the 
artisans of all countries hold counuunication; ancient prejudices are broken down ; 
nations are fraternized; generous rivalries in the peaceful fields of industry are excited ; 
the tendencies to war are lessened, and a better understanding between capital and 
labor is fostered. ^ * One of their most salutary results is the promotion of 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


329 


an appreciation of the true dij^nity of labor and its paramount claims to consideration 
as the basis of national wealth and power. Such exhibitions have become national 
necessities and duties. 

Mr. M. Beckwith, the United States Commissioner-General at the 
Paris Exposition, in a letter of April 3, 1865, wrote to the American 
minister, Mr. Bigelow, as follows: 

The value of French exports last year was $581,000,000, and shows an increase of 51 
per cent, in four years. 

This growth of the external commerce is but the index of the greater growth of the 
internal commerce, resulting from the increased productiveness imparted to labor, skill, 
and capital; and the increased productiveness is traceable in details directly to the 
application of the sciences to the industrial arts. 

If it be true that civilization was led in most countries for a long period by a few 
men of genius, skilled in political science and literature, it is not less true that the • 
men of physical science have at length come to their aid. 

The geologists, naturalists, chemists, mineralogists, inventors, and engineers are 
now directing the labor of the world with a success never before attained. 

As the intellectual domination of the material world increases, the hardships and 
barrenness of toil diminish, and its products multiply; and while political science 
emancipates the enslaved races, physical science enslaves the elements and forces of 
nature, and emancipates mankind. 

In this great movement the largest benefits will fall, with the largest markets in the 
world, to those who make the best provision for the development and dift'usion of the 
practical sciences as applied to industry. 

No nation produces within itself all these in perfection, nor keeps up with the daily 
progress in them ; but those are most advanced in the race who adopt the best 
methods of collecting and disseminating the progressive knowledge resulting from the 
studies and labors of all. 

Among the methods for this purpose international assemblies and exhibitions are 
increasing in numbers, in frequency, and in importance. 

A knowledge of many of the useful and successful combinations of science and indus¬ 
trial art cannot be conveyed in words; they must be studied in models and specimens, 
which display at once the combinations and efiects, the modes and results. 

These being the j)roducts of many localities and many countries, bringing them 
together, facilitates their study, and affords, at the same time, the opportunity of 
careful and accurate comparisons, without which no study is complete. 

THE EFFECT OF AWARDS OF FRIZES, MEDALS, &C. 

In reg'ard to the benefirs from a s^^stem of awards, Commissioner- 
General Beckwith says: 

Experience on former occasions has, in the main, justified the awards of the juries, 
and they have served not only to confirm established reputations, but to bring into 
more prominent notice the excellent products of thousands of skillful and worthy pro¬ 
ducers, who labored previously in comparative obscurity, and whose improved fortunes 
date from those periods. But the benefits resulting from this are not limited to the 
successful exhibitors. They are naturally stimulated to renewed efforts to maintain 
their new positions, which quickens their invention, improves their products, and 
raises their own standards, while their rivals and competitors, who, if equally skillful, 
are less lucky, are thereby compelled to work up to this higher level. A new spirit is 
thus breathed into every department of industry, and the benefits of increased pro¬ 
duction, improved qualities and varieties, and diminished cost become universal. 

The competitioii and emulation thus aroused become international; 
and national measures designed to stimulate progress in the decorative 
arts applied to industry, as well as in the application of science to man¬ 
ufactures, agriculture,"and mining, have been the results throughout Eu- 
roi)e of the great expositions. 

Prince Albert said of the exhibition of 1851: The intention was— 

To give a true test and a living picture of the point of development at wdiich the 
whole of mankind had arrived in this great task, and a new starting-point from which 
all nations will be able to direct their further exertions. 


330 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


EFFECTS ON NATIONAL INDUSTRY AND ART. 

Ill a paper read by Lord Henry G. Leuuox, M. P., before the Society 
of Arts, January 24, 1866, he observed: 

It may be and is undoubtedly true that as a natiou we were, at the exhibition of 
1851, not equal to the French in our designs, and in our appreciation of artistic beauty 
of form ; but it is also true that at the exhibition of 1862 our inferiority was admitted 
on all hands to be unspeakably less apparent than it had been eleven years before on 
a similar occasion. 

When the exhibition was over and the results known, never was public opinion more 
unanimous than in declaring that the great exhibition had succeeded in clearly mani¬ 
festing the existence of certain principles, that, if carried out, would confer a solid 
benefit on those engaged in manufactures and commerce, by bringing about, in the 
memorable words uttered by the late prince consort at Birmingham, “ The introduction 
of science and art as the unconscious regulators of productive industry. 

The following extracts from a very able and instructive address on 
modern industrial progress, by President F. A. P. Barnard, of Columbia 
College, New York, on the opening of the forty-lirst annual exhibition 
of the American Institute of that, city, are presented as indicating some 
of the most important contributions to the industrial progress of the 
century which have originated in the United States, which can and will 
be shown in their full development and perfection at the international 
exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, with many more from the same 
source: 


AMERICA IX THE CONCOURSE OF INDUSTRIES. 

In conclusion, the inquiry naturally presents itself, where are we, the industrials of 
the United States, in this great concourse of nations, and what is the part which we 
are contributing to the march of industrial improvement ? The reply, I believe, will 
be one of which we need not be ashamed. There is hardly an industry to the progress 
of which we have not largely contributed. The cotton-gin, without which the machine- 
spinner and the power-loom would be helpless, is American. The power-shuttle, which 
permits an unlimited enlargement of the breadth of the web, is American. The j)lan- 
iug-machine is American. Navigation by steam is American. The mower and reaper 
are American. The rotary printing-presses are American. The hot-air engine is Amer¬ 
ican. The sewing-machine is American. The machine-manufacture of wool-cards is 
American. The whole India-rubber industry is American. The band-saw originated, 
I believe, in America. The machine-manufacture of horseshoes is American. The 
sand-blast, of which the large capabilities are yet to be developed, is American. The 
gauge-lathe is American. The only successful composing-machine for printers is Amer¬ 
ican. The grain-elevator is American. The artificial manufacture of ice, which you 
saw exhibited here two years ago under the name of the Carr6 process, was originally 
invented by Professor Alexander S. Twining, an American. The electro-magnet was 
invented, and immediately after its invention was first practically applied in trans¬ 
mitting telegraphic signals, by Professor Joseph Henry, an American. The telegraphic 
instrument introduced a few years later into public use, and which has since obtained 
universal acceptance, was invented by Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, late oue of the 
regents of our institute, an American. 

lie also said, with reference to the 

BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS. 

And now, let me ask, what must be the effect of notices like these, widely circulated 
throughout England and the whole continent of Europe, upon the substantial inter¬ 
ests of our country ? I say the substantial interests, though I am not insensible to 
the concomitant advantages which may be more properly called sentimental, the in¬ 
creased respect which such displays, and such critical judgments pronounced upon 
them, must secure for us as an intelligent people, and a people among whom intelli¬ 
gence is honored ; but I say the substantial interests, meaning thereby the enlarge¬ 
ment of the demand for our productions, involving as natural consequences the m- 
creaso of our foreign commerce, the growth of our manufactures, and the more rapid 
developmeut of our vast national resources still uiiimprov^ed. This exposition was 


MISCELLANEOUS, 


331 


visited, first or last, by more than ten millions of people.'' These notices were read, 
doubtless, by several millions. And these visitors and these readers were of every kin¬ 
dred and people and tongue and nation under the sun. Is it nothing to bring purchas¬ 
ers directly into contact with the articles they need f Is it nothing to bring industrials 
into the immediate presence of machines or implements or materials which reveal 
to them at the first glance new sources of power f Since it is self-evidently true that 
no industry can work its way upward unless it is known of those whom it is adapted 
to benefit ; since, therefore, extensive advertising is ailiuitted to be an essential condi¬ 
tion of every industrial success, what possible expedient can be conceived better 
adapted to create expeditiously a demand for any article having in it merit enough to 
recommend itself, than that of placing it before the world in a great international ex¬ 
position ? 


TIME A VITAL ELEMENT. 

At this jiiucture the success of tlie national celebration, upon the basis 
of internationality decreed by existing acts of Congress, and under that 
authority officially announced to foreign nations, depends as much upon 
the immediate action as upon the character of the action of Congress. 
The facts are before them, and the responsibility to the people of our 
own country, as well as to the public opinion of mankind, rests upon 
them. 

For other references to the subject of benefits to be derived from the 
international exhibition, see the paragraph at the foot of page fi of this 
volume; also pages 272, 273,274; also the following letter from the 
New York commissioners, and the paper by Mr. Campbell wh ich fol¬ 
lows it. 


Extraot from letter addressed by Messrs. N. M. Bechvith and Charles H. 
Marshall., commissioners from Neie York, to Senators and Representa¬ 
tives from that State. 


New York, January 12, 1874. 

Sir : The United States Centennial Commission under the act of Con¬ 
gress, March 3, 1871, “ to provide for the celebration of the one hun¬ 
dredth anniversary of American independence,” has advanced in its 
work to a point where the further action of Congress becomes necessary. 

I venture, therefore, to solicit your attention to the subject. 

The building committee is now ready to commence the requisite con¬ 
structions in Fairmount Park. No more than time for their completion 
remains before the reception of products, and their installation must 
begin. 


*Mr. Chevalier, ertitor of the official reports of the juries of the iiiiiversal exposition 
of 1867 gives the following as the numbers of the persons admitted to the several suc¬ 
cessive international expositions, beginning witu that held in 1851, in London, viz.: 


Tear. 

1851 

18.55 

1862 

1867 


Paying visitors. 
... 6,039,000 

... .5,162,000 

... 6 , 211,000 

... 9,921,686 


Where lield 
London. 
Paris. 
London. 
Paris. 


In this last total are counted 5.5,000 season tickets, and 90,000 tickets giving admis¬ 
sion for a week. Mr. Chevalier thinks these last may be counted equal to three ad¬ 
missions at least; so that the total exceeds ten millions, as stated above. To the num¬ 
ber of visitors may very xiroperly be added the number of exhibitors who were ad¬ 
mitted free. This number was, in 1867, 50,226 ; and their assistants were more numer¬ 
ous than themselves. To put the total number of all who saw the exposition at 
10,000,000 is, therefore, a statement considerably within bounds. 










332 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


But the Centennial Commission does not feel warranted in proceeding 
with these extensive constructions without the assurance of additional 
means for their completion. 

The amount of reliable contributions and available resources does not 
at present exceed three and a half millions of dollars, which is much 
less than the buildings will cost. 

The early decision of Congress, therefore, as to the money it will con¬ 
tribute and the further aid it will render is of pressing urgency for the 
guidance of the Commission. The expectation which almost universally 
prevails that Congress will soon or late vote a sum of money for the pur¬ 
pose in question is undoubtedly well founded. 

If the celebration could conveniently be made entirely by private con¬ 
tributions, the opinion would still remain that such a result is not in all 
respects desirable. Government, as representing the people in their 
united national capacity, and acting in presence of the representatives 
of other invited governments and nations, may naturally be expected to 
take a leading i)art in the ceremonies intended to celebrate its own 
nativity. 

The solemn commemoration of the historical event which made this 
l^eople a nation, should be in every way t)re-eminently national. It con¬ 
cerns not alone this Government and people, but touches in all direc¬ 
tions the great interests of civilization. The origin and means of the 
celebration, as well as its plan and method, should, therefore, correspond 
Avith the gravity and dignity of the occasion. 

The exhibition of useful products forms a conspicuous element of the 
plan, and its influences, beyond the immediate purpose connected with 
the commemoration, will be of general utility and lasting benefit. A 
collection of the most advanced products of industry, art, skill, inven¬ 
tion, and science is instructive at all times and to all men. On this oc¬ 
casion it will appropriately display the prodnctiA^e power of the nation 
in all the departments which contribute most to ameliorate the condi¬ 
tion of man, and it will at the same time indicate the degree of excel¬ 
lence attained in those departments under the influences of tlie peculiar 
social and political systems which are tbe direct results of the signiti- 
cant and fruitful event to be celebrated. 

The exhibition will also, as all experience demonstrates, impart fresh 
vigor to industries of every useful kind, and form a new starting-point 
for quicker progress and improvement. 

Congress has already expressed itself by its approval and sanction of 
the plan proposed. It has also nationalized it in some degree by placing 
the Federal Executive (in a manner) at tbe head of it, and by announc¬ 
ing the intended celebration by proclamation of the President. 

In Anew of these proceedings, and of similar considerations, there is 
evidently ground for the general belief that Congress, acting for the 
people in their united capacity, Avill contribute to the expenses of the 
projected exhibition. The public character and importance of the Avork 
and the necessity for early action will, I doubt not, recommend it to your 
favorable consideration. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 333 

THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AND INTERNATIONAL 

EXHIBITION OF 187G. 


EXTRACTS FROM A PAPER BY PROFESSOR JOHN L. CAMPBELL, OF INDIANA, 
SECRETARY TO THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 


On the nature and propriety of the international comparison contemplated in the acts 
of Congress providing for the national celebration by an international exhibition. 


The Philosophy of Progress as developed in America. 


Hildretli, in the introdnctiou to liis valuable bistory of the United 
States, remarks, “ It is due to our fathers and ourselves, it is due to 
truth and philosophy, to present for once on the historic page the found¬ 
ers of our American nation unbedaubed with patriotic rouge, wrapped 
up in no fine-spun cloaks of excuses and apology, without stilts, tinsel, 
or bedizzenment, in their own i)roper persons, often rude, hard, narrow, 
superstitious, and mistaken, but always earnest, downright manly and 
sincere. The result of their labors is eulogy enough ; their best apology is 
to tell their story exaetly as it ivasl^ 

For the purpose of illustrating in the fullest and fairest manner these 
results, and to tell this old story exactly as it w^as, the Congress of the 
United States, by acts approved March 3, 1871, and June 1, 1872, 
provided for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American In¬ 
dependence, by holding an International Exhibition of arts, manufac¬ 
tures, and products of the soil and mine, at Philadelphia, in 187G. By 
the provisions of these two acts the people of the United States are now 
fairly committed to this grand undertaking, and it becomes the duty of 
every American to aid in securing its complete success. 

If the true ideal of the Centennial Exhibition be realized, there will be 
presented a full panorama of progress for a century—not of America 
only, but of the world,—that ample opportunity may be afforded, on the 
broadest scale, with the best facilities, for the most rigorous comparison 
and the deduction of the most comprehensiv'e generalizations. 

By this test we shall discover the true value of our national experiment 
of self-government. The true life and progress of a nation cannot be 
understood by the study of individual character, or of passing events 
as presented by the daily newspaper, pr even the acts of'a generation. 
In individual life there is little variation in the routine of experience 
from birth until death, but there is in a succession of lives a generic 
manhood which becomes better and stronger by each repeating. In the 
experiences of centuries manhood is rising to a higher and purer life, and 
this progress, although tardy, is a certain return to primitive perfection. 

The discovery of this progressive humanity is not easy. It is found 
chiefiy in the successes and failures of various forms of government, 
by which the race is approaching the true relation of ruler and 
subject,—of labor and capital,—of personal liberty and public necessity. 
It exists prominently in the laws, the agriculture, the commerce, the 
literature and the art of successive ages; in simplification of forms and 
adjustment of penalties,—in newer and easier methods of sowing, tilling, 
and gathering.—in speedier modes of transportation,—in improved and 
diffused facilities for mental culture. It belongs to personal develop¬ 
ment in body and mind as affected through a series of generations by 
soil and climate. Scattered through all these are the elements of real 
and true progress—and here are the very difficult lessons for the student 
in the higher culture. 

The century under review, from 177G to 187G, may with emphasis be 


334 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

designated the age of freedom and invention. It is an old claim that 
monarchical forms of government are better suited to high culture,—and 
now it is proposed to test this claim by the centurial experiment. 

#*#»*** 

Our departure from our English home in 1776 may have been some¬ 
what unceremonious, but tins was due more to an accidental weak head 
than from want of love in the great motherly heart. The interval of a 
century has caused the disappearance of personal animosity, and we 
are prepared to celebrate the battle of Lexington and the surrender at 
Yorktown with no feelings of partisan success, but as the beginning 
and end of a struggle for the new principle. The results of this triumph 
are shared alike by both parties in the contest of 1776,—for, riext to 
America, England is the freest nation on earth. Henceforth and forever 
the great Euglish-American brotherhood is to be not only free, but to¬ 
gether to join all the nations of the earth in progress to a higher life. 
We remember now less of our trials and more of the blessings of our 
common Anglo-Saxon family—and, in accepting the inexorable logic of 
events, rejoice that the best and purest hopes of the race are committed 
to such strong heads and warm hearts. 

******* 

The era we celebrate was also the beginning of the great period of 
invention. 

In 1763 the clumsy engine of Newcomen was failing, and the mines of 
England were yielding slowly to the encroaching water,—old leads were 
exhausted, and deeper depths were impossible. Fortunately, one of these 
machines was sent to the shop of Watt for repairs, and the result was 
the invention of the engine which has more than quadrupled the capa¬ 
bilities of the world. The glimmer of the great invention dates back to 
Hero, 120 B. 0.; then Blasco de Garay, 1543 ; Salomon de Cans, 1615; 
Giovanni Branca, 1629; Worcester, 1663 ; Morland, 1683 ;• Papin, 1695; 
Savery, 1698; Newcomen, 1705; Watt, 1763-1782. The actual cost of 
running one of Watt’s engines compared with a Newcomen was one- 
fourth the fuel for the same work, so that every pound of waste by com¬ 
bustion contributed three times the amount of useful motion for x)ro- 
ducing the comforts of life. 

When it is remembered that motion is the chief necessity in all the 
processes of life, in planting and reaping, in picking and pruning, in 
converting ores to metals and material to manufactured articles, the in¬ 
estimable value of a new motor, or the more economical use of one 
already known, becomes manifest. The direct contribution of Watt to 
the wealth of the world cannot be estimated. 

The first steam-engine in America was a Newcomen erected by Mr. 
Hornblower, at Passaic, New Jersey. The first engine built in America 
was constructed by Christopher Colles, in Philadelphia, October, 1772. 

Not the least of the attractions of the exhibition in 1876 will be the 
reproduction of Fitch’s six-oared boat, worked by his tub-like engine, in 
contrast with Daniel Drew’s Hudson Kiver palaces of this day,—and of 
Evans’ car with wheels for land and paddles for water, the amphibious 
precursor of the Pullman of our times. 

Oliver Evans was regarded as a lunatic for asserting, in 1815, “that 
the time will come when people will travel in stages moved by steam- 
engines at fifteen to tiventy miles per hour!—That a carriage will leave 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


335 


Washington in the morning, breakfast at Baltimore, dine at Philadel¬ 
phia, and sap at jSTew York on the sameday!—That railways will be laid 
of wood or iron or on smooth paths of broken stone to travel as well by 
night as by day!” In 181^7 there were two short railroads in our coun¬ 
try,—one at Quincy quarries, the other at Mauch Chuuk mines,—now 
they are everywhere. 

‘‘ By the Briarean might thy hands supply, 

We cook, we ride, we sail, and soon shall fly ! 

Mind marches ; soon the glorious day will break 
When we may sit, our hands within our breeches ; 

When steam will plow, sow, reap, grind, knead, and bake. 

And onr sole task be to digest earth’s riches! 

Soon iron muscle will leave nought to do, 

And slave and master both may cease from labor. 

When giant steam, with never-tiring hand. 

Shall toil—the only slave throughout the land !” 

In the mine and on the mountain,—in home work or foreign travel,— 
by night or by day,—everywhere and at all times, steam is man’s best 
and most obedient servant. 

The International Exhibition of 1876 will differ essentially from the 
exhibitions at London, Paris, and Vienna, in that it will, more fully than 
was attempted in the others, be an illustration of the progress of inven¬ 
tion. Baldwin & Co., of Philadelphia, have the first locomotive manufac¬ 
tured in this country, and it is proposed to place this next to one of their 
most finished modern machines. The reaping-hook of 1776,—the cra¬ 
dle of a later day, and the reaper of our time,—the wooden plow of the 
olden time, and the steel one of to-day,—the hand-card and hand-loom, 
with the power-loom and spinner of modern use,—the pins and pictures, 
books and furniture, costumes and clothing, implements and machines, 
all the endless variety of things, useful or beautiful, for the varying 
years since 1776—will be collected and grouped for analysis and com- 
l)arison. To this collection, also, foreign nations are invited to contrib¬ 
ute, that there may be afforded the most abundant illustrations of all 
that pertains to the culture and progress of our race. 

The new inspiration from 1876 is our apology for the effort that in¬ 
volves years of earnest labor and millions of money for its accomplish¬ 
ment. 


List of members of the United States Centennial Commission. 

OFFICERS. 

President. —Hon. Joseph K. Hawley. 

Vice-presidents.— Alfred T. Goshorn, Orestes Cleveland, Win. 
M, Byrd, John I). Creigh, David Atwood, Thomas H. Coldwell. 
Director-general. —Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn. 

Secretary .—Hon. John L. Campbell. 

Counselor and solicitor.—John L. Shoemaker, esq., 611 Vine Street, 
Philadelphia. 


STANDINO COMMITTEES. 

Executive committee.—Darnel J. Morrell, Pennsylvania; Alfred T. 
Goshorn, Ohio; Walter W. Wood, Virginia; George B. Loring, Massa¬ 
chusetts; Charles H. Marshall, New York; James T. Earle, Maryland; 



336 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


George H. Corliss, Eliode John G. Stevens, Xew Jersey; Alex¬ 

ander li. Boteler, West Virginia; Eichard C. McCormick, Arizona; 
William Henry Parsons, Texas; Lewis Wain Smith, Georgia; John 
Lynch, Louisiana; 

Committee on plans and architecture. —Alfred T. Goshorn, Ohio; Wil¬ 
liam Henry Parsons, Texas; Orestes Cleveland, New Jersey; Asa 
Packer, Pennsylvania: Ezekiel A. Straw, New Hampshire; James E. 
Dexter, District of Columbia; Eobert H. Lamborn, Wyoming. 

Committee on tariffs and transportation. —O. C. French, Mississippi; 
tTames T. Earle, Maryland; Joshua Nye, Maine; William F. Prosser, 
Tennessee; John H. Wickizer, Utah; Asa P. Cate, New Hampshire. 

' Committee on finance. —Asa Packer, Pennsylvania; James Biruey, 
]\Iichigau ; John W. Davis, Maryland; AVilliam M. Byrd, Alabama; 
John S. Adams, Florida; Frederick L. Matthews, Blinois; J. Marshall 
Paul, Colorado. 

Committee on foreign a ffairs. —John L. Campbell, Indiana; John G. 
Stevens, New Jersey; Lewis Wain Smith, Georgia; Charles P. Kim¬ 
ball, Maine; Eobert H. Lamborn, Wyoming; Andrew J. Sweeney, 
West Virginia; Eichard C. McCormick, Arizona. 

Com7nittee on opening ceremonies. —Frederick L. Matthews, Illinois; 
Samuel Powel, Ehode Island; Henry S. Moody, Nebraska; John Mc¬ 
Neil, Missouri; H. Latham, Wyoming; George A. Batchelder, Dakota; 
Coker F. Clarkson, Iowa. 

Committee on legislation. —Eichard C. McCormick, Arizona ; David 
Atwood, Wisconsin; William F. Prosser, Tennessee; Alexander E. 
Boteler, West Virginia; Lawrence A. Gobright, District of Columbia ; 
Thomas Donaldson, Idaho; E. W. Gantt, Arkansas. 

Co7mnittee 07i agriculture and live stoch. —Eobert Lowry, Iowa; Andrew 
J. Dufur, Oregon ; N. C. Meeker, Colorado ; Eobert Mallory, Kentucky; 
Eldridge W. Little, New Mexico; Lawrence Weldon, Illinois; Archi¬ 
bald Cameron, South Carolina. 

Conunittee on mines and inining. —William Wirt McCoy, Nevada; Thom¬ 
as Donaldson, Idaho; J. D. Creigh, California; John Wasson, Arizona; 
J. Marshall Paul, Colorado; Samuel Hays, Missouri; William H. Clag- 
ett, Montana. 

Committee on horticulture and fioriculture. —Thomas H. Coldwell, Ten¬ 
nessee; James W. Haines, Nevada; Edward Peuington, Louisiana; E. 
W. Gantt, Arkansas; Charles P. Kimball, Maine; E. W. Furnas, Ne¬ 
braska ; J. T. Bernard, Florida. 

Committee on fisheries a^idfish culture. —Middleton Goldsmith, Vermont; 
El wood Evans, Washington Territory; John H. Wickizer, Utah; Ed¬ 
ward D. Holton, Wisconsin; James E. Dexter, District of Columbia; 
John S. Adams, Florida; William H. l^arsons, Texas. 

MEMBERS. 

Alahama .—William M. Byrd, commissioner, Selma; James L. Cooper, 
alternate, Huntsville. 

Arizona .—Eichard C. McCormick, commissioner, Washington, D. C.; 
John Wasson, alternate, Tucson. 

Arlcansas .—E. W. Gantt, commissioner. Little Eock; Alexander Me 
Donald, alternate. Little Eock. 

California. —John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. No. 714 Shot well 

street, San Francisco;-, alternate, deceased. 

Colorado. —J. Marshall Paul, commissioner, Fair Play; N. C. Meeker, 
alternate, Greelev. 

7 *•' 




MISCELLANEOUS. 337 

Connecticut —Joseph R.Hawley, commissioner,-Hartford; Wm. Phipps 
Blake, alternate, New Haven. 

Dakota. —George A. Batcliehler, commissioner, Yankton ; Solomon 
L. Spink, alternate, Yankton. 

Delaware. —Henry F. Askew, commissioner, Wilmington; John H. 
Rodney, alternate. New Castle. 

DiHtrict of Columbia. —James E. Dexter, commissioner, 322 ^ street, 
N. W., Washington ; Lawrence A. Gobright, alternate, Washington. 

Florida. —John S. Adams, commissioner, Jacksonville; J. T. Bernard, 
alternate, Tallahassee. 

Georgia. -, commissioner; Lewis Wain Smith, alternate, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Idaho. —Thomas Donaldson, commissioner, Boise City; James S. Rey¬ 
nolds, alternate, Boise City. 

Illinois. —Frederick L. Mathews, commissioner, Carliusville; Lawrence 
Weldon, alternate, Bloomington. 

Indiana. —John L. Campbell, commissioner, Crawfordsville; F. C. 
Johnson, alternate. New Albany. 

Iowa. —Robert Lowry, commissioner, Davenport; Coker F. Clarkson, 
alternate, Eldora, Hardin County. 

Kansas. —John A. Martin, commissioner, Atchinsou; George A. Craw¬ 
ford, alternate. Fort Scott. 

Kentucky. —Robert Mallory, commissioner, La Grange; Smith M. 
Hobbs, alternate. Mount Washington. 

Louisiana. —John Lynch, commissioner. Lock Box 980 New Orleans ; 
Edward Penington, alternate, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Maine. —Joshua Nye, commissioner, Augusta; Charles P. Kimball, 
alternate, Portland. 

Maryland. —James T. Earle, commissioner, Centreville, Queen Anne 
County; John W. Davis, alternate, 25 North Calvert Street, Baltimore. 

Massachusetts. —George B. Loring, commissioner, Salem; William B. 
Spooner, alternate, Boston. 

Michigan. —James Birney, commissioner. Bay City; Claudius B. Grant, 
alternate, Ann Arbor. 

Minnesota. —J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner, Saint Paul; W. W. 
Folwell, alternate. Saint Anthony. 

Mississippi. —O. C. French, commissioner, Jackson;-, 

alternate,-. 

Missouri .—John McNeil, commissioner, Compton Hill, Saint Louis; 
Samuel Hays, alternate. Saint Joseph. 

Montana. —William H. Clagett, commissioner. Deer Lodge City; 
Patrick A. Largey, alternate, Virginia City. 

Nebraska. —Henry S. Moody, commissioner, Omaha; R. W. Furnas, 
alternate, Brownsville. 

Nevada. —Wm. Wirt McCoy, commissioner, Eureka, Lander County; 
James W. Haines, alternate, Genoa. 

New Hampshire. —Ezekiel A. Straw, commissioner, Manchester; Asa 
P. Cate, alternate, Northfield. 

New Jersey. —Orestes Cleveland, commissioner, Jersey City; John G. 
Stevens, alternate, Trenton. 

New Mexico. —Eldridge W. Little, commissioner, Santa FA 
New York. —N. M. Beckwith, commissioner, New York City; Charles 
H. Marshall, alternate, New York City. 

North Carolina. -, commissioner,-; Jonathan W. 

Albertson, alternate, Hertford, Perquimans County. 

S. Ex. 30-22 











338 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Ohio. —Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner, Cincinnati; Wilson W. 
Griffith, alternate, Toledo. 

Orego 7 i. —James W. Virtue, commissioner, Baker City; Andrew J. 
Dufur, alternate, Portland. 

Pennsylvania. —Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner, Johnstown; Asa 
Packer, alternate, Mauch Chunk. 

Rhode Island. —George H. Corliss, commissioner. Providence; Samuel 
Powel, alternate, Newport. 

South Carolina. —William Gurney, commissioner. Charleston; Archi¬ 
bald Cameron, alternate, Charleston. 

Tennessee. —Thomas H. Coldwell, commissioner, Shelbyville, Bedford 
County; William F. Prosser, alternate, Nashville. 

Texas. —William Henry Parsons, commissioner. New York City; John 
C. Chew, alternate. New York City. 

Utah. —John H. Wickizer, commissioner, Salt Lake City; Oscar G. 
Sawyer, alternate. New York City. 

Vermont. —Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner, Eutland; Henry Chase, 
alternate, Lyndon. 

Virginia. —Walter W. Wood, commissioner, Halifax Court-House; 
Edw. E. Bagwell, alternate, Onancock, Accomack County. 

Washington Territory. —Elw^oodEvans, commissioner, Olympia; Alex¬ 
ander S. Abernethy, alternate, Cowlitz County. 

West Virginia. —Alexander E. Boteler, commissioner, Shepherdstown; 
Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. Wheeling. 

Wisconsin. —David Atwood, commissioner, Madison ; Edward D. Hol¬ 
ton, alternate, Milwaukee. 

Wyoming. —Joseph M. Carey, commissioner, Cheyenne; Eobert H. 
Lamborn, alternate, Philadelphia, Pa. 

OFFICERS OF THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 

President. —John Welsh, Philadelphia. 

Vice-president. —William Sellers, Philadelphia. 

Directors. —John Cummins, Massachusetts; John Gorham, Ehode 
Island; Abraham S. Hewitt and Thomas H. Dudley, New Jersey; 
Charles W. Cooper, Samuel M. Felton, Pennsylvania ; John L. Barbour, 
Virginia; Eobert M. Patton, Alabama; Benjamin F. Allen, Iowa; Dan¬ 
iel M. Fox, Joseph Patterson, Edwin H. Fitler, Thomas Cochran, N. 
Parker Shortridge, James M. Eobb, Edward T. Steel, Clement M. Bid¬ 
dle, John Wanamaker, John Price Wetherill, Fairman Eogers, and 
Henry Winsor, Philadelphia. 

Secretary and treasurer. —Frederick Fraley, Philadelphia. 


ACTS OF CONGEESS EELATING TO CENTENNIAL CELE- 

BEATION. 

Copy of act of Congress creating the commission.^ approved March 3, 1871. 

AN ACT to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Inde¬ 
pendence, by holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, and pro¬ 
ducts of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, 
in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 


Whereas the Declaration of ludependence of the United States of 
America was prepared, signed, and promulgated in the year seventeen 



MISCELLANEOUS. 


339 


hundred and seventy-six, in the city of Philadelphia; and whereas it 
behooves the people of the United States to celebrate, by appropriate 
ceremonies, the centennial anniversary of this memorable and decisive 
event, which constituted the fourth day of July, anno Domini seventeen 
hundred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation; and whereas it is 
deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our national 
existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural 
resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in 
those arts which benefit mankind, in comx^arison with tliose of older 
nations; and whereas no place is so appropriate for such an exhibition 
as the city in which occurred the event it is designed to commemorate; 
and whereas, as the exhibition should be a national celebration, in 
which the people of the whole country should participate, it should 
have the sanction of the Congress of the United States: Therefore, 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Eepresentatives of 
the United States of America^ in Congress assembled^ That an exhibition 
of American and foreign arts, products, and manufactures shaT be held 
under the auspices of the Government of the United States, in the city 
of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

Sec. 2. That a commission, to consist of not more than one delegate 
from each State and from each Territory of the United States, whose 
functions shall continue until the close of the exhibition, shall be con¬ 
stituted, whose duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execu¬ 
tion of a plan for holding the exhibition; and, after the conference with 
the authorities of the city of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site 
within the corporate limits of the said city, where the exhibition shall 
be held. 

Sec. 3. That said commissioners shall be appointed within one year 
from the passage of this act, by the President of the United States, on the 
nomination of the governors of the States and Territories, respectively. 

Sec. 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed one com¬ 
missioner from each State and Territory of the United States, who shall 
assume the place and perform the duties of such commissioner and com¬ 
missioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the commission. 

Sec. 5. That tiie commission shall hold its meetings in the city of 
Philadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall have full power 
to make all needful rules for its government. 

Sec. 6 . That the commission shall report to Congress, at the first 
session after its appointment, a suitable date for opening and for closing 
the exhibition ; a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or 
dedicating the same; a plan or plans of the building; a complete plan 
for the reception and classification of articles intended for exhibition; 
the requisite custom-house regulations for the introduction into this 
country of the articles from foreign countries intended for exhibition; 
and such other matters as in their judgment may be important. 

Sec. 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to the com¬ 
missioners or other officers provided by this act from the Treasury of 
the United States; and the United States shall not be liable for any 
expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason of the same. 

Sec. 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by the gov¬ 
ernor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for 
the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive 
control by the commission herein provided for of the proposed exhibi¬ 
tion, the President shall, through the Department of State, make proc¬ 
lamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the exhibition will 


340 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


open, and tbe place at which it will be held; and he shall communicate 
to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, 
toj^etlier with such regulations as miiy be adopted by the commis¬ 
sioners, for publication in their respective countries. 


[N'ot of general nature— IN’o. 73.] 

AN ACT relative to the centennial international exhibition, to be held in the city 

of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy- 

six. 

Whereas Congress did provide by an act entitled ‘‘An act to provide 
for celebrating the one hundredth anniversar}" of American independ¬ 
ence by holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, and 
products of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of 
Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,” ai)proved 
March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, for the ai)pointment of 
commissioners to promote and control the exhibition of the national 
resources and their development, and the nation’s progress in arts which 
benefit mankind, and to suggest and direct appropriate ceremonies by 
which the people of the United States may commemorate that memor- 
ahle and decisive event, the Declaration of American Independence by 
the Congress of the United Colonies assembled in the city of Philadel¬ 
phia, on the fourth day of July, anno Domini seventeen hundred and 
seventy-six; and whereas such provisions should be made for procur¬ 
ing the funds requisite for the purposes aforesaid as will enable all the 
peo])le of the United States, who have shared the common blessings 
resulting from national independence, to aid in the preparation and 
conduct of said international exhibition and memorial celebration under 
the direction of the commissioners of the United States: Tlierefore, 

Be it enacted hy the Senate ami Home of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, Idiat there is hereby created a 
body corporate, to be known by the name of the Centennial Board of 
Piiiance, and by that name to have an incorporate existence until the 
object for which it is formed shall have been accomplished ; and it shall 
be competent to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and 
be defended, in all courts of law and equity in the United States; and 
may make and have a corporate seal, and may purchase, take, have 
and hold, and may grant, sell, and at pleasure dispose of all such real 
and personal estate as may be required in carrying into effect the pro¬ 
visions of an act of Congress entitled “An act* to provide for celebrat¬ 
ing the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence by hold¬ 
ing an international exhibition of arts and manufactures, and ])roducts 
of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsyl¬ 
vania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,” approved March 
third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and all acts supplementary 
thereto; and said Centennial Board of Finance shall consist of the 
following-named persons, their associates and successors from the States 
and Territories, as herein set forth. [Here follow the names of corpor¬ 
ators of the Centennial Board of Finance representing every State and 
Territory.] 

Sec. 2. That the said corporation shall have authority and is hereby 



MISCELLANEOUS. 


341 


empowered to secure subscriptions of capital stock to an amount not 
exceeding ten million dollars, to be divided iuto shares of ten dollars 
eac.li, and to issue to the subscribers of said stock certificates therefor 
under the corporate seal of said corporation, which certificates shall 
bear the signature of the president and treasurer, and be transferable 
under such rules and regulations as may be made for the purpose. And 
it shall be lawful for any municipal or other corporate body existing by 
or under the laws of the United States to subscribe and pay for shares 
of said capital stock, and all holders of said stock shall become associates 
in said corporation, and shall be entitled to one vote on each share; and 
it shall be the duty of the United States Oeutenuial Oommission to pre¬ 
scribe rules to enable absent stockholders to vote by proxy. The pro¬ 
ceeds of said stock, together with the receipts from all other sources, 
shall be used by said corporation for the erection of suitable buildings, 
with their appropriate fixtures and appurtenances, and for all other 
expenditures required in carrying out the objects of the said act of Con¬ 
gress of March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and which may 
be incident thereto. And the said corporation shall keep regular min¬ 
utes of its proceedings, and full accounts, with the vouchers thereof, of 
all the receipts and expenditures, and the same shall be always open to 
the inspection of the United States Centennial Commission, or any 
member thereof. 

Sec. 3. That books of subsciption shall be opened by the United 
States Centennial Commission under such rules as it may prescribe, 
and an opportunity shall be given, during a period of one hundred days, 
to the citizens of each State and Territory, to subscribe for stock to an 
amount not exceeding its quota, according to its population, alter which 
period of one hundred days stock not taken may be sold to any person 
or persons or corporation willing to purchase the same. 

Sec. 4. That after the expiration of said period of one hundred days, 
the United States Centennial Commission shall issue a call for a meet¬ 
ing, by publication in one or more newspapers published at the capital 
of each State and Territory, not less than thirty days prior thereto, of 
the cori)orators and all others who may then have subscribed for stock, 
to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for the purpose of electing a board 
of directors, to consist of twenty-five stockholders, whose term of office 
shall be one year, and until their successors shall have been qualified; 
at which meeting those who may be present in person or by proxy, of 
whom one hundred shall constitute a quorum, shall be competent to 
organize and elect said officers. The said board of directors, and every 
subsequent board, shall be chosen by the stockholders, out of a list of 
one hundred stockholders, selected and nominated by the United States 
Centennial Commission. Nine members of the board of directors shall 
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but no election or 
change of officers shall take place unless at a meeting of the board of 
directors at which a majority shall be present. 

Sec. 5. That the said board of directors shall elect, from its own 
number, a president and two vice-presidents, whose term of office shall 
be one year, and until their successors shall have been duly qualified, 
and shall ai)point a treasurer, a secretary, and such other officers as 
may be required to carry out the purposes of the corporation, which 
elected and appointed officers shall hold their res[)ective offices during 
the pleasure of the board, receiving such compensation as the board 
may prescribe; and the board shall also adopt such by-laws, rides, and 
regadations, for its own government and for the government of its offi- 


342 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


cers, as may be deemed expedient: Provided,, That the same shall not 
be inconsistent with any act of Congress or the rules adopted by the 
United States Centennial Commission. 

Sec. 6 . That as soon as the board of directors shall have been duly 
organized, as provided for in section five of this act, it shall be the duty 
of the United States Centennial Commission to deliver to the said board 
all stock-subscription books, with the papers and records of any kind 
in its possession, pertaining to the same. 

Sec. 7. That the grounds for the exhibition shall be prepared and the 
buildings erected by the said corporation in accordance with plans 
which shall have been previously adopted by the United States Centen¬ 
nial Commission, and the rules and regulations of said corporation, 
governing rates for ^‘entrance” and ‘‘admission’* fees, or otherwise af¬ 
fecting tiie rights, privileges, or interests of the exhibitors, or of the 
public, shall be fixed and established by the United States Centennial 
Commission; and no grant conferring rights or privileges of any de¬ 
scription connected witli the said grounds or buildings, or relating to 
said exhibition or celebration, shall be made without the consent ol the 
United States Centennial Commission, and said commission shall have 
power to control, change, or revoke all such grants, and shall appoint 
all judges and examiners, and award all premiums. 

Sec. 8. That the Centennial Board of Finance shall have authority 
to issue bonds, not in excess of its (*apital stock, and secure the pay¬ 
ment of the same, principal and interest, by mortgage upon its property 
and prospective income. 

Sec. 9. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury of 
the United States, as soon as practicable after the passage of this act, 
to cause to be prepared, in accordance with a design api)roved by the 
United States Centennial Commission and the Secretary of the Treasury, 
a sufticient number of certificates of stock to meet the requirements of 
this act; and any person found guilty of counterfeiting, or attempting 
to counterfeit, or knowingly circulating false certificates of stock herein 
authorized, shall be subject to the same pains and penalties as are or 
may be i)rovided by law for counterfeiting United States currency ; but 
nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any liability of 
the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, 
nor for any claim, by the centennial international exhibition, or the cor¬ 
poration hereby created, for aid of pecuniary assistance from Congress 
or the Treasury of the United States, in supi)ort or liquidation of any 
debts or obligations created by the corporation herein authorized : And 
provided, That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to override 
or interfere with the laws of any State; and all contracts made in any 
State for the purposes of the centennial international exhibition shall 
be subject to the laws thereof: And provided further, That no member 
of said Centennial Board of Finance assumes any personal liability for 
any debt or obligation which may be created or incurred by the corpo¬ 
ration authorized by this act. 

Sec. 10. That as soon as practicable after the said exhibition shall 
have been closed, it shall be the duty of said corporation to convert its 
pro])erty into cash, and, after the payment of all its liabilities, to divide 
its remaining assets among its stockholders, pro rata, in full satisfaction 
and discharge of its capital stock. And it shall be the duty of the 
United States Centennial Commission to supervise the closing up of 
the affairs of said cor[)oration, to audit its accounts, and submit, in a 
report to the President of the United States, the financial results of the 
centennial exhibition. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


343 


Sec. 11. That the commissiou created by the act referred to in the 
preamble of this act is hereby made aud constituted a body politic and 
corporate in law, with power to do such acts, and enter into such obli¬ 
gations, as may be promotive of the purposes for which such commis¬ 
sion was established. Its title shall be the United States Centennial 
Coin mission. It shall have a common and corporate seal, and possess 
all the rights incident to corporate existence. 

Sec. 12. That the alternate commissioners appointed pursuant to 
section four of the act approved March third, eighteen hundred and 
seventy-one, referred to in the preamble to this act, shall have all the 
powers of a commissioner when the commissioner is not present at any 
meeting. When the commissioner is present the alternate may partici¬ 
pate in the debates aud serve on committees, but shall have no vote. 
The appointment of all commissioners and alternate commissioners 
made since March third, eighteen hundred aud seventy-two, is hereby 
ratified and confirmed; and all vacancies now existing, or which may 
hereafter exist, whether by death, resignation, removal from the State 
or Territory, or otherwise, shall be filled, at any time hereafter, in like 
manner as is provided in said act of March third, eighteen hundred aud 
seventy-one, for the appointment of commissioners. 

Sec. 13. That it shall be the duty of the United States Centennial 
Commission to make report, from time to time, to the President of the 
United States, of the progress of the work, aud in a final report present 
a full exhibit of the result of the United States centennial celebration 
and exhibition of eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

Approved, June 1, 1872. 


1776-INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA—1876. 

SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 

Subject to revision. 

The classification embraces ten departments: 

I. Raw materials—mineral, vegetable, and animal. 

II. Materials and manufactures used for food or in the 

ARTS, THE RESULT OF EXTRACTIVE OF COMBINING PROCESSES. 

III. ^ Textile and felted fabrics ; apparel, costumes, and 

ORNAMENTS FOR THE PERSON. 

IV. Furniture and manufactures of general use in con¬ 
struction AND in dwellings. 

V. Tools, implements, machines, and processes. 

VI. Motors and transportation. 

VII. Apparatus and methods for the increase and diffusion 

OF KNOWLEDGE. 

VIII. Engineering, public works, architecture, &c. 

IX. Plastic and graphic arts. 

X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of 

THE PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL, AND MORAL CONDITION OF MAN. 

Each department will be divided into ten groups and one hundred 



344 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

classes, to facilitate the arrangement and display of the various articles 
placed on exhibition. The following table will serve as a 


KEY TO THE GROUPS AKD CLASSES. 


Dep’ts. 

Groups. 

Classes. 

I. 

10— 19 

100— 199 

II. 

20— 29 

200— 299 

III. 

30— 39 

300— 399 

lY. 

40— 49 

400— 499 

Y. 

50— 59 

500— 599 

YI. 

GO— G9 

GOO— G99 

YII. 

70— 79 

700— 799 

YIII. 

80— 89 

800— 899 

IX. 

90— 99 

900— 999 

X. 

100—109 

1000—1099 


DEPARTMENT I. 

RAW MATERIALS—MINERAL, VEGETABLE, AND ANIMAL. 

Group 10. 

MINERALS, ORES, BUILDING-STONES, METALS, AND METALLURGICAL 

PRODUCTS. 

Class 100. —Metallic and non-metallic minerals, exclusive 
OF COAL AND OIL ; collections of minerals systematically arranged ; 
collections of ores and associated minerals; geological collections, aero¬ 
lites. 

Class 101.— Metallurgical products.— Iron and steel, copper, 
lead, zinc, antimony, and other metals, the result of extractive proc¬ 
esses, with specimens of slags, fluxes, residues, and products of metal¬ 
lurgical processes. 

Class 102.— Mineral combustibles, such as coal, mineral tar, 
and petroleum. 

[This class will include anthracite, semi-bituminous, and bituminous 
coals; cannel coal, jet, brown coal, and lignite; specimens of coal-waste, 
and of pressed coal 5 albertite, asphalt, and asphaltic limestones; bit¬ 
umen of India, Trinidad, Mexico, California and other localities; 
crude mineral-tar, petroleum in its crude state as taken from the oil- 
springs or wells.] 

Class 103. —Building-stones, marbles, slates, &c. —Specimens 
in the rough and hewn, sawed or polislied, of granite, syenite, por¬ 
phyry, sandstone, limestone, marble, alabaster, serpentine, or other 
rocks, used either for foundation or superstructure of buildings, bridges, 
walls or other constructions, or for interior decoration in floors, columns, 
wainscoting, &c., or for furniture. 

Specimens of marble of all colors and grades—white, black, or col- 








MISCELLANEOUS. 345 

ored—used either in building, for decoration, for statuary, monuments, 
or for furniture, in blocks or slabs not mmiufactured. 

Slates iu masses, slabs, and split into the various sizes used for roof¬ 
ing. 

[For tiles, marble and slate mantels, &c., see Departments II and IV.J 

Class 104.— Clays, kaolin, silex, and other materials for the man¬ 
ufacture of porcelain, faience, and of glass, bricks, terra-cotta, and tiles 
and hre-brick. Eefractory-stones for lining furnaces, sandstone, steatite, 
&c., and refractory furnace materials. 

Class 105.— Lime, cement, and hydraulic cement of all grades, 
raw and burned, accomiianied by siiecimens of the crude rock or mate¬ 
rials used. 

Class 106.—Lithographic stones, hones, whetstones, grind¬ 
stones, GRINDING AND POLISHING MATERIALS, SUCh aS Saud, quartz, 
garnets, crude topaz, diamond, corundum, emery in the rock or pulver¬ 
ized, aud in assorted sizes and grades, as sold for abrading purposes. 

Class 107.—Mineral waters, artesian-well waters, natural 
brines, saline and alkaline efflorescences aud solutions. 

Class 108.—Mineral fertilizing substances, such as gypsum, 
phosphate of lime, marls, shells, coprolites, &c.—not manufactured. 

Class 109. 


Group 11. 

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS USED CHIEFLY FOR FOOD. 

Class 110.—Cereals and grasses, including straw, hay, corn, and 
various kinds of fodder. 

Class 111.— Root crops. —Potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, pars¬ 
nips, onions, &c. 

Class 112.— Green vegetables. —Cabbages, cauliflowers, kale, 
beans, peas, squashes, egg-plants, cucumbers, tomatoes, melons, pump¬ 
kins. 

Class 113.—Fruits of temperate and subtropical regions.— 
Apples, pears, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums. 

Class 114.— Tropical fruits. —Oranges, bananas, plantains, lemons, 
pine-apples, pomegranates, figs, cocoa-nuts. 

Class 115.— Grapes and grape culture. —[This class will include 
all varieties of the grape under cultivation, whether raised under 
glass or not, though the locality and method of raising will in all cases 
be stated with the specimens sent. It is desirable to have a very full 
representation of the various kinds now raised in such perfection in the 
open air in California, such as the Black Hamburg, Flaming Tokay, 
Muscat, &c.] 

Class 116. — Small fruits, berries, &c. —Strawberries, raspber¬ 
ries, blackberries, blueberries, whortleberries, cherries, &c. 

Class 117.— Dried fruits of all kinds. —Raisins, figs, prunes, 
plums, prunellas, dates, apples, pears, peaches, cherries, &c. 

Class 118.—Dried vegetables and seeds, exclusive of cere¬ 
als, INCLUDING GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS. — PeaS, beailS, pulse, &C. 

Class 119.— Nuts. —Cocoa-nuts, ivory nuts, and the various tropical 
and other nuts and seeds used for food or in the arts. 


346 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Group 12. 

ARBORICULTURE AND FLORICULTURE. 

Class 120.—Fruit trees, and methods of rearing and transplant¬ 
ing. 

Class 121.—Ornamental trees and shrubs, and methods of rear¬ 
ing and transplanting. 

Class 122.—Annual and perennial flowerino plants, grown 
in the open air, to be exhibited in successive periods according to the 
season. 

Class 123.—Hot-house and conservatory plants, and manage¬ 
ment of them; hot-beds, forcing and propagating houses. 

Class 124.—Fruit trees, under glass. 

Class 125.—Orchids and parasitic plants, and their manage¬ 
ment or treatment. 

Class 126.—Ferns, and the best method of growing them under 
glass in hot-houses, or in cases, or in the open air : ferneries. 

Class 127.—Cactacea. 

Class 128.—Aquatic plants. 

Class 129.—Growing- crops.— Grasses, cereals, tubers, roots, kitch¬ 
en-garden vegetables, and methods of growing. 

Group 13. 

FOREST PRODUCTS. 

Class 130.— Loos and sections of trees, samjdes of wood and 
timber of all kinds generally used in construction or manufactures, 
either in the rough or hewed, sawed or split, including square timber, 
joists, scantling, plank, and boards of all sizes and kinds commonly sold 
for building purposes. Also ship-timber, as used in ship-building, or 
for masts and spars j piles ; timber for fencing, for posts, or for timber¬ 
ing shafts of mines. Miscellaneous collections of wood illustrative of 
the various kinds and the purposes to which they are applied. 

Class 131.—Worked timber or lumber, in form of clapboards, 
shingles, sheathing or flooring-casings, moldings, and stair-rails. 

Class 132.—Ornamental wood, used in decorating and for furni¬ 
ture ; veneers of hard and fancy woods; mahogany logs, crotches and 
veneers; rosewood, satin-wood, ebony, bird’s-eye maple, madrona, black- 
walnut veneers, and other fancy woods, suitable lor and used for orna¬ 
mental purposes. 

Class 133.—Timber prepared in various ways to resist decay; 

kyanized timber. 

Class 134.—Dyeing, tanning and coloring.— Dyewoods, barks, 
and various vegetable substances in their raw state, used for dyeiuo' and 
coloring. 

a. Logwood, Brazil-wood, peach-wood, fustic, sumac. 

h. Barks of various kinds, Brazilian, acacias, oak, hemlock, 
murici, bicida, gordonia. 

c. Galls, excrescences, and abnormal woody products. 

d. Mosses used for dyeing and coloring. 

Class 135.—Cellular substances.— Corks, and substitutes for 
corks, of vegetable growth; porous woods for special uses; pith, rice, 
paper, &c. 

Class 136.—Lichens, mosses, pulu, ferns, and vegetable sub- 


MISCELLANEOUS. 347 

stances used for bedding, for upholstery, or for mechanical purposes, as 
teazels, Dutch rushes, scouring grass, &c. 

Class 137.—Gums, resins, vegetable wax or tallow wax, 
HONEY, including caoutchouc, Senegal, tragacanth, Arabic, myrrh, copal, 
&c. 

Class 138,—Seeds and fruits, for ornamental purposes j vegetable 
ivory, coquilla nuts, cocoa-nut shells, ganitrus beads, bottle gourds, &c. 

Class 139.—Miscellaneous products. 

Group 14. 

AROMATIC, oleaginous, SAPONACEOUS, STIMULATING, AND NARCOTIC 

SUBSTANCES OF VEGETABLE GROWTH. VEGETABLE DRUGS AND 

PERFUMES. 

Class 140.—Tobacco of all varieties, and in its various stages 
of growth and curing, in the leaf and crude or manufactured. 

Class 141.—Seeds from which oil is expressed.—C otton seed, 
mustard seed, rape seed, linseed, sun-tiower seed, olives, palm-nuts, 
castor beans, oil-cake, and residues of the oil manufacture. 

Class 142.—Spices and condiments.—P epper, cinnamon, mace, 
nutmegs, cloves, capsicum, vanilla, pimento, cardamons, ginger, mustard. 

Class 143.—Tea and the various substitutes for tea used in 
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.—Of teas, all varieties, and in the various 
stages of preparation for the market, and in the various styles and 
modes of packing. 

Class 144.—Coffee, chocolate, cocoa, chiccory, and the 

VARIOUS SUBSTITUTES FOR COFFEE. 

Class 145.—Plants, flowers, roots, leaves, and herbs, used 
IN beer-making and in pharmacy.—H ops, sarsaparilla, winter-green, 
spruce leaves, cinchona, cascarilla, cusparia, and other barks. 

Class 14G.—Saponaceous plants, leaves, roots, seeds, barks, 

&c. 

Class 147.—Vegetable drugs and perfumes. 

Class 148. 

Class 149. 

Group 15. 

FIBROUS SUBSTANCES OF VEGETABLE OR OF ANIMAL ORIGIN USED IN 

THE ARTS. 

Class 150.—Cotton in the boll, and cleansed from seeds, as ready 
for the market, and of all grades and varieties—uplands, low middling, 
sea island, Chinese, Indian, &c. 

Class 151.—Flax, hemp, jute, ramie, &c., in their various stages 
of preparation, and all similar fibers, such as the eahouya^ of Santo 
Domingo ; from plants of the aloe family, pine-apple fiber, China grass, 
nettle fiber, plantain ; substitutes for hemp. 

Class 152.—Coir or cocoa-nut fiber, and other similar substances. 

Class 153.—Wool in the fleece, in bales, or carded. 

Class 154.—Silk in cocoons and reeled. 

Class 155.—FI air for textile purposes, for cordage, for plaster¬ 
ing, bedding, upholstering, &c.; for making hair-cloth for covering fur¬ 
niture, for sieves, &c.; for making wigs, curls, fronts, switches, &c. 

[l^'or manufactured hair-work used as clothing or adornment, see 
Department III.] 


348 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Group 16. 

ANIMALS, LIVE STOCK, ETC. 

Class 160.—Horses, asses, mules. 

Class 161.—Bulls, cows, oxen, sheep. 

Class 162.—Goats, Anoora goats, alpaca, llama, camel. 

Class 163.—Swine, and methods of rearing, feeding, &c. 

Class 164.—Dogs for hunting, watch-dogs, coach-dogs, and all 

OTHER VARIETIES. 

Class 165.—Wild animals.—L iving wild animals from various 
countries; elk, deer, antelope, buffalo, bears, wolves, wild-cats, and 
other animals, from the Western States and Territories; stuffed skins. 
Class 166.—Poultry and domestic fowl of all kinds, with 

SPECIMENS OF THEIR CAGES, POULTRY-A'ARDS, &C. 

Class 167.—Cage-birds, aviaries, &c. 

Class 168.—Keptiles and batrachians.—T urtles, terrapins, frogs, 
&c. 

■ Class. 169.—Insects.—H oney-bees, silk-worms and silk-worm eggs, 
silk-spiders; insects injurious to vegetation or otherwise. 

Group 17. 

FISH AND AQUATIC LIFE AND FISH PRODUCTS. 

Class 170.—Marine mammals.—S eals, cetaceans, &c.; specimens 
living in aquaria, or stuffed, salted, preserved in alcohol or otherwise. 
Class 171.—Fishes, living or preserved. 

Class 172.—Pickled fish, and parts of fish used for food. 
Class 173.—Fish, or parts of fish, caviar, sharks’ fins, salted, 
smoked, dried, or otherwise preserved for food. 

Class 174.—Crustaceans, echinoderms, beche de mer. 

Class 175.—Mollusks.—O ysters, clams, &c., used for food. 

Class 176.—Fish or fish-products used in agriculture or manu¬ 
factures. Fish-glue, isinglass, sounds, fish-oil, &c. [See also class 184 
and 220.] 

Class 177.—Sponges, sea weed, and other marine growths 
USED FOR FOOD OR IN THE ARTS.—Algie, kelp, &c.; spoiiges, sea-fans, 
gorgonia, &c. 

Class 178.—Shells, coral, pearls, &c.—M other-of-pearl, haliotis, 
uuio, and other shells of iridescent pearly luster; conch shells, finely 
colored, used for cameos and for other purposes; collections of shells 
systematically arranged, characteristic of each country. Coral of all 
qualities and shades of color, in its crude state, and as sold in com¬ 
merce. Pearls of all sizes, colors, and forms, as found—not mounted. 
Class 179.—Whalebone, shagreen, &c. 

Group 18. 

ANIMAL PRODUCTS USED.AS FOOD OR AS THE BASIS OF MANUFAC¬ 
TURES, EXCLUSIVE OF AQUATIC PRODUCTS. 

Class 180.—The dairy.—Milk, eggs, cream, butter, cheese, 
&c.; lard, tallow, tats of all kinds. [For spermaceti, &c., see class 222.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


349 


Class 181.— Skins, peltries, furs and feathers. 

a. Skins and Furs. —Buffalo, bear, beaver, wolf, fox, muskrat, 
otter, seal, mink, ermine, sal)le and marten, hare and rabbit, lamb, 
sheep, goat, scpurrel, chinchilla, and cat skins, and mats. Skins 
from the tropics, of the lion, tiger, leopard, panther, zebra, antelope, 
&c. Skins of the deer, elk, or horse, tanned or dried with the 
hair on. 

b. Feathers .—Of the goose, eider duck, or other fowl, used for 
bedding; for ornament, as the ostrich, marabout, rhea or vulture, 
osprey, emu, birds of paradise, heron, ibis, swan, turkey-cock, pea¬ 
cock, pheasant (common, copper, or golden,) eagle and other 
plumes. Also skins of birds used for clothing. 

Class 182.—Leather, parchment, and vellum, of the various 
kinds and styles of finish. Oak-tanned leather, hemlock-tanned, dyed 
leather, enameled or “ patent-leather,’* curried leather, calf, kip, and 
seal skin, morocco for shoes, book-binding, and pocket-books ; for cover¬ 
ing furniture, &c. Harness and saddlery leather; pigskin; Russia 
leather, sheepskin, buckskin, chamois. Parchment for commissions, 
patents, deeds, di[)lomas, &c. Vellum for similar purposes, and for 
books and book-binding; for drums and tamborines, for gold-beaters’ 
use, &c. 

Class 183.—Ivory, bone, horn, walrus teeth, tortoise shell. 

Class 184. —Clue, gelatine, isinglass, blood and its prepar¬ 
ations. [See also class 170.] 

Class 185.— Animal perfumes. —Musk, castoreum, civet, ambergris, 
«&c., in their crude state, not manufactured. [For animal oils, &c., see 
class 220.1 

Group 19. 

PRESERVED MEATS, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS. 

Class 190.— Salted or pickled meats. —Salt beef, pork. 

Class 191.— Dried and smoked meat. —Dried beef and jerked beef 
as prepared in Mexico, California, and dry countries, smoked and dried 
beef, and pork, hams, bacon, sausages, Bologna sausages, &c. 

Class 192.— Canned meats, milk, including fish, flesh and fowl, 
pates, sardines, &c. (Lobster, oysters.) 

. Class 193.— Vegetables, desiccated, or in cans or glass hermetically 
sealed, tomatoes, corn, asparagus, &c. 

Class 194. —Pickles, champignons, truffles. 

Class 195.— Fruits in cans or in glass, preserved in sirup or 
alcohol. 

Class 196.—elELLiES, jams, marmalades. 


DEPARTMENT 11. 

materials and manufactures used for food, or in THE ARTS, 

THE RESULT OF EXTRACTIVE OR COMBINING PROCESSES. 

Group 20. 

EXTRACTS AND COMPOUNDS OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN, USED 

CHIEFLY FOR FOOD. 

Class 200. —Starch and its manufacture.— Starch from all 
sources, from grain, potatoes, or other tubers, arrow-root, plantain meal. 



350 


REPORT OE THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


cassava meal, zamia starch of Santo Domingo, and of Australia j mani- 
oca, tous-les-mois, tapioca, sago, and pearl llonr. 

Class 201.— Sugar, molasses, and sirups. —Molasses and sirups 
from all sources, from the sugar cane, sorghum, the maple or palm, from 
beets or fruit; and sugar in its various forms and stages of preparation, 
from the brown crude sugars to the crystallized white loaf. 

Class 202.—Confectionery. 

Class 203.—Alcohol and spirituous liquors. —Wine, cider, 
brandy, rum, whisky, gin, pisko, saki, samshoo. 

a. Ordinary red and white wines, sweet and mulled wines, sau- 
terne, claret, hock, catawba, sparkling wines, cider, perry, and other 
fermented drinks made from the juice of fruit. Fermented drinks 
drawn from vegetable saps, milk, or saccharine substances of any 
kind. 

1). Distilled liquors. —Rum, brandy, whisky, gin, pisko, r)roof-spirit. 
c. Cordials. —Absinthe, Cura^oa, kirschwasser, &c. 

Class 204.—Malt liquors, small beer, and soda-water.— 
Beer, ale, porter or stout, lager-beer, root-beer, ginger-beer, ginger-ale, 
soda-water with or without various sirui)s, bottled or in fountains. 

Class 205.—Bread, cake and pastral —The various forms and 
kinds of bread and rolls, cake and pastry, with or without yeast. 

Class 20(5.— Biscuit, crackers, pastes, &c. —Sea-biscuit or pilot- 
bread, water, milk and butter crackers, fancy crackers, Albert biscuit, 
ginger biscuit, Italian pastes, maccaroni, vermicelli, semouille; paste in 
fancy forms for soups. 

Class 207.—Compound portable food, meat and vegetable 
extracts. 

a. Prepared army rations. 

1). Extract of beef. 
c. Extract of coffee. 

Class 208. 

Class 209. 


Group 21. 

POTASH, SODA AND AMMONIA ; SALT, BLEACHING-POWDERS, FERTIL¬ 
IZING COMPOUNDS, MINERAL ACIDS. 

Class 210.—Mineral acids, and the methods of manufac¬ 
ture. —Sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids. 

Class 211.—The common commercial alkalies, potash, soda 
AND ammonia, with THEIR CARBONATES. 

Class 212.— Salt and its production.— Salt from deposits—n-ativ^e 
salt. Salt by solar evaporation from sea-water. Salt by evaporation 
from water of saline springs or wells. Rock salt, ground and table salt. 
Class 213.— Bleaching powders and chloride of lime. 

Class 214.—Fertilizing compounds made from bones, guano, 

FISH, AND OTHER ORGANIC SOURCES. 

Class 215.—Fertilizing compounds made from mineral phos¬ 
phates, POTASH SALTS, AND OTHER MINERAL SOURCES. StASSFURTH 
COMPOUNDS. 

Class 216. 

Class 217. 

Class 218. 

Class 219. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


351 


Group 22. 


OILS, SOAP, CANDLES, ILLUMINATING AND OTHER GASES. 

Class 220.—Oils from mineral, animal and vegetable 

SOURCES. 

a. Refined petroleum, benzine, naphtha, and other products of 
the manufacture. 

J). Oils from various seeds, crude and refined, and of various 
degrees of purity. Olive-oil, cotton-seed oil, palm-oil. 

c. Animal oils, of various kinds, in their refined state. 

d. Oils prepared for special purposes besides lighting and for 
food. Lubricating oils. 

Class 221.—Soaps and detergent preparations. 

Class 222.—Candles, stearine, paraffine, &c., spermaceti. 
Class 223.—Glycerine. 

Class 224.—Illuminating gas, and its manufacture. 

Class 225.— Oxygen gas, and its application for heating, lighting, 
metallurgy, and as a remedial agent. 

Class 226.—Chlorine and carbonic acid. 

Group 23. 

CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. 

Group 24. 

PAINTS, PIGMENTS, DYES, COLORS, TURPENTINES, OILS, VARNISHES, 
PRINTING-INKS, WRITING-INKS, BLACKING. 

Group 25. 

PATENT MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS, PERFUMERY, ESSENCES, POMADES, 

COSMETICS, AROMATIC VINEGARS, ETC. 

Group 26. 

CETHENTS, ARTIFICIAL STONE, CONCRETE, BETON. 

Class 260.—Specimens of lime mortar and mixtures, showing 
their hardness, strength, durability, &c., with illustrations of the pro¬ 
cesses of mixing, &c. 

Class 261.—Hydraulic and other cements, as used, showing 
their strength and durability. 

Class 262.— Beton mixtures and results. CoigneCs beton and 
examples, with illustrations of the processes. 

Class 263.— Artificial stone for building purposes, building blocks, 
cornices, &c, (such, for example, as Kansome’s, the Frear, &c.) 

Class 264.—Artificial stone mixtures for pavements, walls, or 

ceilings. 

Class 265.—Plasters, mastics, &c. 

Group 27. 

the ceramic art—terra cotta, faience, porcelain and glass. 

Class 270. — Bricks, terra cotta, and architectural pottery, &c. 
Class 271. — Fire clay goods, crucibles, pots, furnaces, &c. 
Chemical stone-ware. 


352 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Class 272.— Tiles. — Plain, enameled, encaustic and geometric tiles 
and mosaics. Tiles for pavements and for rooting, &c. 

Class 273.—Faience majolica, earthenware and household pottery. 
Class 274.—Porcelain, for purposes of construction and ornament. 
Class 275.—Porcelain-ware, for table and household use. 

Class 276.— Glass used in construction and for mirrors. 
a. Window-glass of various grades of quality and of size. 
h. Plate-glass, hammered, and ground or polished. 

Class 277.—Chemical glass-ware, bottles, &c. 

Class 278.—Table and decorative glass-ware. 

Class 279. 

Group 28. 

Explosive and fulminating compounds. [In small quantities onhj, 
wider special regulations^ or shoivn by empty cases and cartridges.] 

Class 280.—Black powder of various grades and sizes. 

Class 281.— Nitro-glycerine and the methods of using and explod¬ 
ing. 

Class 282.—Giant powder, dynamite, dualin, «&c. 

Group 29. 


DEPARTMENT III. 

TEXTILE AND FELTED FABRICS, APPAREL, COSTUMES, AND ORNA¬ 
MENTS FOR THE PERSON. 

Group 30. 

YARNS AND AVOVEN GOODS OF VEGETABLE OR MINERAL MATERIALS. 

Class 300.— Woven fabrics of mineral origin. 

a. Wire cloths, sieve-cloth, wire screens, bolting-cloth, &c., not 
manufactured. 

h. Asbestos fiber, spun and woven, with the clothing manufac¬ 
tured from it. 

c. Glass thread, floss, and fabrics. 

Class 301.— Coarse fabrics, of grass, rattan, cocoa-nut, bark, and 
aloe fiber. 

a. Alattings of all kinds, Chinese, Japanese, palm-leaf, grass, and 
rushes. 

h. Floor-cloths of rattan and cocoa-nut fiber. 

Class 302.— Cotton yearns and fabrics, bleached and unbleached, 
but not colored. 

a. Cotton sheeting and shirting, plain and twilled. 
h. Cotton canvas and duck. 

Class 303.— Dyed cotton fabrics, exclusive of prints and calicoes. 
Class 304.— Cotton prints and calicoes, including handkerchiefs, 
shawls, scarfs, &c. 

Class 305.— Linen and fine grass fabrics, uncolored. 

Class 306.— Dy^ed linen fabrics. 

Class 307. 

Class 308. 

Class 309.—Floor oil-cloths, and other painted and enameled 
tissues, and imitations of leather, with a woven base. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 


353 


Group 31. 

I 

WOVEN AND FELTED GOODS OF WOOL AND MIXTURES OF WOOL. 

Class 310.— Card-wool fabrics.— Yams, broadcloths, doeskins, 
fancy cassinieres. 

Class 311. —Flannels.— Plain flannels, domets, opera and fancy. 
Class 312. —Blankets, robes and shawls. 

Class 313. —Combed-wool fabrics.— Worsted, yarns, dress-goods 
for ’women’s wear; delaines, serges, poplins, merinoes. 

Class 314. —Carpets, rugs, &c.— Brussels, Melton, tapestry, tapes¬ 
try Brussels, Axuiinster, Venetian, ingrain, felted carpetings, druggets, 
rugs, &c. 

Class 315.— Hair, alpaca, goat’s hair, camel’s hair, and other 
fabrics, mixed or uuraixed with wool. 

Class 316. —Printed and embossed woolen cloths, table cov¬ 
ers, patent velvets. 

Class 317. 

Class 318. 

Class 319. 

Group 32. 

silk and silk fabrics and mixtures in which silk is the pre¬ 
dominating material. 

Group 33. 

knit goods and hosiery, including underwear made of piece 

GOODS. 

Group 34. 

clothing, ready-made clothing, military clothing, costumes 

AND CLOTHING FOR SPECIAL OB.JECTS. 

Group 35. 

HATS, CAPS, BOOTS AND SHOES, GLOVES, MITTENS, ETC., STRAW AND 
PALM-LEAF HATS, BONNETS, AND MILLINERY. 

Group 36. 

LACES, EMBROIDERIES, AND TRIMMINGS FOR CI-OTHING, FURNITURE, 

AND CARRIAGES. 

Group 37. 

FINE JEW^ELRY, AND METALLIC OR MINERAL ORNAMENTS WORN UPON 

THE PERSON. 

Group 38. 

ORNAMENTS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, COIFFURES, BUTTONS, TRIMMINGS, 
FANS, UMBRELLAS, SUN-SHADES, WALKING-CANES, AND OTHER OB¬ 
JECTS OF DRESS OR ADORNMENT, EXCLUSIVE OF JEWELRY. 

Group 39. 

PAPER, PASTEBOARD, CARD-BOARD, WALL-PAPERS, PAPER BUILDING- 
MATERIAL AND FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION, AND PAPER INDUS¬ 
TRY GENERALLY. 

Class .—Blank-books and stationery. 

[See also Groups 70 and 71.] 

Ex. 30-23 



354 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


DEPARTMENT IV. 

FURNITURE AND MANUFACTURES OF GENERAL USE IN CONSTRUCTION 

AND IN DWELLINGS. 

[See also Group 98.] 

Group 40. 

Furniture. —Cbairs, tables, parlor and chamber suits, office and ib 

brary furniture. 

Class —.—Safes. 


Group 41. 

Taele-furniture. —Glass, china, silver, silver plate, tea and coffee 

sets, urns, samovars, epergnes. 

Group 42. 

mRRORS, stained and enameled glass, cut and engraved win¬ 
dow-glass, AND OTHER DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 

Group 43. 


APPARATUS 


AND 


FIXTURES FOR HEATING, LIGHTING, 
AND COOKING. 


VENTILATING 


Group 44. 

HOUSEHOLD IMPLEMENTS, APPARATUS, AND ARTICLES USED IN 

DWELLINGS. 


Class —. —Laundry appliances, washing-machjnes, mangles, clothes- 
wringers, clothes-bars, clothes lines, i&c. 

Class —.—Nurserv. 

Class —.—Kitchen and ])antry. 

Class —.—Cellar. 

Class —.—Bath-room and water-closet. 

Class —.—Library. 

Class —.—Vestibule and hall furniture, rubber and cocoa mattings, 
shoe-cleaners, umbrella-stands, &c. 

Class —.—Tjiwn funiture, camp-stools, rustic-work, tents, awnings, 
hammocks, lunch-baskets, &c. 


Group 48. 

MANUFACTURED PARTS OF DWELLINGS. 

Class —.—Windows, sash and blinds, doors. 

Group 49. 

Hardware used in construction, exclusive of tools and im¬ 
plements. —Spikes, nails, screws, tacks, bolts; locks, latches, bolts, 
hinges, pulleys; plumbers’ and gas-fitters’ hardware; furniture-fit¬ 
tings; ships’ hardware and fittings. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 


355 


DEPAKTMENT Y. 

TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS, MACHINES AND PROCESSES. 

Group 50. 

MACHINES, TOOLS AND APPARATUS OF MININO, METALLUROY, CHEM¬ 
ISTRY, AND THE EXTRACTIVE ARTS. 

Group 51. 

MACHINES, TOOLS AND APPARATUS OF AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY 

AND ALOIENTARY INDUSTRY. 

Group 52. 

MACHINES, TOOLS AND APPLIANCES FOR WORKING WOOD, METALS OR 

STONE. 

•Class —.—Emery-paper, sand-paper. 

Group 53. 

MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS OF SPINNING, WEAVING, FELTING, PAPER- 
MAKING, SEWING, AND MAKING CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTAL OB¬ 
JECTS. 

Group 51. 

MACHINES AND APPARATUS FOR TYPE-MAKING, TYPE-SETTING, PRINT¬ 
ING, RULING, STAMPING, EMBOSSING, PRESSING, AND FOR MAKING 
BOOKS AND PAPER-WORKING. 

Class 510.— Printing-presses. 
a. Hand-presses. 
h. Steam-power presses. 

c. Job-presses. 

d. Hydraulic-presses. 

e. Ticket-priiitiiig’ and Duinbering machines. 

Class 511.— Type-casting machines. 

a. Hand-casting moulds. 
h. ^Matrices. 

c. Printing-blocks. 

d. Typographic electr )typing. 

e. Sterotyping. 

Class 512.—Types. 

a. Plain and oinamental types. 

1). Cuts, music, b3iders, electro typed plates, &c. 
c. Specimen books of alphabets and typographical ornaments. 
Class 513.— Printers furniture. 
a. Cabinets. . 
h. Composing-sticks. 

c. Cases. 

d. Brass and type-metal labor-saving appliances. 

Class 511.—Type-setting machines. 

Class 515.—Book-binding machines. 

Class 51G.—Paper-fclding machines. 

Class 517.—Paper and card cutting machines. 

Class 548.—Envelope-machines. 

Class 549.— 


356 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Group 55. 

MISCELLANEOUS HAND-TOOLS, MACHINES AND APPLIANCES USED IN 

VARIOUS ARTS. CUTLERY. 

Class —.—Watch-making. 

Group 5G. 

Group 57. 

Group 58. 

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS OF MEDICINE AND SURGERA^; OF 
RELIEF TO THE WOUNDED, SANITARY APPARATUS AND METHODS. 

Group 59. 

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF LIFEj FOR 

HUNTING, TRAPPING, FISHING. 

Class 590.—Cutting instruments, knives, swords, spears, 

DIRKS, &C. 

Class 591.—Fire-arms for sporting and hunting. 

Class 592.—Military small-arms, muskets, pistols, and maga¬ 
zine-guns, WITH their ammunition. 

Class 593.—Light artillery, compound guns, machine-guns, 

(MITRAILLEUSES,) &C. 

Class 594. —Heavy ordnance and its accessories. 

Class 595. —Ammunition, shells, &c. 

Class 596. 

Class 597. 

Class 598.— Fishing implements.— Nets of all kinds, seines, lines, 
hooks, harpoons, spears, &c. j artificial baits, floats, sinkers, indicators, 
preserving substances for nets, tow; basket-fishing apparatus; imple¬ 
ments used in the artificial hatching offish-eggs. 

Class 599. —Models of basins, beds, wattle fences, vases, boxes, 
and other apparatus used in fish breeding, culture, or preservation^ 
models of fish-pens, wears, &c. 


DEPAKTMENT Yl. 

motors and transportation. 

Group 60. 

MOTORS AND APPARATUS FOR THE GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION 
OF POWER, AND FOR LIFTING AND MOVING FLUIDS. 

Class 600.—Boilers and all steam or gas generating appa¬ 
ratus FOR motive purposes. 

Class 601.—Water-wheels, water-engines, hydraulic rams, 

WIND-MILLS. 

Class 602.—Steam and air or gas engines. 

Class 603.-Electro-magnetic motor engines. 

Class 604.—Apparatus p'or the transmission of power._ 

Shalting, hangers, pulleys, couplings, gearing, friction-pulleys, clutches, 



MISCELLANEOUS. 357 

&c.; belting, cables. Transmission of power by compressed air; ma- 
liovos.* 

Class 605.— Pumps and apparatus for liftino and mo vino 

LIQUIDS. 

a. Ordinary lift and forcing pumps worked by hand. 
h. Lift and plunger pumps for mining, draining, elevating, and 
forcing. 

c. Kotary pumps, centrifugal pumps. 

d. Steam-pumps. 

€. Fire-engines. 

/. Steam or air injectors. 

r/. Ejectors or steam siphon pumps. 

h. Ejector condensers. 

Class 600. —Pumps and apparatus for mo vino and compress- 
INO AIR or gases.— Piston air-pumps, for exhausting or for comi>ressiag 
air, rotary air-pumps and blowers, ventilators, water stromels. 

Class 607. —Ice-machines. 

Class 608. 

Class 609. 

Group 61. 

VEHICLES AND APPARATUS OF TRANSPORTATION UPON COMMON ROADS, 

AND ACCESSORIES THERETO. 

Group 62. 


RAILWAYS AND RAILWAA^ PLANT. 

Group 63. 

RAILWAY ROLLING-STOCK AND APPARATUS. 

Group 64. 

« 

HOISTING AND LIFTING APPARATUS. 

Group 65. 

TRANSPORTATION UPON SUSPENDED CABLES—AERIAL TRANSPORTA¬ 
TION, PNEUMATIC TRANSPORTATION. 

Group 66. 

BOATS AND SAILING-VESSELS FOR GENERAL PURPOSES. 

Group 67. 

STEAMSHIPS, STEAMBOATS, PROPELLERS, AND ALL VESSELS PROPELLED 

BY STEAM, OR OTHER FIXED MOTORS. 

f 

I See also Group 69.] 

Group 68. 


* Coutrivances for accumulation of power by means of fly-wbeels 





358 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Group G9. 

BOATS OR VESSELS DESIGNED FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES. 

Class GOO. —Vessels for laying telegraph cables. 

Class GOl. —Vessels for arctic voyages, for whaling, &c. 
Class G92. —Life-boats and salvage apparatus. 

Class G93. —Dredging boats and boats for the conveyance of 

SAND AND REFUSE. 

Class GOL —For transportation of coal or ores, for ice, for 

WATER, OR OTHER BULKY SUBSTANCES OR OBJECTS. 

Class 695.—For the conveyance of railavay trains, freight- 
cars, &c. 

Class 696.—Ferry-boats. 

Class 697.—Eefrigerating vessels for transportation of fresli 
meats and fruits. 

Class 698.—Ships of war. 

a . Wooden ships. 

J ). Iron-clad batteries (floating). 


DEPAETMENT VII. 

apparatus and methods for the increase and diffusion of 

KNOWLEDGE. 

Group 70. 

EDUCATIONAL APPARATUS AND METHODS. 

Class 700.—Objects for the instruction and amusement of 

THE YOUNG. 

Class 701.—School furniture and fittings. 

Class 702.—School apparatus, for experiment and illustration. 
Class 703.—Tabular graphic representations, wall maps, 
charts, &c. 

Class 704.—Models, relief-maps. 

Class 705.— Drawing-books, and instruments and systems of in¬ 
struction in drawing. 

Class 706.— Writing-books, and systems of instruction in writing. 
Class 707.— Models, casts and carvings, serving as objects for 
free-hand drawing. 

Class 708.—Courses and methods of examination. 

Class 709.—School-discipline and military training in schools. 
Sanitary regulations of school-buildings. 

Group 71. 

TYPOGRAPHIC AIDS TO THE PRESERVATION AND DISSEMINATION OF 

KNOAVLEDGE. 

Class 710.—School and text books. 

Class 711.—Dictionaries, encyclopedias, gazetteers, direc¬ 
tories, INDEX-VOLUMES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, CATALOGUES, ALMANACS. 

Class 712.—Special treatises. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 


359 


Class 713.—General and miscellaneous literature. 

Class 714.—Newspapers. 

Class 715.—Technical and special newspapers and journals. 
Class 71G.—Illustrated papers. 

Class 717.—Periodical literature. 

Class 718. 

Class 719.—Works of imagination and fancy. 

Group 72. 

CHARTS, MAPS, AND GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS. 

Class 720.—Topographical maps. 

Class 721.—Marine and coast charts, pro tiles of ocean-bed be¬ 
tween specified points. 

Class 722.—Geological maps and sections. 

Class 723.—Botanical, agronomical, and other maps, show¬ 
ing the extent and distribution of men, animals and terrestrial products. 
Physical maps. 

Class 724.—Meteorological maps and bulletins, magnetical 
MAPS, and other graphic representations. 

Class 725.—Telegraphic routes and stations, courses of sub¬ 
marine-cables, &c. 

Class 72G—Pailway and route maps. 

Class 727.—Terrestrial and celestial globes. 

Class 728.—Belief maps and models of portions of the 

EARTH^S SURFACE. 

Class 729.—Maps and sections of mines. Section-models of geo¬ 
logical foriiiations and of mines and miueral-deimsits. 

Group 73. 

telegraphic instruments and methods. 

Class 730.—Batteries and forms of apparatus used in gene¬ 
rating THE ELECTRICAL CURRENTS FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES. 

Class 731.—Conductors and insulators, and methods of sup¬ 
port.—M arine telegraph-cables. 

Class 732.—Apparatus of transmission.—K eys, office accessories, 
and ap])aratus. 

Class 733.—Peceiving instruments, relay magnets, local cir¬ 
cuits, &c. 

Class 734.—Semaphoric and recording instruments. 

Class 735.—Codes, signs, or signals. 

Class 73G.—Printing telegraphs for special uses. 

Class 737.—Electrographs. 

Class 738.—Dial or cadran systems. 

Class 739.—Apparatus for automatic transmission. 

Group 74. 

instruments of precision, and apparatus of physical research, 

EXPERIMENT AND ILLUSTRATION. 

Class 740.—Astronomical instruments and accessories, used 
IN observations.—T ransits, transit-circles, mural-circles, zenith sectors, 


360 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


altazinieters, equatorials, collimators, comet-seekers, vertical circles, 
extrameridianal transits, prime vertical transits, zenith-telescopes, re¬ 
flex zenith-sectors, sextants, quadrants, repeatiiig-circles, dip-sectors, &c. 

Class 740J.—Geodetic and surveying instruments.—T ransits, the¬ 
odolites, sextants and artificial horizons, needle compasses, goniometers. 
Instruments for surveying underground in mines, tunnels, and excava¬ 
tions. Pocket sextants. Plane tables, and instruments used with them, 
engineers^ levels, leveling-staves, targets, and accessory apparatus. 

Class 741.—Leveling instruments and apparatus.—C arpenters’ 
and builders’ levels, hand-levels, water-levels, of all patterns and varieties. 

Class 741J.—Hydrographic surveying, deep-sea sounding j 
electrical sounding apparatus; deep-sea thermometers; current-meters. 

Class 742.—Photometric apparatus and methods. 

Class 7424.—Mechanics in general. 

Class 743.—Acoustics. 

Class 743J.—Optics, spectroscopes, polarimeters, &c. 

Class 744.—Electricity and magnetism. 

Class 744J.—Mathematical apparatus and illustrations. 

Class 745.—Tides, earthquakes, &c. 

Class 745J.—Terrestrial magnetism. 

Class 746.—Thermatics. 

Class 746^.—Strength of materials. 

Class 747.—Explosive power of gun-cotton, Ac. 

Group 75. 

METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS. 

Class 750.—Thermometers.—M ercurial,spirit, air; ordinary or self¬ 
registering, maximum and minimum. Pyrometers, chronometric ther¬ 
mometers, black-bulb radiation thermometers. [See also Class 744.] 

Class 750^.—Barometers, mercurial and aneroid; ordinary and self- 
registering. 

Class 751.—Anemometers and anemascopes; ordinary and self- 
registering. 

Class 751^.—Hygroscopes, psychrometers. 

Class 752.—Pain-gauges, ordinary and self-registering. 

Class 753.—Evapometers. 

Class 7534.—Apparatus for observing atmospheric electri¬ 
city. 

Class 754.—Ozonometers. 

Class 754^.—Apparatus for determining the distance, alti¬ 
tude, AND DIRECTION OF CLOUDS, AURORAS, <S:C. 

Class 755.—Octinometers, chemical. 

Class 755^.—Cyanometers. 

Class 756.—Meteorographs.—O oml)ined self-registering appara¬ 
tus. 

Class 756|.—Blanks for recording observations.—M ethods of 
recording, reducing and reporting observations. 

Group 76. 

MECHANICAL CALCULATION; INDICATING AND REGISTERING APPA¬ 
RATUS, OTHER THAN METEOROLOGICAL. 

Class 760.—Counting machines, calculating engines, arith¬ 
mometers. 

Class 761.—Planimetral 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


361 


Class 762.—Apparatus for printino consecutive numbers. 
Class 763.—Registers of revolutions of parts of machinery.— 
Viaineters or iiistriiineiits for recording the number of revolutions of 
wagon-wheels upon roads; pedometers, perambulators. 

Class 764.—Gas-meters. 

Class 765.—Water-meters, current-meters, ships’ logs, elec¬ 
trical LOGS. 

Class 766.—Manometers—S team-gauges, dynamometers, and appa¬ 
ratus for indicating pressure. 

Class 767.—Tide registers. 

Group 77. 

WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND COINS; WEIGHING AND METROLOGICAL 

APPARATUS. 

Class 770.—Measures of length.—G raduated scales on wood, 
metal, ivory, tape, or ribbon ; steel tapes, chains, rods, comparators, cath- 
etometers. 

Class 771.—Measures of. capacity—solids. 

Class 772.—Measures of capacity—liquids. 

Class 773.—Weights. 

Class 774.—Scales and graduated beams for weighing. 
a . Assay balances. 
h . Chemical balances. 

c . Ordinary scales for commercial transactions. 

d . Platform scales for heavy weights ; weighing locomotives and 
trains of cars. 

e . Postal balances. 

Class 775.—Hydrometers, alcohometers, lactometers, &c.; gravim¬ 
eters. 

Class 776.—Rods and graduated scales for measuring lumber, 
goods in packages, casks, &c.; gaugers’ tools and methods. 

Class 777.—Coins and coining. 

Class 778.—Collections to illustrate importance of secur¬ 
ing international uniformity in weights, MEASURES, AND COINS. 

Group 78. 

CIIRONOMETRIC APPARATUS—TIME MEASURES OF ALL KINDS. 

Class 780.—Astronomical and other accurate chronometers ; 

WATCHES. 

Class 781.—Watches. 

Class 782.—Astronomical clocks. 

Class 783.—Church and metropolitan and ordinary clocks. 
Class 784.—Clepsydras, hour-glasses, sun-dials. 

Class 785.—Chronographs. 

Class 786.—Metronomes. 

Class 787.—Clocks controlled, driven, or regulated by elec¬ 
tricity. 

Group 79. 

musical instruments and acoustic apparatus. 

Class 790.—Percussion instruments, such as drums, tambourines, 
cymbals, triangles, bells. 

Class 791.—Pianos. 

‘ Class 792.—Stringed instruments other than pianos. 

Class 793.—Automatic musical- instruments, music-boxes, &c. 
Class 794.—Wind instruments of metal and of wood. 


362 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Class 795. —Harmoniums. 

Class 796. —Church organs and other similar instruments. 
Class 797.— Speaking-machines. 

Class 798.— Vocal music. 


DEPARTMENT YlII. 

engineering, public works, architectlre, etc. 

Group 80. 

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 

Class 800.— Laying out farms, construction op roads, draining, 
irrigating, and construction of farm buildings. 

Class 801.— Preparation of the ground, and planting. 

Class 802.—Cultivation, &c. 

Class 803.—Harvesting. 

Class 804.—Cleaning, preparing, packing, and preservation 

OF CROPS. 

Class 805.—Farm transportation. 

Class 806.— Treatment of the soil. —Improvement, preservation, 
restoration, and increase of its productive capacity. Use of fertilizers. 
Class 807.— Rearing, care, and management of stock. 

Class 808. 

Class 809.—Farm superintendence and management. 

Group 81. 

MINING engineering. 

Class 810.—Surface and underground surveying and plot 
TING.— Projection of underground work, location of shafts, tunnels, &c.- 
surA eys for aqueducts and for drainage. 

Class 811.— Boring and drilling rocks, shafts and tunnels. — 
Borings for water, oil, or other substances, and for ascertaining the na¬ 
ture and extent of mineral deposits. 

Class 812.— Construction, sinking, and lining shafts, by vari¬ 
ous methods; driving and timbering tunnels, and the general operations 
of opening, stoping, and breaking down ore; timbering, logging, and 
masonry. 

Class 813.—Hoisting and delivering at the surface, rock, 

ORE, OR MINERS. 

Class 814.— Pumping and draining by engines, buckets, or by adits. 
Class 815.— Ventilation, lighting, &c. 

Class 816.— Subaqueous mining, blasting, &c. 

Class 817.— Hydraulic mining, and the .various ])rocesses and 
methods of sluicing and washing auriferous gravels, and other super¬ 
ficial deposits. 

Class 818.— Quarrying. 


Group 82. 

CIVIL ENGINEERING. 

Class 820. —Construction and maintenance of roads, street pave¬ 
ments, &c. 



Mlf'CELLiNEOUS. 363 

Class 821.— Surveys and location of towns and cities with sys¬ 
tems of water supply and drainage. 

Class 822.—Bridges of stone, brick, or beton. 

Class 823.—Iron and steel bridges. 

Class 824.—Suspension bridges. 

Class 825.—Canals, aqueducts, reservoirs, construction of dams, 
&c. Hydraulic engineering, and means for arresting and controlling 
flow of water; water supply. 


Group 83. 

DYNAMIC and industrial ENGINEERING. 

Group 84. 

RAILWAY ENGINEERING. 

Group 85. 

PUBLIC WORKS AND ARCHITECTURE. 

Group 8G. 

Group 87. 

SUBMARINE CONSTRUCTIONS, FOUNDATIONS, PIERS, DOCKS, ETC. 

Group 88. 

MILITARY^ ENGINEERING. 

Group 89. 

NAVAL ENGINEERING. 


HEBAimiENT IX. 

PLASTIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS. 

Group 90. 

SCULPTURE. 

Group 91. 

PAINTING. 

Group 92. 

line-drawing, engraving, and die-sinking. 

Group 93. 

CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY AND LITHOGRAPHY. 



364 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Group 94. 

PHOTOGRAPHY. 

Class 940.—Landscape photographs. 

Class 941.—Architectural. 

Class 942.—From animate objects—portraits. 

Class 943.—Photo-releif plates—Albertypes, Wooi^bury- 
types, heliotypes, &c. 

Class 944.—Reproductions of engravings, paintings, designs 

AND DRAWINGS. 

Class 945.—Bas-relief, metal ornaments, shells, and small 
OBJECTS IN RELIEF, particularly of fossils aud “ natural history’^ spec¬ 
imens. 

Class 946.—Photo-lithographic, photo-zincographic pro¬ 
cesses, &c. 

Class 947.—On porcelain, ivory, metal, leather, or other 

POLISHED SURFACES. 

Class 948.—Negatives on glass for stereoscopes ; negatives 

BY DRY-PLATE PROCESS. 


Group 95. 

INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS. 


Group 96. 


MOSAIC AND INLAID WORK. 

Group 97. 

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS AND MODELS. 

Class 970.—Ecclesiastical. 

Class 971.—Public buildings. 

Class 972.—City residences. 

Class 973.—Country or sea side residences. 

Class 974.—Farm-houses and outbuildings. 

Class 975.—Exterior and interior decoration, details of. 

Group 98. 

« 

DECORATION AND FURNISHING OF INTERIORS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 

BUILDINGS. 

[This group is designed to include special exhibitions of barinouious 
combinations of objects included under various groups and classes.] 

Group 99. 

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 

Class 990.—Location of roads, buildings and plants, and mod¬ 
ifications OF THE SURFACE. 

Class 991.—Construction and grading of roadways and 
paths. 

Class 992.—Tree and shrub grouping. 

Class 993.—Treatment of grass and lawns. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


365 


Class 994.—Designs for flower-planting, plant-grouping, &c. 

Class 995.—Management of water-drainage, &c.—R ivulets, 
rivers, water-supply of gardens and lawns, cascades, fountains, reser¬ 
voirs, and lakes. 

Class 996.—Rustic constructions and adornments. 

Class 997.—Rock-work and ferneries. 

Class 998.—Hedges, trimmed plants, substitutes for fences, 

&c. 


DEPARTMENT X. 

SYSTEMS, OBJECTS, AND APPARATUS ILLUSTRATING EFFORTS FOR THE 
IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL, AND 3IORAL CONDI¬ 
TION OF MAN. 


Group 100. 

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONDITION. 

* 

Class 1000.— The nursery and its accessories. 

Class 1001.— Gymnasiums, games, and manly sports.— Skating, 
walking, climbing, ball-playing, wrestling, acrobatic exercises j rowing, 
hunting, &c. 

Class 1002.— Alimentation. —Markets j preparation and distribu¬ 
tion of food. 

Class 1003.— The dwelling, with its sanitary conditions and regu¬ 
lations. 

a. Dwellings for mechanics and working-men. 
h. Dwellings for farmers and farm laborers. 

c . Dwellings characterized by cheapness, combined with the con¬ 
ditions essential to health and comfort. 

d . Tenement houses. 

e . “Flats” and suites of apartments. 

Class 1004.—Hotels, restaurants, lodging-houses. 

Class 1005.—Public baths and lavatories. 

Group 101. 

SANITARY. 

Class 1010.—Medicine and surgery. 

Class 1011.— Relief to the wounded. —Sanitary commissions and 
their work ; Medical and Surgical History of the War. 

Class 1012.—General Hospitals. 

Class 1013.—Hospitals for contagious and infectious dis¬ 
ea SES. 

Class 1014.—Hospitals for the insane. 
a. Under state control, and 
h. Private asylums. 

Class 1015.—Quarantine system and organization. 

Class 1016.—Sanitary laws and regulations of cities. 

a. Disinfection. 

b. Ventilation. 

c . Removal of offal and refuse. 

d . Organization and work of health boards. 

e . Cemeteries. 

Class 1017.—Asylums. 



366 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Group 102. 

EENEYOLENCE. 

Class 1020.—Treatment of paupers.—A lms-boiises, feeding the 
poor, lodging-houses. 

Class 1021.—Asylums for infants and children.—F oundling 
and orphan asylums, children’s aid societies, & c . 

Class 1022.—Homes for the aged and infirm.—H omes for aged 
men and women j soldiers’ homes; homes for the maimed and deformed 
sailors’ homes. 

Class 1023.—Emigrant aid societies. 

Class 1024.—Homes for the deformed and abnormally devel¬ 
oped. 

Class 1025.—Treatment of aborigines. 

Class 1026.—Prevention of cruelty to animals. 

Group 103. 

GOVERNMENT AND LAW. 

Class 1030.—Various forms of government. 

Class 1031.—Departments of government. 

a . Ilevenue and taxation. 

b . Military and naval methods of defense. 

c. Executive powers. 

d. Legislative forms and authority. 

e . Judicial functions and systems. 

/. Police regulations ; government charities. , 

ff . International relations; international law; diplomatic and 
consular service, Ac. 

h . Allegiance and citizenship; naturalization. 

Class 1032.—Municipal government. 

Class 1033.—Protection of property in inventions. 

Class 1034.—Postal systems and appliances. 

Class 1035.—Punishment of crime. 

a . Prisons and prison management and discijilinc. 
h . Transportation of criminals; penal colonies. 
c . Houses of correction ; reform schools. 

({. Naval or marine discipline; punishment at sea. 
e . Police stations; night lock-ups, Ac. 

Group 104. 

RELIGIOUS organizations AND SYSTEMS. 

Class 1040.—Origin, nature, growth and extent of various 
RELIGIOUS SY'STEMS AND SECTS.—Statistical, historical and other facts. 

Class 1041.—Eeligious orders and societies, and their ob¬ 
jects. 

Class 1042.—Societies and organizations for the propagation 
OF systems of religion, by missionary effort.—T heir extent, con¬ 
duct, and statistics of their operations. 

Class 1043.—Spreading the knowledge of religious systems 
BY PUBLICATIONS.—Specimens of the iniblications of the Bible societies, 
Tract Society, American Sunday-School Union; their statistics. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


367 


Class 1044.—Systems and methods of religious instruction 
AND TRAINING FOR THE YOUNG.— Teachings in the family. Sunday- 
school furniture and apparatus. 

Group 105. 


EDUCATION. 

Class 1050.—I^rimary education.—I ntant schools. 

Class 4051.—Public school systems. 

Class 1052.—Special schools of science, law, medicine, and 
theology. 

Class 1053.—University education. 

Class 1054.—Technical education.—I nstitutes of technology. 
Class 1055.—Art schools, classes, and instruction. 

Class 105G.—Instruction by lectures. 

Class 1057.—Libraries. 

Class 1058.—Education of the abnormally developed. 

Class 1059.—Government aid to the cause of education.— 
Mechanic arts and agricultural colleges. 


Group lOG. 


INSTITUTIONS, 


SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS HAAMNO 
OB.JECT THE PROMOTION OF SCIENCE. 


FOR THEIR 


Class lOGO. —Chemical and physical. 

Class lOGl. —Astronomical societies and astronomical ob¬ 
servatories. 

Class 10G2. —Geological and mineralogical societies. 

Class 10G3. —Biological, zoological, medical, &c. 

Class 10G4.— Philological. 

Class 10G5. —Ethnological and sociological. 

Class lOGG. —Archaeological and historical. 

Class 1()G7.—Engineering and technical. 

Class 10G8.— Collections and museums, illustrating the prog¬ 
ress OF SCIENCE. 

Class lOGO. —Institutions and associations, founded for the 

INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE, Slicll aS the SinithsOlliail 
Institution, the lloyal Institution, the Institute of France, British Asso¬ 
ciation for the Advancement of Science, the Franklin Institute, Academy 
of Natural Sciences, and the American Association, &c.—their organiza¬ 
tion, history, and results. 


Group 107. 

CO-OPERATIVE COMMEKCIAL AND FINANCIAL 'INSURANCE ASSOCIA¬ 
TIONS. 


Class 1070.—Political societies and organizations. 

Class 1071.—Workingmen’s unions and associations. — Their 
organizations, statistics, and results. 

Class 1072.—Industrial organizations, such as the Iron and Steel 
Association, the American Woolen Manufacturers’ Association, &c. 
Class 1073.—International congresses for various purposes* 


3G8 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


Class 1074.—Secret societies. 

Class 1075.—Miscellaneous organizations for promoting’ the 
material and moral well-beiug of the industrial classes. 

Class 1076.—Banking. 

Class 1077.—Insurance. 
a. Insurance of person. 
h. Insurance of property. 

Group lOS. 

MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. 

Group 109. 

EXHIBITION of WORKS OF ART AND INDUSTRY. 

Class 1090.— Agricultural fairs ; State and county exhibitions. 
Class 1091.— National exhibitions. 

Class 1092.— Art museums and collections. 

Class 1093.—Museums of inventions and of art applied to in¬ 
dustry. 

Class 1094.—International exhibitions. 


[Official.] 

INTEBNATIONAL EXPOSITION—1876. 

By the President of the United States : 
executive order. 

Whereas, it has been brought to the notice of the President of the 
United States that, in the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufac¬ 
tures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be held in the city of Phil¬ 
adelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six, for the purpose 
of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Independence of 
the United States, it is desirable that, from the Executive Departments 
x)f the Government of the United States, in which there may be articles 
suitable for the purpose intended, there should appear such articles and 
materials as will, when presented in a collective exhibition, illustrate the 
functions and administrative faculties of the Government in time of 
peace, and its resources as a war-power, and thereby serve to demon¬ 
strate the nature of our institutions and their adaptations to the wants 
of the people: 

Now, for the purpose of securing a complete and harmonious arrange¬ 
ment of the articles and materials designed to be exhibited from the Exec¬ 
utive Departments of the Government, it is ordered that a board, to be 
composed of one person, to be named by the head of each of the Execu¬ 
tive Departments which may have articles and materials to be exhibited, 
and also of one person to be named in behalt of the Smithsonian Institu¬ 
tion, and one to be named in behalf of the Department of Agriculture, 
be charged with the preparation, arrangement, and safe-keeping of such 
articles and materials as the heads of the several Departments and the 



MISCELLANEOUS. 


369 


Commissioner of Agriciiltare and tbe Director of the Smithsonian Insti¬ 
tution may respectively decide shall be embraced in the collection; that 
one of the persons thus named, to be designated by the President, shall 
be chairman of such board ; and that the board appoint from their own 
number such other officers as they may think necessary; and that the 
said board, when organized, be authorized, under the direction of the 
President, to confer with the executive officers of the Centennial Exhi¬ 
bition in relation to such matters connected with the subject as may 
pertain to the respective Departments having articles and materials on 
exhibition; and that the names of the persons thus selected by the 
heads of the several Departments, the Commissioner of Agriculture, 
and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution shall be submitted to 
the President for designation. 

By order of the President: 

HAMILTON FISH, 

Secretary of State. 

Washington, January 23, 1874. 


Department of State, 
Washington, March 25, 1874. 

Sir : I have the honor to inform you that, in accordance with the 
order of the President of the 23d of January last, the following persons 
have been named by the heads of the several Departments, &c., men¬ 
tioned in the order, having articles or materials to be exhibited at the 
Centennial Exhibition to be held in 187G, to compose the board directed 
to be created by the said order, viz; 

By the Secretary of the Treasury—Hon. F. A. Sawyer. 

By the Secretary of War—Col. S. C. Lyford, U. S. A. 

By the Secretary of the Navy—Admiral T. A. Jenkins, U. S. N. 

By the Secretaiy of the Interior—John Eaton, esq. 

By the Postmaster-General—Dr. Charles F. McDonald. 

By the Department of Agriculture—William Saunders, esq. 

By the Smithsonian Institution—Prof. S. F. Baird. 

I have the honor further to inform you that the President has desig¬ 
nated Col. S. C. Lyford, U. S. A., to be the chairman of such board. 

I hav^e the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 

HAMILTON FISH. 

The Hon. William W. Belknap, 

Secretary of War. 

The above and the ExecAttive order preceding it were embodied in General Orders of the JVar 
Department, No. 26, published to the Army. 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANS AND ARCHI¬ 
TECTURE. 


[For first report see page 94.] 

To the Hou. U. J. Moreell, _ , „ ^ ^ 

Chairman Executive Committee United States Centeimial Commission. 

Dear Sir: The committee ou plans and architecture would respect¬ 
fully present the following 

REPORT: 

On April 1, 1873, a circular was issued by this committee from the 
office of the [commission, inviting all architects, engineers, and others 

S. Ex. 30-24 





370 


EEPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


interested in the cause of the Centennial Exhibition, to offer preliminary 
sketches of designs for the International Exhibition buildings in Eair- 
mount Park, Philadelphia. At the same time three documents were 
prepared, and afterward distributed to each party applying in response 
to the circular, for information to enable them to prepare the de¬ 
signs : 

1. Specifications giving certain information with regard to the require¬ 
ments of the buildings j 

2. A topographical map showing the site in the park ; 

3. A pamphlet giving the system of classification to be embodied in 
the buildings. 

The latest time for placing the competitive drawings in the hands of 
the committee was fixed at noon, July 15, 1873 j aud the manner of dis¬ 
tributing the awards was announced as follows : ^^Erom these prelimi¬ 
nary sketches of designs there will be selected ten (if there be found 
that number sufficiently meritorious to be admitted to the second compe¬ 
tition), for each of which shall be paid the sum of one thousand dollars.’’ It 
was also stated in the specifications that the conditions, &c., for a sec¬ 
ond or limited competition between the successful competitors in the 
first competition would be announced at or prior to the close of the first 
competition. 

In response to this proposal for plans, one hundred and seventy-three 
different parties made application for information, and received the doc¬ 
uments. 

On July 16, 1873, the committee announced to the public that forty- 
three sketches had been received from the following, viz: 

1. W. Brotherhead, Philadelphia. 

2. Charles Alteuheim, New York. 

3. Max Schroff, New York. 

4. Geo. A. Shove, Dighton, Mass. 

5. Albert Baker, Westfield, Pa. 

6. E. M. Chalmers, San Francisco, Cal. 

7. Arthur Beckwith, New York. 

8. Ad. Stierle, Lewes, Eel. 

9. Samuel Sloan, Philadelphia. 

10. Ephraim Kramm, East New York, L. I. 
i John McArthur, jr., Philadelphia. 

* \ Joseph M. Wilson, Philadelphia. 

12. Aneurin Jones, New York. 

13. Brogald, Marshall & Welch, New York. 

14. Benjamin D. Price, Philadelphia. 

15. James C. Sidney, Philadelphia. 

16. W. E. Winner, Philadelphia. 

17. G. A. Wheeler, Philadelphia. 

18. Wisedell & Earnesworth, New York. 

19. Samuel Brown, Philadelphia. 

20. J. S. Fairfax, Wheeling, W. Ya. 

21. Calvert Yaux and G. K. Eadford, New York. 

22. Thomas M. Plowman & Co., Washington, E. C. 

23. Collins & Autenrieth, Philadelphia. 

24. Francis E. Gatchell and Stephen Eush, Philadelphia. 

25. J. A. Yrydagh, Terre Haute, lud. 

26. Oakey & Jones, New York. 

27. W. J. Gladish, Alabama. 

28. Alfred W. Thorp, New York. 

29. James Freret, New Orleans. 


MISCELLA.NEOUS. 


371 


30. W. Redfield Phelps, Philadelphia. 

31. S. Small, for author. 

32. C. C. Clark and H. A. and J. P. Sims, Philadelphia. 

33. J. W. Murphy, Philadelphia. 

34. John Crump, Philadelphia. 

35. A. B. Jones, Philadelphia. 

36. John Fraser, Washington. 

37. Hobbs & Son, Philadelphia. 

38. J. A. Yrydagh, Terre Haute, Ind. 

39. D. H. Gorsuch, Baltimore, Md. 

40. Schultz & Shoen. New York. 

• 41. Not photographed. 

42. Frank W. Vogdes, Louisville, Ky. 

43. P. J. Lotland, Columbus, Ohio. 

On August 8, the following were selected as the ten successful com¬ 
petitors to be admitted to the second competition : 

Mr. Samuel Sloan, Philadelphia. 

Messrs. John McArthur and Jos. M. Wilson, Philadelphia. 

Mr. John C. Sidney, Philadelphia. 

Mr. J. L. Fairfax, Wheeling, West Virginia. 

Messrs. Calvert Yaux and G. K. Radford, New York City. 

Mr. Thos. M. Plowman, Washington, D. C. 

Messrs. Collins & Autenrieth, Philadelphia. 

Messrs. Francis R. Gatchell and Stephen Rush, Philadelphia. 

Mr. J. A. Yrydagh, Terre Haute, Ind. 

Messrs. H. A. and J. I*. Sims, Philadelphia. 

At the same time the conditions, &c., for the second competition 
were issued. 

For the second and final competition the committee fixed the latest 
time for the reception of the revised designs at September 30, 1873. 
The sum of $10,000 was fixed as the award to the successful competitor. 
Upon the unanimous agreement of the competing parties, this sum was 
subsequently divided into four items, viz: $4,000, $3,000, $2,000, 
and $1,000, to be distributed to the four most meritorious designs in 
the order of merit. Each of the ten competing architects received a 
set of photographic copies of the ten selected designs, with printed de¬ 
scriptions, upon a written statement being received by the committee 
that he intended to enter for the second competition. 

On September 30 the ten competitors had sent in their revised designs, 
viz: 

1. John 0. Sidney, Philadelphia, 9 sheets. 

2. Thomas M. Plowman, Washington, 10 sheets. 

3. Gatchell & Rush, Philadelphia, 9 sheets. 

4. Sims & Brother, Philadelphia, 7 sheets. 

5. Samuel Sloan, Philadelphia, 20 sheets. 

6. ]\IcArthur & Wilson, Philadelphia, 12 sheets. 

7. Yaux & Radford, New York, model and 4 sheets. 

8. Collins & Autenrieth, Philadelphia, 22 sheets. 

9. J. L. Fairfax, Wheeling, W. Ya., 9 sheets. 

10. J. A. Yrydagh, Terre Haute, Ind., 12 sheets. 

All these designs submitted for the final competition show great care, 
skill, and labor on the part of the several architects and engineers in 
carrying out the requirements of the specifications, and they each pre- 


372 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

sent so many points of excellence that it has embarrassed the committee 
in its efforts to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion in the matter. 

Since October 15 the committee has been continuously in session, and, 
after a careful examination of the merits of each design, would now 
present its final decision for your consideration. 

In order to make the awards for this second competition, the relative 
merits of the different designs have been discussed and decided upon 
solely with respect to their meeting the requirements stated in the speci¬ 
fications. The committee has not been influenced by any additional 
points now deemed of equal importance, but which have presented 
themselves since the issue of the specifications. Such action was of 
course the only just one to the comx^eting parties, but results in giving 
the awards to some designs which are radically different from that which 
it noic deems advisable to erect. It must be borne in mind, however, 
that the committee in no way bound itself to recommend any of the 
designs presented, unless they were deemed in every respect the best 
for the purpose. 

It recommends that the awards for the second competition be granted 
as follows: 


Collins & Autenrieth, 1st award... $1, 000 

Samuel Sloan, 2d award. 3,000 

McArthur & Wilson, 3d award. . 2, 000 

H. A. & J. P. Sims, 4th award. 1, 000 


At the same time, however, that it recommends the above awards, in 
accordance with the requirements of the competition, it would distinctly 
state that in its judgment no one of the above designs can be considered 
as representing entirely satisfactorily what is required for the centennial 
buildings. 

The estimates vary from $2,871,500 for the temporary industrial 
palace alone, built entirely of combustible materials, and without any 
permanent memorial hall, up to $10,050,000, which includes a permanent 
memorial hall, built of iron and brick, with heating apparatus, organ, 
&c., complete. 

The consideration of these estimates, and the full realization of the 
great importance of undertaking to erect only such structures as can 
be satisfactorily completed without doubt within a reasonable time 
prior to the opening of the Exhibition, have induced the committee to 
materially change its original intentions. 

It is gratified, however, to be able to present for adoption a plan for 
the main Exhibition building, and a general arrangement for the other 
structures and the grounds, that will, in its opinion, more nearly answer 
the requirements of the occasion, and, if executed, insure a more satis¬ 
factory general arrangement for the working of the Exhibition than is 
shown by any one of the designs, as a whole, that has been submitted. 
The committee also considers that it is feasible to carry out the arrange¬ 
ment which it proposes, at a reasonable cost for such a great undertak¬ 
ing, and that the work can be completed without fail prior to the opening 
of the Exhibition. It is also of the opinion that, when once fully under¬ 
stood by the public, the arrangement will become especially popular, in 
consequence of introducing novel and characteristic features which will 
make the Exhibition not only convenient for exhibitors, but eminently 
attractive to the visiting public. 

It is proper to state some of the conclusions which have been reached 
by the committee after examining the designs submitted, and after a 
more matured consideration of the subject in all its bearings and require- 






MISCELLANEOUS. 373 

inents. These conclusions have, of course, guided the committee in 
preparing the i)lan proposed. 

1. A careful cousideration of the relations of the Centennial Commis¬ 
sion to the appropriations made hy the State of Pennsylvania and City 
of Philadelphia for the erection of a memorial building, the purposes 
for which the art building and memorial hall were originally intended, 
and of the great expense that must be incurred to properly construct 
either oue of these buildings, has made it evident to the committee that 
it is not feasible to erect two separate and distinct structures, each of 
which would necessarily have to be of a like and permanent character. 

2. That the art gallery should be placed during the period of the Ex¬ 
hibition within the memorial building, and the proposed separate struc¬ 
ture for the art gallery dispensed with. 

3. That the art gallery (or memorial hall) should be a separate and 
distinct structure from the main Exhibition building, but sufficiently 
near to it to be easily accessible by covered ways, so as to form a part 
of and harmonize with the general Exhibition. 

4. That for the art gallery (or memorial hall) a building covering at a 
maximum one and a half acres of ground will be ample for the require¬ 
ments of the art department of the Exhibition. 

5. That the art gallery (or memorial hall) should be located upon the 
piece of ground immediately north of the main Exhibition building, and 
included within the curve formed by the Lansdowue drive. This site, 
which affords about ten acres, is, in the opinion of the committee, the 
only one upon which the memorial hall can be placed, so that it will 
form the great center of attraction during the Exhibition, and remain 
well located after the other buildings are removed. 

6. The committee has also concluded that it will be necessary to erect 
the following buildings, viz: 

1. The art gallery, covering one and a half acres. 

2. The grand pavilion, or main industrial hall, covering thirty-six 
acres. 

3. The machinery hall, covering ten acres. 

4. The agricultural hall, covering live acres. 

5. The conservatory. 

6. Also, from time to time, smaller buildings for specific purposes, as 
annexes to the above. 

7. That the Grand Pavilion, which is a temporary construction, must 
cover at a minimum thirty acres of ground, and be capable of extension, 
if required, as the work progresses. That it must be rectangular in 
plan and without curved corridors, and that no galleries must be con¬ 
structed for exhibition purposes proper j but small balconies may be 
iudiciously introduced for observation. It shall also allow the various 
offices of the exhibitors to be in the building, and comparatively near 
their own departments. That the interior arrangement should allow of 
vistas and attractive promenades, and afford opportunities for the con¬ 
venient assembling of a large number of people, as at Sydenham Palace 
and in the most successful English exhibition buildings. That in the 
construction, the reduplication of parts should be an essential feature j 
that iron and brick should form the principal parts of the structure, in 
order to afford a reasonable protection against fire, and that they should 
be combined with such details that the material shall realize a fair price 
after the Exhibition is closed. That vertical side light should be pre¬ 
ferred to overhead light. That with regard to the exterior of the build¬ 
ing, although domes, towers, and central massive features, when effec¬ 
tively introduced, greatly enhance the dignity and beauty of such build- 


374 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


ings, yet iii this case, consicleriiig both the time at our disposal and the 
expense that great ornamentation would incur, it is not expedient or 
advisable to undertake such ambitious and expensive constructions. 
The Grand Pavilion, being a temporary building, must trust for its 
impressiveness to its great size, the proper treatment of its elevations, 
and to its interior vistas and arrangement, and not to any central feat¬ 
ure erected at a great expense only to remain a few months. The main 
approach to the Grand Pavilion must be from the east side, nearest the 
city, and shall allow vehicles to approach near to the building, and^ 
afford ample and convenient arrangement for the rapid reception and 
exit of large crowds. 

8. That the machinery hall should be located on the north side of Elm 
avenue, and west of Belmont avenue, and the agricultural hall immedi¬ 
ately north and parallel to the machinery hall. This site is chosen on 
account of its affording direct communication with the main railroad 
lines entering the city, and obviating the necessity of transporting heavy 
freight-trains through the park grounds. It also possesses this advan¬ 
tage, that the boiler and engine houses may be placed either along Elm 
avenue or between the buildings, which arrangement will be convenient 
for the supply of fuel, and prevent such buildings from being too con¬ 
spicuous. 

9. That the conservatory and horticultural department should be sit¬ 
uated on Lansdowne terrace. 

The plan of the Grand Pavilion presented by this committee for adop¬ 
tion is an adaptation to our requirements of the ‘‘Pavilion Plan” sent 
in by Messrs. Calvert Yaux and George Kent Eadford, of Xew York, for 
the first competition; but to which no award was given in the second 
competition, because the requirements of the specifications were not com¬ 
plied with. A portion of the proposed arrangement also embodies the 
principal idea presented in the design sent in by Messrs. Henry A. 
Sims and James P. Sims, of Philadelphia. 

The plan of the building is rectangular, being 2,040 feet long by 680 
feet wide, with greater width at the center and ends up to 952 feet. 
The governing dimension on the plan is a square or pavilion measuring 
136 feet on each side. The main parallelogram forming the building is 
therefore fifteen of these pavilions long, and five pavilions wide, an area 
equal to 31.84 acres. The increased width is obtained by adding on 
the long sides i^rojections of three pavilions at the center, and one at 
each end. 

It is proposed to cover the three center series of squares, for both the 
entire length and width of the building, with the pavilion system of 
Messrs. Yaux and Eadford; also to cover the corner squares in the same 
manner, and the remaining squares on each side with a much more 
simple construction, as has been shown in the design of Messrs. H. A. & 
J. P. 8ims, and to extend the building, if found necessary by increased 
demand for space, by continuing this simpler roof out to the ends of the 
projections. The building will then, with the extensions and projections, 
cover 44.5 acres. 

It will be noticed from the above that the principal x^art of the design 
is made up of vaulted or domed pavilions, each 140 feet in diameter, 
clustered together, and connected by arches of 100 feet opening, with 
interior courts of 36 feet diameter. These dimensions are open to mod¬ 
ification and change when working up the final drawings, which can be 
done, if advisable, without changing the characteristic features of the 
design. 

The principal part of the building thus covered by these pavilions 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


375 


becomes one spacious ball 408 feet wide and 2,040 feet long, with a tran¬ 
sept 4()s feet wide and 952 feet long. The vistas of course extend to 
952 and 2,040 feet in length. The building is capable of both central 
and intermediate points of emphasis, direct lines of transit throughout 
its entire length and breadth, diagonal lines of communication, if deemed 
necessary, and especially an entire relief from any appearance of con¬ 
traction, because the visitor will be always in an apartment or pavilion 

140 feet wide, that opens immediately into other apartments of the same 
width. 

The committee is of the undoubted opinion that the interior effect 
from such a building can be made more impressive than that obtained 
from any exhibition building erected up to this time. As, however, it 
will be necessary to materially alter the drawings sent in by the archi¬ 
tects, in order to meet the requirements of the new design, it is not pos¬ 
sible to give the public at present the exact and particular elevations of 
the pavilion as described; but, with a view to show the main points of 
the proposed general arrangement of the Exhibition and location of the 
various buildings and approaches, a preliminary ground plan has been 
prepared, and is herewith submitted. 

The most nov^el feature of the arrangement, and that which follows in 
direct consequence of the clustering of the pavilions, will be the interior 
open courts. While these may be considered as essential features with 
regard to light, ventilation, drainage, and sanitary arrangements, they 
admit of being made exceedingly attractive as fountain courts, orchestral 
stands, points for meeting and observation, and places where the 
visitor may rest during his examination of the Exhibition. From the 
fact that these courts are numerous, and located in all parts of the 
building, it is thought that in many cases they will be treated in a 
characteristic manner by the foreign commission, whose department is 
adjoining. 

Offices for the various commissions, restaurants, and buffets for light 
refreshments, and retiring-rooms, it is proposed to locate in the exterior 
pavilions; also to introduce narrow galleries for observation around 
each of the interior courts and in the gables of the exterior pavilions. 
A covered piazza surrounds the entire pavilion, giving access to and 
communication between all the entrances. 

The parallelogram is of such proportions, viz., G80 feet by 2,040 feet, 
with capacity for extension to 952 feet by 2,040 feet, that it will enable 
the commissioners to carry out the system of classification adopted. 

The most desirable materials to be used in the construction of this build¬ 
ing are iron for the main arches, slate, galvanized iron, or tin for the roof¬ 
covering, and brick for the gables. Such a construction would inspire 
full confidence in the safety and protection afforded by the building. It 
would also admit of rapid manufacture and easy erection, and could be 
so designed as to allow the arches, the roof-coverings, and the bricks, 
to realize eventually a fair market price. 

Another method would be to construct the arches of iron to the 
height of fifty feet from the ground, to cover the roof with galvanized 
iron, and to make the remainder of the arches and the gables of wood. 
It is estimated that the Grand Pavilion can be built in this manner for 
$3,580,000. The committee has decided that any method of construc¬ 
tion less durable than this will not answer. 

The Grand Pavilion will be amply provided with exits and entrances 
ill every direction, and will be so located that by using the present 
liark drives as far as possible, it may have a near approach for vehicles 
on all sides. The principal entrance will be from the east side, and a 


376 REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 

large coucourse with covered way surrounding it will be located at that 
end of the Grand Pavilion. This concourse will afford great facilities 
for the arrival and departure of the public in all kinds of w^eather, and 
it is hoped will obviate some of the annoying experiences of visitors to 
some of the European exhibitions. 

It is intended to introduce railway tracks into the Exhibition grounds, 
a short distance west of the crossing of Belmont and Elm avenues. 
By means of turn-outs, it will be possible to convey building material 
and other freight directly into the Grand Pavilion, the machinery hall, 
the agricultural hall, and to the site for the art gallery (memorial hall.) 

For the purpose of showing the general arrangement of the Exhibi¬ 
tion, and the relative sides, positions, &c., of the different buildings, a 
preliminary ground-plan is submitted with this report, together with the 
drawings and model of Messrs. Vaux & Badford, which serve to illus¬ 
trate the pavilion system of building, and those of Messrs. H. A. & J. 
P. Sims, which illustrate their idea which has been embodied. Also, 
the four sets of plans of the successful competitors, together with the 
other plans submitted in the final competition, which are now the prop¬ 
erty of the Centennial Commission. 

There are many considerations of the greatest importance connected 
with these Exhibition buildings which the committee has deliberated 
upon, but not referred to in this report, for the reason that they are of 
such a nature as to require decision at a later day. 

After a most careful, thorough, and laborious examination of all the 
designs submitted, it is a source of much gratification to be able to 
present at this time, for your approval, a plan for the general arrange¬ 
ment of the Exhibition. It is not only feasible to execute, within the 
time allotted, at a cost which the occasion will warrant, but also shows 
a comi^u’ehensive and easily understood system for the Exhibition. It 
also introduces several novel features, particularly in providing for the 
comfort and convenience of exhibitors and visitors. 

The magnitude of the buildings, and the arrangement of the avenues 
of communication, will be found well adapted to any popular demon¬ 
stration which may take place in connection with the Exhibition during 
the centennial year. 

MEMORIAL HALL. 

At the date of the issue of the specifications for the first competition 
April 1, 1873, it was understood by the committee that appropriations 
of a million and a half had been or would be made by the State of Penn¬ 
sylvania and the City of Philadelphia, for the erection of a “ Memorial 
Hall,’* under the direction of the Centennial Commission, which should be 
used for the purposes of the International Exhibition during 1870. 

The act of the general assembly of the State of Pennsylvania, approved 
March 27, 1873, iirovided that the sum of one million of dollars should 
be appropriated ‘‘for the erection of a permanent Centennial building 
in Fairmount Park, which shall remain perpetually as the property of 
the people of this Commonwealth, for their improvement and enjoyment,” 
&c., &c., &c. This appropriation was conditioned on a further appro¬ 
priation of five hundred thousand dollars, by the City of Philadelphia, 
for the same purpose and for the same building. 

The select and common councils of said City, by ordinance dated 
February 22, 1873, being prior to the approval of the act of the State, 
^‘pledges its faith to apply five hundred thousand dollars, and hereby 
appropriates the same as hereinafter provided, toward the erection of 
buildings in Fairmount Park for the National Exhibition,” &c. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


377 


The act ot the general assembly further provides for the appointment 
of a board of “ State Centennial Supervisors, who shall, in addition to 
the powers and duties hereinbefore prescribed, formally approve the 
design, plans, and specifications for said permanent Centennial build¬ 
ings, and report the same, with their approval, to the Governor j and 
they shall formally approve any contract or contracts for the erection 
of said buildings, and for materials for the same, and also report such 
contract or contracts, with their approval, to the Governor,” «&c. 

By a comparison of the terms and conditions of the acts referred 
to, they will be found singularly and evidently incompatible. The com¬ 
mittee now entertains grave doubts as to whether the Centennial Com¬ 
mission has, or was ever intended to have, any supervision over the 
plans or construction of thepermanent Centennial Exposition build¬ 
ing,” or any interest in the manner of the expenditure of the appro¬ 
priations made by the State and City, or of the contracts pertaining 
thereto. It is, therefore, deemed inexpedient to make a specific rec¬ 
ommendation for the adoption of a plan for the building contemplated 
by the provisions of said acts. But the committee is of the opiniou 
that the nine plans submitted under the second competition for a 
memorial building should be transferred to the said “ State Centennial 
Supervisors,” together with such other information relative thereto as 
may be in the possession of the Commission, for their consideration, with 
the suggestion that, if they approve a plan and locate the building with 
reference to the use of the same for the art department of the Interna¬ 
tional Exhibition, it should, as nearly as possible, conform to the gen¬ 
eral plan indicated in this report. 

The necessity for immediate action on the part of the State Centennial 
Supervisors is so ai)parent and urgent, that the committee expresses an 
earnest desire that their decision should be announced as early as pos¬ 
sible. If the representatives of the State and City conclude that they 
will not proceed with the construction of the “ permanent Centennial 
Exposition building,” as provided in said acts, your committee on plans 
and architecture will at once prepare and submit a design for an art 
gallery in accordance with the general system of buildings recommended 
in this report. Further delay in the adoption of a plan and of the prep¬ 
arations of the details of this building will not only endanger its timely 
completion, but will also embarrass the rapid construction of the other 
buildings provided for. 

(Signed) ALFRED T. GOSHORil, Ohio, 

WM. HENRY PARSONS, Texas, 

ORESTES CLEVELAND, New Jersey, 

ASA PACKER, Pennsylvania, 

EZEKIEL A. STRAW, New Hampshire, 

JAMES E. DEXTER, District Columbia, 

ROBERT H. LAMBORN, Wyoming, 

Committee on Plans and Architecture. 


INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 187G. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

^ Philadelphia^ May 2, 1873. 

Dear Sir: On behalf of Professor W. P. Blake, chairman of the 
committee on classification, who is absent collecting at Vienna important 



378 


REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS. 


(lata concerning the International Exposition about to be opened there, 
I inclose an advance copy of the classification of objects and subjects 
embraced in the programme of the Interuatioual Exhibition to be held at 
Philadelphia in 1876, as the prominent feature of tbe national commem¬ 
oration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Independence of the United 
States. 

Professor Blake earnestly desires the advantage of your critical sug¬ 
gestions as to any amendments tending to perfect the enumeration of 
classes, more especially in Department II, Group 28, and Department Y, 
Group 59. 

Please enter any amendments on the margin, or on i:)aper fastened to 
the margin, and return at the earliest date at which it may be conveni¬ 
ent for you to confer this kind favor upon Piofessor Blake, the public, and 
your very obedient servant, 

H. D. J. PRATT. 

Maj. Gen. A. B. Dyer, 

Chief of Ordnance^ ^Yar Department, Washington, D. C. 

[For reply to above by Colonel Lyford, of Ordnance Office, see ante^ 
page 17.] 

Letters to the same effect as the above were addressed by Mr. Pratt 
to many persons supposed to be informed in regard to the subject of 
the classification. 


Department of State, 
Washington, D. C., JYovember 19, 1873. 

Sir: I have the honor to inclose herewith an original letter of the 12th 
instant, and its accompaniments, from Mr. A. T. Goshorn, director-gen¬ 
eral of the United States Centennial Commission, suggesting that there 
be prepared by the Executive Departments, for exhibition at the Cen¬ 
tennial, a statement showing the iirogress of each Department, its 
organization and method of transacting business from its origin, the 
same to be accompanied by specimen pages of all forms of books of record 
or accounts and blanks that may have been used in such Department or 
offices under its control, and that it embrace all objects or articles iiro- 
duced by, or under the direction of, the Department, &c. 

1 will thank you for for an expression of your views in regard to the 
suggestion of Mr. Goshorn, and for the return of his letter and its accom- 
Xianiments with your reply. 

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 

HAMILTON FISH. 

The Hon. William W. Belknap, 

• Secretary of War. 

[For inclosure mentioned in the above, Mr. Goshorn to Mr. Fish, see 
ante., page 17.J 


War Department, 

Washington^ D. (7., November 25, 1873. 

Sir : I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letter of 
19th instant, inclosing a letter of the director-general of the Interna¬ 
tional Exhibition of 1876, proposing (in view of suggestions made by 
the Chief of Ordnance of this Department of July 19th last) the col¬ 
lective exhibition in 1876 of all the Departments and branches of the 
National Government—to embrace a historical statement of the progress 




MISCELLANEOUS. 


379 


of each Department from its origin, the methods of transacting busi¬ 
ness ill each, and an array of all objects or articles produced by or under 
the direction ot each, and suggesting an early conference between offi¬ 
cers to be appointed by the President and the Centennial Commissioners, 
to consider the details of such an exhibition. 

\ou ask me for an expression of views upon the plan proposed by the 
Commissioners; in reply to which I have the honor to state that I fully 
concur with the Commissioners upon the general subject of exhibiting the 
origin and development of all the Government Departments, and a dis¬ 
play of the articles or products appropriate to each, illustrating the civic 
and military tunctions and administration of our Kational Government 
and its resources as a war-power. 

This Department will lend all the aid at its command in furtherance 
of the proposed plan, should the same meet general concurrence on the 
part of the several Executive Departments, and would suggest the ap¬ 
pointment of an officer from each of the Executive Departments, to 
have full control and supervision of the interests of said Department. 

The exercise of the civic functions of the War Department could be 
well illustrated by the works of the Engineer Corps in the system of 
internal improvements, surveys, and explorations carried on under their 
supervision throughout the country. 

The main exhibition on the part of the Department, however, must, 
of necessity, be of a military or warlike nature. The various Bureaus 
could make a very large and creditable display of their respective ma¬ 
terials of war, which, in connection with like materials contributed from 
other private or national sources, would probably need a separate build¬ 
ing for exhibition, or at least a large ground-area in the main building. 
The Engineers could exhibit the system of fortifications, permanent 
and temporary, of military mining, pontoons, torpedo-defenses, &c. 
The Ordnance could readilj^ exhibit, among other industries, the manu¬ 
facture of our breech-loading small-arms and the ammunition for the 
same, (and for this purpose would require ample motive-power;) could 
show the character of our sea-coast armament and our system of field- 
artillery ; and, in general, all that is necessary for the service of our 
national troops. The Medical Department could exhibit military-hospi¬ 
tal administration, medicine, surgery, and hygiene, and interesting re¬ 
searches in microscopical analysis and photo-microscopical illustrations, 
&c. The Quartermaster’s Department could contribute specimens of 
military clothing, camp and garrison equipage, baggage-wagons, and 
military vehicles, plans of barracks, quarters, 4&c., &c. The Signal 
Service, the systems of military-telegraphy and storm-signals, and the 
barometrical, telegraphic, and other apparatus incident to the working 
of that branch of the service. In fine, this Department could exhibit 
all that is necessary for the thorough arming and equipping of the 
nation in the exigency of ofiensive or defensive war, and the placing it 
ill the field as a first-class military power. 

I return the letter of Mr. Goshorn, and its accompaniments, as re¬ 
quested. 

Verv respectfully, your obedient servant, 

WM. W. BELKXAP, 

Secretary of War. 

The Honorable the Secretary of State. 






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INDEX. 


A. 

Page. 

Abbot, Dr., of New Jersey, communicationfrom, relative to a collection of American prehistoric relics.. 90 

Abstract of reports of the executive commissioner... 90 

Academy of Design, resolution relative to co-operation of.i 64 

Music, Philadelphia, grand mass-meeting at, to stimulate subscriptions. 93 

A cceptance of invitation to participate in International Exhibition of 1876— 

by various countries. 3 

the German Empire. 324 

the Netherlands. 324 

Belgium.' 324 

Sweden and Norway. 324 

Switzerland. 324 

Mexico. 324 

Ecuador. 324 

Hayti. 324 

Sandwich Islands. 324 

requested previous to March 4,1874 . 323 

(See also Official acceptance.) 

Access to Fairmount Park, importance of increased facilities for, in 1876 ... 91 

to Vienna Exhibition...159,161, 305 

Acids derived from minerals, classification of. 350 

Accounts of receipts, &c., of Paris Exposition of 1867 .. 2 

Acknowledgment of rules by exhibitors. 26 

Acknowledgments by W. P. Blake, special agent to Vienna Exhibition, to the Director-General Baron 

von Schwarz-Senborn and others for assistance in the work of his mission. 109 

to various State legislatures. 69 

to the newspaper press. 69 

(See also Resolution of thanks.) 

Act of Congress creating the Commission. 338 

relating to Centennial Celebration. 3.38 

requirements of. 2 

Acts of Congress relating to custom-house regulations, duties, <fcc., to be promptly communicated to 

accredited agents of the several governments co-operating in Exhibition of 1876... 323 

relative to the Exhibition of 1876, and creating the Board of Finance. 340 

Active members of Commission, Vienna Exhibition, list of.,. 117 

Adams, John S., commissioner for Florida. .337 

Additions to by-laws, report on. 97 

Additional committees announced. 66 

department of the classification suggested by the Chief of Ordnance, to include the enginery 

and material of war. 18 

group in the classification suggested by the Surgeon-General. 19 

space required for the United States in the Vienna Exhibition after the allotment. 143 

subscriptions, action relative to necessity of obtaining. 33 

Address to agents of Commission. 69 

by the Hon. James G. Blaine, Speaker of the House of Representatives. 29 

of F. A. P. Barnard, president of Columbia College, at opening of American Institute Exhibition. 330 

President Hawley.27,55 

the Hon. George M. Robeson, Secretary of the Navy, on behalf of President Grant. 322 

by the Hon. William Bigler. 38 

the Hon. Daniel M. Fox. 39 

William Henry Parsons. 39 

Mr. Joseph Patterson. 40 

A. J. Dufur. 40 

Mr. H. Ewing. 40 

E. A. Straw. 40 

Mr. John .Edgar Thomson. 40 

Mr. William V. McKean. 40 

the Hon. Samuel J. Randall. 40 

Mr. John Welsh. 40 

John V. E. Pruyn. 41 

of the Hon. William D. Kelley. 50 

to the clergy, <fec., number of copies distributed. 92 

teachers, &-c., number of copies distributed... 92 

Governors, &c., number of copies distributed.. 92 

industrial, commercial, and scientific associations, number of copies distributed. 92 

the officers of the General Government and of the governments of the several States. 81 

the clergy and religious associations.78, 79, 80 

people of the United States.77-92 

Addresses to the people of the United States, executive committee directed to issue. 66 

people of the United States, issued. 69 

clergy and religious associations, referred to. 69 

teachers, (fee., referred to. 69 

officers of the General and State governments.. 69 


































































382 


INDEX 


Page. 

Addresses to scientific, industrial, and commercial organizations. 69^ 

of packages, regulating relations to. 24 

(See also Labels.) 

issired by executive committee. 69 

to various associations and professions, number of, distributed.. 92 

Admission and entrance fees, power to fix, vested in Commission.—Report of conference committee— 101 

Administration of the general business of the Commission. 2 

of finances, Vienna Exhibition, imperial decree upon. 12d 

of Vienna Exhibition, report upon. 109 

Admission-fees in exhibitions... 275 

importance of fixing, at a low rate. 327 

A dmi ssion to Vienna Exhibition, change in rates of. 216 

price of, as affecting attendance. 221 

Advantages claimed for the Exhibition of 1876. 325 

of the plan adopted, remarks on. 15 

Advertising, &c., of the Commission. 93 

for plans, action relative to. 29 

(See also Committee on plans, &c.) 

Advisory and supervisory powers of the Commission relative to Board of Finance, remarks relative to. 70 
Agencies of the Commission abroad, communications relative to the establishment of, referred to the 

executive committee. 91 

Agent. See Special agent. 

Agents of Board of Finance, how far to regard the quota allotted each State. 77 

communications to, from chairman of executive committee, relative to subscriptions. 83 

Agents and employes of the Commission. 98 

power of executive committee relative to.59, 98 

by-law relative to. 98 

Agents of exhibitors, regulation concerning.24, 25 

to receive goods, unpack, &c. 24 

Agents to receive subscriptions, appointment of. 92 

corespondence with, &-c. 92 

number of. 92 

of the Commission at the Vienna International Exhibition, valuable information obtained by.. 2 

reports of. 2 

Agricultural department of Exhibition, offers to co-operate in. 90 

resources, industries, and implements to be a prominent feature of the Exhibition. 5 

products used chiefly for food, classification of. 345 

machines, &c., at Vienna Exhibition. 116 

classification of. 355 

societies, offers of co-operation from. 5 

hall, proposed size of. 373 

buildings, Vienna Exhibition, table showing area in acres of. 303 

remarks relative to. 146 

engineering, classification of. 362 

Agriculture and live stock, committee on.. 336 

Agriculture, Department of, included in Executive Order relative to a representation of the Depart¬ 
ments in the Exhibition..,'_. 21 

Agriculture, horticulture, forestry, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition..... 165 

See Committee on agriculture. 

Alimentary industry, classification of machines, tools, and apparatus used in. 355 

Allen, Benjamin F., elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Allotment of space in international exhibitions generally. 140 

importance of. 140 

at Vienna. 140 

at Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 141 

Alternate commissioner for Indiana, action relative to credentials of F. C. Johnson as. 29 

report of committee on credentials relative to. 36 

commissioner of Maine, Charles P. Kimball recognized as. 35 

secretary directed to notify governors of vacancies in office of. 56 

commissioners, provision of act of Congress relative to. 339 

powers and duties of, &c. 343 

Amateurs’ exhibition, place of, in the classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

American artists, interest felt by, in the Exhibition. 5 

contributions to the industries of the world, as stated by President F. A. P. Barnard. 330 

Medical Association, resolution asking its co-operation with Commission. 44 

republics, area of surface assigned to, in Paris Exhibition of 1867. 136 

Amended by-laws, adoption of... 62 

rules relative to subscriptions referred to. 83 

Amendment of regulations, provision for. 26 

of by-laws as reported.50, 5 i, 53 , 54 

of report of executive committee.•. 34 

to rules for organization of Board of Finance. 69 

Amendments to by-laws, provision for.2 31 61 

to system of notation of the classification.’ ’31 

American Department of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to catalogue of. 202 

Ammonia, classification of. 356 

Analysis of the classification. 6 

and generalization, opportunities for, afforded by the scheme of classification adopted.* 80 

Annexes to the Exhibition building. 373 

Vienna Exhibition, table showing area of. I 34 

Animals, classification of. 34 g 

Animal extracts and compounds used chiefly for food, classification of. 349 

fibrous substances used in the arts, classification of. 347 

products used as food or as the basis of manufactures, exclusive of aquatic products.348 

Annual meetings of the Commission, by law, relative to ...".. 61 

Annular spaces in the building at Paris Exhibition of 1867, breadth, &c..141 

Apparatus for capturing and preserving fish, exhibition of.'.*.!!!!!!! 5 















































































INDEX 


383 


Page. 

Apparatus for destruction of life, for hunting, trapping, fishing, <fcc. 356 

and methods for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. 358 

Apparel, classification of.352 

costumes, &.c,, place in the classification. 6 

Appleton, William H., elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

notification of election of, as second vice-president Centennial Board of Finance 35 

Applications for space at International Exhibition of 1876 to be made previous to March 4, 1875 . 323 

Appointment of Commissioners, how made. 22 

Appropriation by Congress to the Exhibition, letter from the Commissioners for New York urgi'n'g!!!!! 331 

necessity for. 4 

considered necessary by the Director-General. 12 

by Pennsylvania and Philadelphia for memorial building of International Exhibition of 

1876. 325 

of $50,000, (fee., by City of Philadelphia to the Commission. 68,92 

made by City of Philadelphia, how expended.91,92*93 

manner of disbursement, &c. 93 

from State of Pennsylvania, efforts to obtain. 68 

by State of Pennsylvania, letter to Governor Hartranft relative to. 69 

by the French government and the City of Paris to the Paris Exposition of 1867 . 3 

by governments for international expositions, remarks on. 2 

by Pennsylvania and Philadelphia for International Exhibition of 1876, amount of .... 325 

made by various countries for Vienna Exhibition. 128 

made for Vienna Exhibition by— 

German Empire. 128 

France. 128 

England. 128 

Italy. 128 

Japan. 128 

Turkey. 128 

Egypt. 128 

United States. 128 

Belgium. 128 

Greece. 128 

Russia. 128 

Brazil. 128 

China. 128 

Aquatic life, classification of. 348 

Arboriculture, classification of.;. 346 

Architectural and civil engineering, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

designs and models, classification of. 364 

Architecture, See Plans and architecture ; Committee on plans and architecture, &c. 

Vienna Exhibition, committee on. 115 

classification of.362, 363 

place in the classification. 6 

Architects of the proposed buildings. 11 

bureau of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 119 

engaged in the erection of the trophies in the hall of the distributioji of prizes of Paris Exhi¬ 
bition of 1867, number of. 124 

Architecture and plans of Exhibition of 1876, report of committee on. . 369 

Archives and correspondence of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to.122,123 

Area of chief buildings at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

of the Exhibition buildings. 12 

of exhibition and apportionment of space at Vienna Exhibition. 130 

of ground inclosed for Vienna Exhibition. 131 

of industrial palace, Vienna Exhibition, table of. 133 

of machinery hall. Vienna Exhibition. 134 

of surface assigned to each country in the Champ de Mars, Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 136 

Areas assigned to different parts of Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 135 

Arizona, amendment of report of executive committee relative to. 34 

Aromatic substances of vegetable growth, classification of. 347 

vinegars, classification of. 351 

Arrangement of articles of exhibition, importance of subordinating the buildings to a well-considered 

system of. 178 

advantages and practicability of the dual sy’stem of, by class and by country. 314 

for division of space Vienna Exhibition, committee on. 115 

of objects in Vienna Exhibition, entirely geographical. 169 

disadvantages of.169,170 

Art and manufactures of Italy, anticipated display of, in the Exhibition. 4 

and industry, works of, place in classification. 368 

exhibitions of, committee on, Vienna Exhibition. 117 

associations, offers of co-operation from. 5 

exhibition at Vienna, arrangement and rules of. 183 

gallery of Exhibition of 1876, description of the proposed. 16 

resolution relative to enlisting co-operation of National Academy of 

Design in preparing plans for. 64 

proposed, size of. 373 

specifications for ^lans for. 96 

industrial museum in Colu. 278 

of the present time Vienna Exhibition, section on..... 117 

Arts and sciences, committee on. 336 

classification of materials and manufactures used in the. 349 

(See also Committee on Arts and Sciences.) 

Articles excluded from the Exhibition.25,183 

exhibited, forwarding of. 24 

regulations relative to photographs, &c, of. 25 

at Vienna Exhibition, information concerning, allowed to be annexed. 168 

intended for exhibition at International Exhibition of 1876. to secure proper position and classi¬ 
fication, to be in Philadelphia on or before January 1, 1876 . 323^ 
















































































384 


INDEX. 


rase. 

Artificial flowers, classification of. 353 

stone, classification of. 351 

Assets of the Board of Finance remaining after close of the exhibition to be divided among the stock¬ 
holders . 342 

Associations assisting the Commission in the work, co-operation and harmony of. 62 

manifestation of sympathy by. 5 

Atwood, David, elected chairman of committee on education. 66 

elected vice-president of Commission. 55 

vice-president of the Commission. 3.35 

Austria, expenditure of, at Paris Exhibition of 1867. 128 

k ■ history of industries of, description of, and remarks upon importance of. 203 

area of ground allotted to, at Vienna. 134 

Austrian railroads, table showing increase of passengers and freights of from January to June, 1873, 

over same period for 1872.156,157 

Austro-Hungarian Empire, anticipation of a conspicuous representation of. 4 

Authors and editors of the reports of the jury of Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

Awards at international exhibitions, weight and value of. 243 

organization of juries of. 243 

nature of. 243 

at Vienna Exhibition, official list of. 245 

for plans. 372 

of international jury at Vienna Exhibition. 229 

of premiums, &c., to be made by the Commission. 342 

Awards of premiums to exhibitors reserved to the Commission. 71 

Awards of prizes, medals, &c., at international exhibitions discussed by N. M. Beckwith. 329 

remarks relative to. 239 

number of at Paris Exhibition of 1867. 240 

number of at Vienna Exhibition of 1873 . 240 

table showing number of, distributed to various nations at Vienna Exhibition. 240 

to the exhibitors from each country at Vienna Exhibition. 241 

in art department, Vienna Exhibition. 241 


B. 


Banks throughout the country empow'ered to receive subscriptions to International Exhibition of 1876, 

and supplied with books and forms. 325 

Baird, Professor S. F., appointment of, by the Smithsonian Institution upon the board of management 

of the collective exhibition by the Executive Departments, &c. 369 

Barbour, John S., elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Barnard, F. A. P., president of Columbia College, address of, at American Institute Exhibition, on 

American industries. 330 

Beauty of great exhibitions. 276 

Beckwith, the Hon. N. M., United States commissioner-general to the Paris Exposition of 1867, remarks 

of, on the system of awards at great exhibitions. 243 

letter of, to the American minister at Paris relative to the benefits of interna¬ 
tional exhibitions. 329 

statement by, of the benefits resulting from international exhibitions. 329 

letter from, to the senators and representatives of New York, urging a con¬ 
gressional appropriation to the Exhibition of 1876. 331 

Belgium officially accepts invitation to participate in the Exhibition.-_3, 324 

appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition. 128 

table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

Belmont reservoir, Philadelphia, pumping and storage capacity of. 290 

Benevolence, group in classification assigned to. 366 

Benefits of international exhibitions.273, 327 

to be derived from the Exhibition, remarks concerning. 6 

stated by the President of the United States. 1 

B6ton, classification of. 351 

Biddle, Clement M., elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Bigler, the Hon. William, unanimoufiy elected president of stockholders’ meeting. 86 

address of. 38, 86 

Bills of the Commission—how paid. 93 

Bismarck, Prince, chancellor of the German Empire, recommends participation in the exhibition to the 

German Parliament.;. 3 

Black powder, classification of. 352 

Blacking, classification of. 351 

Blaine, the Hon. Janies G., Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, address by. 29 

courtesies extended to. 29 

Blake, W. P., special agent to Vienna Exhibition, report of.2, 109 

instructions of. 69 

resolution of thanks to. 58 

report of, as executive commissioner, completed by H. D. J. Pratt. 69, 89 

read and referred to executive committee.29, 63 

table of contents of report of. 110 

letter from, transmitting report on the organization, administration, and results of the 

Vienna Exhibition. 109 

presented to the Emperor and Empress of Austria, as representing the Commission. 270 

efforts to give publicity to the work of the Commission abroad. 270 

statement by, of the general sentiment abroad as to the International Exhibition of 1876. 269 


{See, also, Special Agent to Vienna Exhibition; Vienna Exhibition of 1873, Report Executive Commis¬ 
sioner, &c. 

Bleaching-powders, classification of. 350 

Blind, international congress, at Vienna, of teachers and managers of institutions for. 248 

Board designated by the President to secure a representation of the several Departments of Govern¬ 
ment in the Exhibition... 21 







































































INDEX. 


385 


Page. 


Board of direction, by law relative to, as reported from the committee on by-laws .. 100 

Finance. See Centennial Board of Finance. 

officers of. 337 

Supervisors of Pennsylvania, resolution of thanks to. 62 

invited to meet the Commission. 35 

introduction of, to Commission. 38 

resolution inviting members to seats in Commission. 45 

Board to supervise the preparation, &c., of a collective exiiibition by the Executive Departments, the 

Department of Agriculture, and the Smithsonian Institution, ordered by the President. 368 

members of, announced, ajtid Col. S. C. Lyford, U. S. A., appointed chahman. 369 

Boats or vessels designed for special purposes... 358 

Boiler-hottses, Vienna Exhibition, cost of. 149 

Bolts, classification of. 354 

Bonded warehouse. Exhibition building to be made. 91 

Vienna Exhibition made. 183 

Bonnets, classification of. 353 

Book-making machines and apparatus, classification of. 355 

Books of subscription, rule relative to... 75 

appropriation of $50,000, by City of Philadelphia, to enable the Commission to 

open. 92 

and documents of the Commission. 61 

and plans relative to Paris Exhibition of 1867, list of, accompanying report of Henry Pettit_ 302 

and forms for subscriptions supplied to national banks throughout the country_. 325 

and drawings, list of, relative to Loudon Exhibition of 1851, accompanying report of Henry Pettit 297 

Book-store, Vienna Exhibition. 188 

Boots and shoes, classification of.... 353 

Bossi, of Milan, fine effect of painted canvas prepared by, in the decoration of the Vienna Exhibition.. 287 

Boteler, Alexander R., member of executive committee. 336 

elected to executive committee. 56 

Boxes, remarks upon importance of storing of, during Exhibition.. 292 

Boyd, D. M., jr., elected secretary of committee on tariffs and transportation. 66 

Brazil, appropriati n by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition. 128 

Brewers, international congress of, at Vienna Exhibition. 248 

Brewster, Sir David, opinion of, as to the educational influence of London Exhibition of 1851. 80 

British catalogue of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative 10 .. 202 

Buildings, architecture, &c., Vienna Exhibition, committee on. 115 

classiflcatiou of decoration and furnishing of interiors of. 364 

for the Exhibition of 1876, area-^. 12 

to be erected by the Board of Finance. 70 

short time remaining for the erection of. 7 

appropriation by City of Philadelphia toward erection of. 68 

report relative to.-. 29 

suggestion as to time within which they should be finished. 145 

application for space within, must be made previous to March 4, 

1875 .:. 623 


full diagrams of, to be furnished to the commissioners of the dif¬ 


ferent nations which accept the invitation to participate. 323 

regulations relative to competition for plans of. 370 

list of competitors for plans of. 370 

list of. 373 


to be erected by Board of Finance in accordance with plans adopted 

by the Commission.- - - 34 

considerations presented by Henry Pettit relative to the materials 

and superstructure of. 317 

of New York Exhibition of 1853, area and cost of. 150 

London Exhibition of 1851, time occupied in erecting. 297 

site for..... 297 

area of. 297 

materials used in construction of. 297 

table showing quantities of materials used. 297 

cost of.. . 297 


list of books and drawings accompanying report of Henry Pet¬ 
tit having reference to. 297 

London Exhibition of 1862, description of. 298 

list of some of the quantities of materials used. 299 

Paris Exhibition of 1855, remarks of Henry Pettit in reference to. 297 

description of.. 297 

table showing cost of. 298 

Paris Exhibition of 1867, table showing cost of. .149. 300 

• time occupied in erecting. 300 

Vienna Exhibition, remarks on. 142 

cost, convenience, &c., of. 14'- 

inadequate provision for space in, &c. 142 

progress of construction of.—.-. 143 

photographs of. 143 

ornaments in. 143 

want of time allowed for construction of.44 

capacity of. 14^ 

defects of. 1" 

dustiness of. ^ 145 

heating and ventilation of. ’ 145 

roof of. 145 

force employed in constructing. 143 

style of, materials, decorations, &c...- .-. 286 

report of the special agent, Henry Pettit relative to... 27J 

summary of space allotted to. 

cost of. "^1 


S. Ex. 30-25 
















































































386 


INDEX. 


Page. 


\ 


Buildings of Vienna Exhibition, table showing size of industrial palace and machinery-hall. . 302 

table showing area in acres of. 302, 303 

expenditures for. 126, 127 

divided into three classes. 146 

materials used in the construction of.. 146,150 

remarks on industrial palace of. 147 

table showing cost of. 147 

cost per acre of. 147 

total area of industry palace. 148 

table showing dimensions of rotunda compared with some of the largest 

domes of the world. 149 

cost of rotunda. 148 

cost of boiler-houses at. 149 

remarks on imperial pavilion. 149 

remarks relative to flooring of. 150 

area of. 134 

{See also Vienna Exhibition of 1873 ; Henry Pettit, &c.) 

Building-stones, classification of.. 344 

Bullock, A, D., elected director of the Board of Finance. 89 

Bureau of committee of admission of Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

police. 121 

military. 121 

sanitary. 121 

archives and correspondence. 122 

architects and engineers, remarks relative to. 119 

gardening, remarks relative to. 120 

installation, remarks relative to. 120 

publishing, remarks relative to. 120 

translating. 120 

press. 120 

catalogue. 120 

report. 120 

ticket. 121 

finance. 121 

law. 121 


jury. 

special or local committee. 

inspection. 

Buttons, place of, in classification. 

By-law relative to payment of moneys. 

time of occupying the floor. 

vice-presidents. 

president of the Commission. 

secretaries of departments of the Exhibition. 

Director-General, action upon. 

amendments o by-laws. . 

annual meetings. 

By-laws, consideration of, resumed. 

action relative to .. 

proceedings relative to the report of the committee on . 

as reported from the committee on by-laws. 

amendments to. 

consideration of. 

adoption of, as amended. 

relative to the time of occupying the floor. 

provision for amendments to.. 

See Committee on. 


. 121 

. l21 

. 121 

. 353 

.. 61 

.. 54 

. 60 

. 50,60 

. 54 

.. 54 

. 61 

.. 61 

. 59,61 

. 31 

...45, 46, 47,48 

. 99 

54, 55, 56, 60, 61 

. 50,53 

. 62 

.. 62 

. 61 


Byrd, William M., elected vice-president of the Commission 
vice-president of Commission. 


55 

335 


c. 

Campbell, John L., secretary of the Commission, extracts from a paper by, on the international com¬ 


parison involved in the idea of the Exhibition of 1876 . 333 

elected secretary. 55 

asks that the temporary secretary be continued in control of the office for a short 

time. 58 

Candles, place of, in classification. 351 

Capital stock of Board of Finance. See Centennial Board of Finance ; .Subscriptions, &c. 

Capitol at Washington, weight and cost of iron in the dome of..'. 303 

Caps, place of, in classification . 353 

Card-board, place of, in classification... 353 

Carriage-hire, list of rates of, at Vienna Exhibition. 161 

Carriages, classification of trimmings for. 353 

Carriage-stands, Vienna Exhibition, spaces allotted to. 133 

Cases, provision for .storing, at Vienna. 181 

charges for storing. 182 

of goods exhibited, regulations concerning. 25 

Catalogue bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 120 

• of articles exhibited. See Official Catalogue. 

Catalogues of Vienna Exhibition— 

Great Britain, remarks relative to. 202 

American department, remarks relative to. 202 

Russian department, remarks relative to.201 202 203 

Celebration of Independence, Exhibition of 1876 referred to in acts of Congress as.’.. ’ 326 

Cements, classificationiof. 35 I 


I 













































































INDEX. 


387 


Page. 

Centennial Board ot Finance, etforts of women to secure subscriptions to the stock of, commended_ SO 

invited to seats on the floor of the Commission. 3 

rights and duties of. 31 

action relative to submission of plans for buildings to . 31 

organization of. 68, 86 

nominations for directors, &c. 87 

designs for certificates of stock invited. 69 

rules relative to organization of . 69 

to payment of installments upon stock of. 69 

one million shares of stock of, to be issued. 77 

amount to be paid on subscription to stock of. 

communication from, relative to rights and duties of. 67 

subscriptions to stock of, reports from the several States concerning. 53 

invitation from, to visit Fairmount Park. 55 

remarks on work and prospects of.. 70 

officers and directors of, remarks as to. 70 

provisions of act of Congress relative to stock of. 70 

considerations leading to the incorporation of. 72 

incorporation of. 72 

names of subscribers to stock of,to appear in the records. . 77 

success of women’s committee in procuring subscriptions to stock of. 7 

subscriptions to the stock of.4, 5, 341 

subscriptions to stock of, in Pennsylvania. 4 

organization of. 70 

call for a meeting to elect directors of. 70 

meeting to elect directors of. 70 

duties of directors of. 70 

authorized to issue bonds to amount of its capital stock and secure them 

by mortgage upon property and income. 342 

United States not to be liable for debt, &c., of. 342 

no member of, to be under any personal liability. .. 342 

duties of, after the Exhibition in closing up accounts, dividing assets, &c.. 342 

communication relative to organization of.. 34 

act of Congress relative to. 340 

incorporated, authorized to hold real estate, <fcc. 340 

authorized to issue stock to amount of ten million dollars. 341 

certificates of stock of, &c. 341 

provision for a meeting of corporators and subscribers of. 341 

board of directors of, &c . 341 

to keep minutes of proceedings, vouchers, accounts, &c. 341 

invited to meet the Commission. 35 

election of directors and officers of. 341 

secretary, treasurer, &.C., of. 341 

authorized to make by-laws for its own government. 341 

duties of officers of. 341 

Exhibition buildings to be erected by, in accordance with the plans of the 

Commission. 342 

officers of. 337 

resolutions relative to necessity of immediate subscriptions to the stock of. 33 

report of the committee on conference relative to. 101 

harmony of, with the Commission, importance of maintaining. 101 

■ design for certificate of stock to be selected by. 101 

statement of expenses, &c., of. 92 

introduction of, to meniDers of Commission. 38 

resolution relative to. 64 

Commissioners requested to confer with, as to subscriptions. 65 

rule relative to books of subscription to stock of. 75 

directors of, authorized to fill vacancies in their own body. 88 

elected. 89 

resolution of thanks to. 62 


Centennial Celebration. See International Exhibition of 1876. 

Exposition. See International Exhibition of 1876. 

Central and South America, efforts to induce co-operation of the nations of. 

Ceramic art, classification of. ;’"' VT ‘^ . 

importance of securing a representation of products ol.....-. 

Ceremonies at opening of Exhibition of 1876. See Committee on Opening Ceremonies. 

committee on. 

Certificate of subscription, form of.. 

stock, designs for, invited.-. 

premium for accepted design of... . . 

to be illustrp.tive of the progress of the United States. . .-.— 

See also Stock of Centennial Board of Finance; Centennial Board of Finance, &c. 

design for, to be selected by Board of Finance. 

action relative to..;- 2" . 

Chairman of Executive Committee, letter from, to Governor of Pennsylvania, relative to a State appro- 

thrboa^d of "management of the collective exhibition by "the Executive Departments of 

the Government, appointment of Col. S. C. Lyford ... 

committee on tariffs and transportation, O. C. French elected ....... ....... — ........ 

finance, Asa Packer elected. 

opening services, F. L. Matthews elected. 

legislation, R. C. McCormick elected. 

manufactures, E. A. Straw, elected. 

education, David Atwood elected. 

products of the soil, Robert Lowry elected. 

Chairs, classification of.-. 

Chamber furniture, classification of. 


14 

351 

271 

336 
76 
69, 83 
83 
83 

101 

90 

69 

369 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

353 

354 













































































388 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Changes in classification suggested.. • 17,18 

in committees. 67 

Charts, maps, and graphic representations .. 359 

Chemical apparatus, classification of. 355 

preparations, classification of. 351 

industry, place in the classification of, Vienna Exhibition. 165 

Chief buildings, at Vienna Exhibition, area of. 134 

Chief of Ordnance, suggestions by, relative to the classification.. 17 

suggestions as to the enginery and material of war in the Exhibition. 18 

China, appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition.. 128 

executive committee requested to take measures to secure a representation of industries, &c,,of. 62 

China and Japan, table showing area of grounds allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

Chromo-lithography, classification of. 36.3 

Chronometric apparatus, time-measures of all kinds. 361 

Circular address to the people of the United States.... 77 

to the scientific, industrial, and commercial organizations of the United States.. 82 

the officers of the General Government and of the governments of the several States. 8L 

the clergy and religious associations.78, 79, 80 

teachers and others. 80 

intending exhibitors as to space required, action relative to. 65 

inviting designs for a certificate of stock . .. 83 

form of questions to exhibitors at Vienna Exhibition. 237 

letter to United States ministers abroad. 13 

Circulars issued by the executive committee. 69 

printing of, &c. 13 

Citizens’ Centennial Executive Committee of Philadelphia conceive the idea of enlisting women in the 

work of the Commission .. 70 

Citizens’ Centennial Finance Committee of Philadelphia, work of.... 68,91,92 

statement of expenses, <fec., of. 92 

conference of executive committee with. 92 

Citizens’ Executive Committee. See Citizens’ Centennial Executive Committee. 

Citizens of Philadelphia, grand mass-meeting of, under auspices of the executive committee'. 68 

beneficial effects of mass-meeting of. 68 

City of Philadelphia. See Philadelphia. 

prompt liberality of. 68 

Civil engineering, classification of. 362 

Classes ; changes in notation of, in the classification. .30 

Classification of objects of exhibition, divisions of.. 23 

system of notation of, amended. 30 

changes in notation of. 30 

suggested by Chief of Ordnance. 17 

by the Surgeon-General. 18 

of Vienna Exhibition, action relative to obtaining information of. 69 

comprehensiveness of the system adopted... 6 

of objects of exhibition, analysis^ of. 6 

division of, into departments, groups, and classes.... 6 

the departments of. 6 

of motors and apparatus for the generation and transmission of power, and for lifting 

and moving fluids. 356 

vehicles and apparatus of transportation upon common roads and accessories thereto. 3.57 

railways and railway plant. 357 

railway rolling-stock and apparatus.^. 357 

hoisting and lifting apparatus.'.. 357 

transportation upon suspended cables; aerial and pneumatic transportation. 357 

educational apparatus and methods. 358 

typographic aids to the preservation and dissemination of knowledge... 358 

charts, maps, and graphic representations... 359 

telegraphic in.strument8 and methods. 359 

instruments of precision and apparatus of physical research, experiment, and illustra¬ 
tion . 359 

meteorological instruments and apparatus. 360 

education. 367 

institutions, societies, and organizations having for their object the promotion of science 367 
steamships, steamboats, propellers, and all vessels propelled by steam or other fixed 

motors. 357 

boats or vessels designed for special purposes... 358 

apparatus and methods for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. 358 

mechanical calculation, indicating, and self-registering apparatus, other than meteoro¬ 
logical . 360 

weights, measures, and coins, weighing and metrological apparatus.. 361 

chronometric apparatus, time-measures of all kinds. 361 

musical instruments and acoustic apparatus. 36i 

co-operative, commercial, and financial insurance associations. 367 

music and the drama.' _ ] ] 368 

exhibition of works of art and industry. 368 

boats and sailing-vessels for general purposes. 357 

objects illustrating the efforts of benevolence. 366 

government and law.366 

. religious organizations. . 366 

miscellaneous hand-tools, machines, and appliances used in various arts, cutlery, &c. 356 


apparatus for destruction of life, for hunting, trapping, fishing, &c.! ’356 

plastic and graphic arts. 363 

sculpture ..363 

painting. 363 

line-drawing, engraving, and die-sinking.363 

chromo-lithography and lithography.363 













































































INDEX. 


389 


• Page. 

Classificaliou of photography. 354 

industrial designs. 354 

mosaic and inlaid work. 3 f 54 

architectural designs and models. 354 

decoration and furnishing interiors of public and private buildings. 364 

landscape gardening. 354 

systems, objects, and apparatus illustrating efforts for the improvement of the physical, 

intellectual, and moral condition of man . 365 

chairs, tables, parlor and chamber suits, office and library furniture. 354 

table-furniture—glass, china, silver, silver plate, tea and coffee sets, urns, samovars, 

epergues. 354 

mirrors, stained and enameled glass, cut and engraved window-glass, and other dec¬ 
orative objects. 354 

apparatus and fixtures for heating, lighting, ventilating, and cooking. 354 

household implements, apparatus, and other articles used in dwellings. 354 

manufactured parts of dwellings. 354 

hardware used in construction, exclusive of tools and implements. 354 

tools, implements, machines, and processes. 355 

committee on. 336 

woven and felted goods of wool and mixtures of wool. 353 

silk and silk fabrics and mixtures in which silk is the predominating material. 353 

knit goods and hosiery, including underwear made of piece-goods. 353 

clothing. 353 

hats, caps, boots and shoes, gloves, mittens, &c.; straw and palm-leaf hats, bonnets, 

and millinery. 353 

laces, embroideries, and trimmings for clothing, furniture and carriages. 353 

fine jewelry, and metallic or mineral ornaments worn upon the person. 353 

ornaments, artificial flowers, coiffures, buttons, trimmings, fans, umbrellas, sun-shades, 

walking-canes, and other articles of dress or ornament, exclusive of jewelry. 353 

paper, pasteboard, card-board, wall-papers, paper building-material and for general 

construction, and paper-industry generally. 353 

furniture and manufactures of general use in construction and in dwellings. 354 

remarks on the all-pervading importance of, to an exhibition.165, 178 

comparative excellence of, at the varioirs international exhibitions. 165 

criticism of, invited from persons eminent in various professions.89, 377 

. action relative to. 90 

of extracts and compounds of animal or vegetable origin used chiefly for food. 349 

potash, soda, and ammonia ; salt, bleachiug-powders, fertilizing compounds, mineral 

acids. 350 

oils, soaps, candles, illuminating and other gases . 351 

cements, artificial stone, concrete, b 6 tou. 351 

the ceramic art, terra cotta, faience, porcelain, and glass. 351 

chemical and pharmaceutical preparations. 351 

paints, pigments, dyes, colors, turpentines, oils, varnishes, printing-inks, writing-inks, 

blacking. 351 

patent medicinal compounds, perfumery, essences, pomades, cosmetics, aromatic 

vinegars, &c . 351 

explosive and fulminating compounds. 352 

yarns, and woven goods of vegetable or mineral materials. 352 

textile and felted fabrics, apparel, costumes, and ornaments for the person. 352 

yarns and woven goods of vegetable or mineral materials. 352 

and arrangement at Vienna Exhibition .-. 165 

approximate statement of total number of visitors of Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 225 

at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 120 

summary of. 343 

key to notation of. 344 

of minerals, ores, building-stones, metals, and metallurgical products. 344 

agricultural products used chiefly for food.. 345 

arboriculture and floriculture. 346 

forest products. 346 

aromatic, oleaginous, saponaceous, stimulating, and narcotic substances of vegetable 

growth, vegetable drugs and perfumes. 347 

fibrous substances of vegetable or of animal origin used in the arts. 347 

animals, livestock, &c.-. 348 

fish and aquatic life and fish products. 348 

animal products used as food or as the basis of manufactures, exclusive of aquatic 

products . 348 

skins, peltries, furs, and feathers.. 349 

preserved meats, vegetables, and fruits. 349 

materials and manufactures used for food, or in the arts, the result of extractive or 

combining processes. 349 

machines, tools, and apparatus of mining, metallurgy, chemistry, and the extractive 

arts. 355 

machines, tools, and apparatus of agriculture and forestry and alimentary industry.. 3-55 

machines, tools, and appliances for working wood, metals, or stone . 355 

machines and implements of spinning, weaving, felting, paper-making, sewing, and 

lUcaking clothing and ornamental objects. 355 

machines and apparatus for type-making, type-setting, printing, ruling, stamping, 

embossing, pressing, and for making books and paper-working. 355 

engineering, public wmrks, architecture, &c. 362 

agricultural engineering. 362 

mining engineering. 362 

civil engineering. 362 

dynamic and industrial engineering. 363 

railway engineering. 3fi3 

public works and architecture. 363 

submarine constructions, foundations, piers, docks, &c. 363 

military engineering. 363 








































































390 


INDEX. 


Page 


Classifipation of naval engineering. 

See Arrangement. 

See Committee on. 

Clergy of the United States, interest of, in the Exhibition.. 78 

invited to assist in Exhibition..... 78 

Clergy and religious associations of the United States, address to. 69, 78 

address to, number of copies of distributed. 92 

Clerks, employes, &c., of the Commission. i'. . 92 

Cleveland, Orestes, elected vice-president of Commission. 55 

member of committee on plans and architecture. 336 

vice-president of the Commission. 335 

Cloak-rooms and parcels-office, Vienna Exhibition. 189 

Closing of International Exhibition of 1876, date of. 323 

Clothing, classification of trimmings for.. . 353 

classification of. 353 

Coal, collection of specimens of for Exhibition. 5 

Cochran, Thomas, secretary pro tern. Board of Finance, communication from, relative to organization of 

Board .-. 34 

notification of appointment of, as temporary secretary of the Board of Finance. 35 

elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Coiffures, classification of. 353 

Coldwell, Thomas H., vice-president of the Commission. 335 

elected vice-president of the Commission. 55 

Collection of objects illustrating the fisheries of the world to be exhibited. 5 

Collection of metals and minerals of the United States. 5 

Collective exhibition by the Executive Departments of the General Government, Department of Agri¬ 
culture, and the Smithsonian Institution, proposal relative to. 12 

action of the President relative to. 12 

correspondence between the Secretary of State and the Secretary of War rela¬ 
tive to. 378 

Colleges of the United States, address to officers and teachers of. 69, 89 

Collins & Autenrieth, authors of the accepted plan for memorial building. 11 

awarded first premium for designs offered. 372 

Color for labels of packages from foreign countries. 24 

Colors, classifii^tion of. 351 

Commemorative medals, communication relative to, from Hon. H. R, Linderman, Director United States 

Mint. 34 

subject of referred to committee on legislation. 34 

Commerce, committee on. 336 

See Committee on commerce and fisheries, &c. 

Commercial organizations, addresses to. 69, 92 

Commission of Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of committees of. 124 

Vienna Exhibition, committees of, remarks on. 117 

working organization of. 115 

Commissions, Vienna Exhibition. See Foreign commissions. 

of Paris Exhibition of 1867, upon the history of labor, number of.. 124 

for the exposition of agriculture, number of. 124 

horticultural exposition, number of. 124 

arboricultural exposition, number of. 124 

encouraging study by workingmen, number of. 124 

Commissioner for Delaware, death of. 33 

of Ecuador, to Exhibition of 1876. nresents his credentials at Philadelphia. 324 

secretary directed to notify governors of vacancies in office of. 56 

for Pennusylvania, letter of, to the Governor of that State, urging a State appropriation 84 

alternate, from Indiana, report of committee on credentials relative to. 36 

Commissioners, mode of appointment. 22 

requested to secure the co-operation of women in their respective States. 70 

number of, present at each session of the Commission. 71 

for Tennessee, vote of thanks to. 53 

of foreign countries, Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

for New York, letter of, to the Senators and Representatives of that State, urging an 

appropriation by Congress to the Exhibition of 1876. 331 

of Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

appointment of, confirmed. 343 

to conduct Exhibition of 1876 provided for. 339 

time within which to be appointed. 339 

to be nominated by the several Governors and appointed by the President. 339 

place of meetingof.'. 339 

duties of. 339 

secretary directed to obtain information relative to. 58 

of Fairmount Park, conference with and communications from, relative to the grounds 

selected for the Exhibition. 95 

communications from, regretting inability to attend session of Commission... 57 

requested to communicate with Board of Finance as to subscriptions. 65 

Committee appointed to draught resolutions relative to death of James L. Orr. 34 

of conference of the Commission and Board of Finance, to define the respective rights and 

duties of the two bodies, report of. 101 

five appointed to wait on ladies’committee, (fee. 45 

appointed to wait on directors Centennial Board of Finance, report of. 35 

conference to define relative rights and duties of Commission and Board of Finance, 

acceptance of report of. 3 ^ 

three appointed to wait on members of Board of Finance and Board of Supervisors, and 

inform them of invitation to meet the Commission. 35 

women, 6 'ee Women’s Centennial Execirtive Committee. 

Commissioners of Fairmount Park, conference with... 68 

Citizens’Centennial Finance Committee of Philadelphia, conference with. 68 









































































INDEX. 


Committee 


391 


Page. 

of councils of Philadelphia, conferences with. gg 

Pennsylvania State Centennial Committee, conference with.' 68 

on agriculture and live stock, list of members of.*!..”!!!!” 64 

created.” 1 . 66 

proceedings relative to.*"'.*!!!"!!!!!! " 66 

architecture, buildings, &c., Vienna Exhibition.115 

arts and sciences, list of members of.... 63 

arts and sciences, to be appointed annually. . 

by-laws, report of... ’97 

proceedings relative to report of.'45'46 47 48 

consideration of report of, postponed..’ *31 

classification, list of members of.. 63 

action of the chairman of.90 

instructed as to prominence to be given to industrial interests!58 
communication relative to a machine for the manufacture of wool re¬ 
ferred to. 35 

to be appointed annually.!!!!!!!! 54 61 

report of, relative to changes in the notation of the classification ’ 30 

commerce, list of members of. ' g^ 

name of, amended.62 

W. W. Wood, elected chairman of.. 67 

C. H. Marshall, elected secretary of. g 7 

and fisheries to be appointed annually. 54 gi 

credentials, report of proceedings in reference to. 30 42 ' 43 

proceedings relative to report of. 35 

report relative to Franklin C. Johnson as alternate commissioner from Indiana. 36 

report of. og 

education, David Atwood, of Wisconsin, elected chairman of.... 66 

finance, list of members. !.!!!! 63 

Asa Packer, elected chairman of. gg 

J. M. Paul, elected secretary of. gg 

Vienna Exhibition. !!!!!!! 115 

and accounts to be appointed annually. 54 

fisheries and fish-culture appointed. gO 

members of.67 336 

foreign affairs, resolution relative to international congress for consideration of questions 

of international law, &c., referred to. 62 

resolution relative to an international medical congress in 1876 referred to. 63 

list of members. 63 

communication recommending appointment of Col. L. M. Montgomery 

as special agent of the Commission at London. 35 

to be appointed annually. 54 , 61 

history, literature, and popular education, list of members of. 64 

to be appointed annually. 54 , 61 

horticulture appointed. 65 

made a standing committee. 66 

title of, amended. 66 

and floriculture, members of. 336 

list of members. 66 

legislation, list of members of. 63 

subject of commemorative medal referred to. 34 

to be appointed annually, &c. 54, 61 

R. C. McCormick, elected chairman of. 66 

manufactures, list of members of. 64 

to be appointed annually. 54, 61 

E. A. Straw, elected chairman of. 66 

George A. Crawford, elected secretary of. 66 

mines and mining, list of members of.. 64 

to be appointed annually.54, 61 

nomination of secretaries, list of members of.. 63 

duties of, &c. 61 

action of, to be confirmed by executive committee. 61 

resolution relative to, made a by-law.. 54 

opening ceremonies, list of members. 63 

to be appointed annually. 54, 61 

F. L. Matthews elected chairman of. 66 

plans and architecture, list of members. 63 

conferences, &c., with commissioners of Fairmount Park relative 

to site for the Exhibition, &c. 94 

apply to the park commission for a transfer of grounds for the 

exhibition. 94 

suggestions as to building in conformity with the topography of 

■ the ground selected. 94 

requested to procure plans without delay. 95 

report of.94, 369 

members of . 336 

to be appointed annually. 54, 61 

adoption of report of. 31 

consideration of report of. 31 

resximed. 31 

report relative to the Exhibition buildings, advertising for plans, 

&c. 29 

n products of the soil to be appointed annually, Slc . 54, 61 

Robert Lowry elected chairman of..-. 66 

name of changed. 66 

tariffs and transportation, list of members of.. 63 

instructed to arrange facilities for travel, &c., in 1876 . 58 
















































































392 


INDEX. 


Page. 


Committee on tariffs and transportation to be appointed annually. 

0. C. French elected chairman of.. 

D. M. Boyd, jr., elected secretary of. 

to attend convention of Governors at Atlanta appointed... 

(See also Executive committee, committee on, &-c.) 

Committees of the commission: 

executive. . 

on plans and architecture. 

tariffs and transportation .. 

finance . 

foreign affairs.. 

opening ceremonies. 

legislation. 

classification. 

nomination of secretaries of departments. 

arts and sciences.. 

manufactures.. 

history, literature, and popular education. 

commerce .-.. 

agriculture and live stock. 

mines and mining.. 

horticulture and floriculture.. 

fisheries and fish-culture. 

named by the President... 

as reported by committee on by-laws. 

additional names announced.. 

(See also kSpecial committees.) 

of various bodies, conferences of, with executive committee. 

trades and occupations formed to procure subscriptions.. 

changes in.. 

officers of. 

by-law relative to. 

list of.I. 

of Paris Exhibition of 1867: 

admission, number of... 

weights, measures, and coins, number of.. 

on ventilation, number of .. 

upon exposition of musical wmrks, number of. 

yachts, and experiments in salvage,, number of. 

finance and auditing the accounts, number of.. 

of department secretaries of Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 

the imperial commission of Paris Exhibition, number of.. 

admission bureaus of Paris Exhibitirn of 1867, number of. 

Vienna Exhibition... 

Communication of the Director-General to United States ministers abroad. 

from the Director-General to the Secretary of State, relative to the collective exhibi¬ 
tion by the Executive Departments. 

Chief of Ordnance. 

Surgeon-General.. 

Quartermaster-General.. 

Secretary of the Light-House Board. 

Secretary of State, inclosing Executive order.... 

Board of Finance as to the relative rights and duties of the Commission and the 

Board. . 

to agents relative to rules for subscriptions... 

from Hon. H. E,. Linderman, Director of United States Mint, relative to commemora¬ 
tive medals, &c.. 

S. S. Jones, relative to a machine for the manufacture of wool.. 

Franklin B. Hough, of New York, relative to the progress made by the United 

States during the past century. 

the Secretary of State to the Secretary of War, relative to a collective exhibi¬ 
tion by the Executive Departments... 

commissioners for New York to the Senators and Eepresentatives of that 

State, urging.an. appropriation by Congress to the Exhibition of 1876. 

Centennial Board of Finance, relative to organization.. 

relative to the Exhibition sent by the Secretary of State to foreiguministers and min¬ 
isters of the United States abroad... 

from Womens’ Centennial Executive Committee, relative to meeting. 

recommending the appointment of Col. L. M. Montgomery as a special agent of the 
commission at London. 


54,61 

66 

66 

67 


335 

336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 
336 

63 

99 

66 

68 
68 
67 
66 
54,61 
.54, 61 

124 

124 

124 

124 

124 

124 

124 

124 

124 

117 

13 

17 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 

67 

83 


34 

35 

35 

378 

331 

34 

323 

45 


35 


from Henry Pettit, special agent to Vienna Exhibition, presenting his final report. 295 


of William H. Seward, transmitting to Congress the report on the Paris Exhibition of 

1867, extract from. 328 

from Women’s Association read and referred to executive committee. 57 

secretary of state of New Hampshire. 57 

the Northern Pacific Railroad proposing to exhibit, &c. 90 

relative to the establishment of agencies abroad referred to the executive committee .. 91 

from John L. Shoemaker. 63 

Horace J. Smith, relative to an experimental farm. 91 

Communications relative to the fine'art department of the Exhibition. 5 

from the Commission to the President of the United States, referred to. 2 

relative to the Exhibition presented by Prince Bismarck to the German Parliament, 

with a favorable recommendation. 3 

from Hon. H. R. Linderman, Director of United States Mint. 34 

from the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, relative to the site selected for the Exhi-’ 
bition. 95 








































































INDEX 


393 


Pag-e, 

Communications from the chairman ofjthe committee on plans to the Park Commission accepting 

grounds oflPered, &c. 95 96 

from commissioners regretting inability to attend session of the Commission"'*57 

Compactness an essential feature of great exhibitions.. 267 

sacrificed at Vienna. 267 

Comparative cost of labor, &c., in the United States and Europe. 4 

system of arrangement of goods exhibited, im portance of adhering Vo"*. 266 

damage to the Vienna Exhibition from inat¬ 
tention to. 266 

trials, experiments, &c., at Vienna Exhibition. 168 

. (-See aZsw Systematic arrangement.) 

Comparison between the evidences of our progress in a century and that of other nations declared in 

act of Congress one of the leading objects of the Exhibition of 1876. 326 

Competitive trials of machines and methods, provision for in Vienna Exhibition.168 

Competitors for plans of buildings for Exhibition of 1876, list of.**’ 370 

Competition, products may be entered for .. 23 

articles entered for exhibition not to be transferred to class devoted to..23 

for a design for certificate of stock, circular relative to.'.83 

for plans of buildings for Exhibition of 1876, regulations relative to..370, 371 

invited. ’ 97 

to. be first unlimited and then limited to the successful participants in the first competition. 97 

Compounds of animal and vegetable origin used chiefly for food, classification of. 349 

Comprehensiveness of the system of classification adopted. 6 

Concessions in the Exhibition, right to grant reserved to the Commission. 70 

Concrete, classification of........ 35 ^ 

• Concurrence of Board of Finance in choosing plans for the buildings, action relative to. 31 

Condition of man, classification of systems, &c., illustrating efforts for the improvement of. 365 

objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of. 6 

Conduct of exhibitors, regulations as to. 25 

Conference committee of the Commission and Board of Finance to define the duties of each. 31 

report of. 101 

committees of various bodies, meetings of executive committee with. 68 

Conferences of the executive committee with committees of various bodies. 68 

with the Park Commis.sion relative to the ground selected for the Exhibition. 94, 95 

Congress of the United States asked to assist the Commission. 7 

necessity of an appropriation by... 4 

message of the President to, transmitting report of the Commission. 1 

acts of, relating to Centennial Celebration. 338 

expectation of the people of action by, relative to the Exhibition of 1876. 325 

for the consideration of questions of international law, resolution relative to. 62 

for consideration of medical matters proposed... 63 

Congresses at Vienna Exhibition for the discussion of various questions, list of. 248 

(See also International Congress.) 

Connecticut, amendment of report of executive committee relative to. 34 

Conservatory in connection with Exhibition of 1876, size of. 373 

necessity for, «fec. 90 

communication from Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, &c. 90 

offers of co-operation in establishing, from the Department of Agriculture. 90 

Consideration of by-laws.50, 53, 59 

Considerations requiring Government aid to the Exhibition.. 3 

Construction of buildings at Vienna Exhibition, materials used in. 146 

Contents of the report of W. P. Blake on the organization, administration, and results of the Vienna 

Exhibition, table of. 110 

Convention appointed to attend Atlanta convention of Governors. 67 

Cooper, Charles W., elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Cooking apparatus and fixtures, classification of. 354 

Co-operating exhibitors in the exhibition of the history of labor Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of .. 124 

Co-operation of women, commissioners requested to secure . 70 

of the several States in the Exhibition, efforts taken to secure. 69 

with the Commission, offers of.... 5 

of various auxiliaiy organizations with the Commission, resolutions relative to. 62 

Co-operative, commercial, and financial insurance associations, classification... 367 

Copies of various addesses, number of, distributed. 92 

of letter of chairman of executive committee to Governor of Pennsylvania, number of, dis¬ 
tributed . 92 

Corliss, George H,, of Rhode Island, member of executive committee. 336 

elected to executive committee. 56 

Corporators of Board of Finance, meeting of. 86 

(See also Centenial Board of Finance,) 

Correspondence of the Commission to be conducted by secretary, &c.61, 99 

magnitude of. 92 

with and between the Executive Departments relative to a collective exhibition, &c.. 377 

of the committee on plans and architecture with the commissioners of Fairmouut Park. 95 

and archives, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to.122,123 

of Vienna Exhibition, description of and remarks relative to. 201 

and life of George Read, of Delaware, copy presented to Commission. 34 

Correspondents of foreign journals at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 207 

Cosmetics, classification of. 351 

Cost, &c., of the great exhibitions of the world. 272 

of the Vienna Exhibition, detailed estimates of. 306 

Costumes, classification of. 352 

Councils of Philadelphia, conference of the executive committee with committee of. 66 

Counselor and solicitor of the Commission.22, 335 

John L. Shoemaker, unanimously elected... 56 

by-law relating to.98,100 

jjrovided for. 98 

election of. 98 













































































394 


INDEX 


Page. 

Courtesies extended to the Hon. William D. Kelley. 50 

Crawford, George A., elected secretary of committee on manufactures. 66 

Credentials, report of committee on. 28 

of P. C. Johnson, action relative to. 20 

committee on, report relative to Franklin C. Johnson as alternate from Indiana. 36 

of commissioner of Ecuador to Exhibition of 1876 presented at Philadelphia. 324 

Creigh, John D., vice-president of the Commission. 335 

elected vice-president of the Commission. 55 

Criticisms on the system of classification adopted. 17,18 

Culture, appeal to citizens of, to promote the interests of the Exhibition. 81 

Cummins, John, elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Currency and stock values, international congress at Vienna for consideration of.. 249 

Current and incidental expenses of the Commission, appropriation of $50,000 for by the city of Phila¬ 
delphia . 92 

Custom-house regulations relative to the Exhibition.. . 23 

duties, &c., acts of Congress relative to, to be promptly communicated to 
the accredited representatives of governments co-operating in 

the Exhibition of 1876. 323 

action relative to. 91 

relative to Vienna Exhibition. 184 

Cut window-glass, classification of..■. 354 

I>. 

Dangerous and infiammable substances excluded from Vienna Exhibition. 183 

Danube, regulation of, at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to.129,130 

Date of opening and closing International Exhibition of 1876 . 323 

Dates of opening and closing the Exhibition. 22 

Death of William T. Bead, Commissioner from Delaware. 33 

James L. Orr, action relative to. 53 

appointment of committee to draught resolutions on. .34 

Declaration of Independence at Mecklenburgh, North Carolina, in 1775, reference to. 73 

Decoration and furnishing of interiors of buildings, classification of. 364 

Dedication of Exhibition grounds. 7 

address on behalf of President Grant at. 322 

Definition of the term great exhibition, as given by Dr. F.xner. 273 

Delaware, amendment of report of executive committee relative to. 34 

death of William T. Read, commissioner of.. 33 

Delivery and removal of goods intended for exhibition. 23 

Denmark, table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

Department of Agriculture, offers of co-operation from. . 5,90 

, to be included in a collective exhibition of the Executive Departments of 

the General Government. 12,21 

Departments, changes in notation of, in the classification. 30 

committee on nomination of secretaries of. 337 

of the classification. 6 

action relative to secretaries of. 54 

of the General Government to be represented in Exhibition. 5 

proposed collective exhibition by. 12 

Description of Grand Pavilion or main Exhibition building proposed.15, 374 

the memorial hall. 16 

Descriptive labels, regulations concerning. 25 

Design for certificate of stock invited... 83 

premium for. 83 

requirements relative to.. 83 

to be illustrative of the progress of the United States.. 83 

for certificate of stock to be selected by Board of Finance. 101 

National Academy of, resolution relative to securing co-operation of. 64 

Designs for buildings for the Exhibition. See Report of commmittee on plans, &c. 

and models used for architecture, classification of. 364 

invited for certificate of stock. 69 

Dexter, James E., of District of Columbia, member of committee on plans and architecture. 336 

Diagrams of buildings and grounds of International Exhibition of 1876 to be furnished to the com¬ 
missioners of different nations which shall accept invitation to participate. 323 

Die-sinking, classification of. 363 

Diplomatic agents of the Government. See Ministers of the United States abroad. 

Diplomas of honor at Vienna Exhibition.240, 247 

Director-general of the Commission, action upon by law relative to. 54 

by law, relative to. 60 

provided for.60, 335 

mode of election, &c. 60 

proceedings relative to.50, 51, 53 , 60 

circular letter of, to United States ministers in Europe and Asia .. 13 

South and Central 
America, Mexico, 
and the Antilles.. 13 

executive committee authorized to elect. 2 

A. T. Goshorn unanimously elected. 2 

proceedings relative to. 53 

article relative to, agreed to. 52 

proposes a collective exhibition by the Executive Departmentg of 

the General Government. 12 

report of, list of papers accompanying. 8 

report of. 1 ] 

represents the necessity of early information as to the intentions 

of foreign governments. 11 

addresses a circular letter to United States ministers abroad. 11 









































































INDEX 


395 


Page. 


Dll cctor-General of the Commission visits the Vienna International Exhibition before entering upon his 

duties. 2 

enters upon his duties. 2 

work of. 2 

organizes the office of the Commission, prepares regulations, &,c., in 

concert with the executive committee. 2 

of Vienna Exhibition authorized to engage co-operation of the imperial credit institu- 

• tion for commerce and trade. 113 

not required to follow rules laid down for governmental finan¬ 
ciering. 113 

usual governmental book-keeping regulations and forms to be 

dispensed with.. 113 

required to deliver to minister of the board of trade statement of 

expenses. 113 

appointment by private imperial letter and decree of privy-coun¬ 
selor Baron William v. Schwarz-Senborn with title of Imperial 

and Royal General Director. 117 

remarks concerning. 117-118 

Director of United States Mint, eommunication from, relative to commemorative medals, &c. 34 

Directors of Centennial Board of Finance, reference to minutes of meeting of. 29 

‘elected by the stockholders. 70 

introduction of, to the Commission. .38 

authorized to fill vacancies in their own body. 88 

elected. 89 

Dispatches received from ministers abroad relative to the Exhibition. 4 

Display of flowers at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 146 

Division for Hungary, Vienna Exhibition, section on. 117 

of Lower Austria, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 116 

Docks, classification of. 363 

Documents and books of the Commission, provision as to. 61 

Dome of Capitol at Washington, weight and cost of iron-work in. 303 

the Vienna Exhibition, effect of. 142 

contracted to be erected in nine months. 303 

Drainage and sanitary fittings at Vienna Exhibition, report on. 195 

description of. 303-304 

Drama and music, place in classification. 368 

Drawing of objects in exhibitions. 275 

Drawings and books, list of, accompanying report of Henry Pettit. 297 

Drawings, photographs, &c., of articles exhibited. 25 

Drugs from vegetables, classification of. 347 

Dualin, classification of. 352 

Dufur, A. J., remarks of. 40 

Duration of International Exhibition of 1876 .22,323 

Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 226 

Duties and rights of the Commission and Board of Finance. See Centennial Board of Finance, Confer¬ 
ence committee, &c. 

Duties, custom-house regulations, &c., acts of Congress relative to, to be promptly communicated to 

accredited representatives of governments co-operating in Exhibition of 1876. 323 

of Board of Finance, communication relative to. 67 

the Commission. 339 

executive committee. 59 

the president of the Commission. 60 

the secretary. 61 

secretaries of divisions .. 61 

Dwelling-house, place of, in classification of Vienna Exhibition.-. 167 

Dwellings, classification of household implements, apparatus, and other articles used in. 354 

manufactured parts of. 3M 

Dyes, classification of.-. 551 

Dynamic engineering, classification of. 563 

Dynamite, classification of. 552 


E. 

Earle, James T., of Maryland, member of executive committee. 535 

elected to executive committee... 56 

Eastern nations, measures to secure representation of industries, &c., of, in the Exhibition. 62 

Eaton, Mr. John, appointment of, by the Secretary of the Interior upon the board of management of 

the collective exhibition by the Executive Departments, &c -. 569 

Ecclesiastical arts, place of, in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

Economy practiced in expenditures by the executive committee... ...^. 71 

Ecuador, acceptance by, of invitation to participate in International Exhibition of 1876. 524 

commissioner of, to Exhibition of 1876 presents his credentials at Philadelphia. 324 

officially accepts invitation to participate in the Exhibition. 3 

appointment of a resident commissioner by. ^ 

Editors and authors of reports of the jury of the Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

Education, group in classification assigned to. 567 

Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 117 

teaching and instruction, place of, in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

popular literature, and history, committee on. 336 

Educational apparatus and methods.-... 558 

influence of the London Exhibition of 1851, opinion of Dr. Whewell as to... otJ 

Efforts for the improvement of the physical, intellectual, and moral condition of man, place in the 

classification of objects illustrating.- ^ 

Egypt, appropriation by to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition.128, i/y 

expenditures of, at Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 128 

Election of A. T, Goshorn as Director-General. 2 








































































396 


INDEX 


Page. 

Election of A. T. Goshoi’u as Director-General reported by the executive committee. 67 

unanimously confirmed. 67 

of B. H. Haines as secretai’y of the executive committee. 67 

of officers of the Commission. 55 

by-law relative to. .46, 59 

proceedings relative to. 45 

when to take place. 59 

notice of. 59* 

of officers of committees. 67 

officers of the Board of Finance. ^6 

executive committee. 56 

vice-presidents of the Commission. 55 

Embossing machines and apparatus, classification of. 355 

Pimbroideries, classification of. 353 

Employ6s of the Commission. 93 

powers of the executive committee as to. 59 

executive committee authorized to appoint. 98 

by-law relative to. 98 

to be paid monthly. 99 

Enameled glass, classification of. 354 

Engineering, architectural and civil, place in the classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

classification of. 362 

place in the classification of objects relating to... 6 

Engineers’ bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 119 

Enginery of war, place in the classification, suggestions relative to. 18 

England, appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition. 128 

{See also Great Britain.) 

Engraved window-glass, classification of. 354 

Engraving, classification of . 363 

for certificate of stock. 69 

Entrance and admission fees, power to fix, vested in Commission ; report of conference committee.... 101 

right to regulate, reserved to the Commission.. 70 

to be fixed by the Commission. 342 

Epitome of the history of inventions, Vienna Exhibition. . 168 

Erection of buildings for the Exhibition of 1876. See also Buildings for the Exhibition; Centennial 

Board of P’inance, &c. 

remarks concerning. 7 

Essences, classification of. 351 

Establishment of agencies abroad, communications relative to, referred to executive committee. 91 

rules governing rates for entrance and admission fees reserved to the Commission- 70 

Estimates of cost accompanying the plans offered by competing architects. 372 

space required, executive committee instructed to obtain. 65 

in the Exhibition by the Quartermaster’s Department.. 20 

Light-House Board . 21 

Europe, the purposes of the Commission explained by the leading journals of. 7 

European governments, recognition bj’^, of the claims of international exhibitions upon the public 

treasury. 3 

nations favorably respond to the invitation to take part in the Exhibition. 12 

Ewing, Ml’. H., remarks of. 40 

Excluded articles, regulation concerning. 25 

Executive branch of the National Government, action of, relative to Exhibition of 1876 . 321 

business of the Commission, administration of. 2 

commissioner, office of, abolished.54, 58 

resolution of thanks to.. 58 

report of.;. 69 

completed by H. D. J. Pratt. 69-89 

gent to Vienna as special agent. 69 

committee, acknowledgments of, to various governors, legislatures, &c. 69 

to newspaper press. 69 

circular addresses issued by. 69 

amendment of report of. 34 

authorized to elect a director-general. 2 

election of a director-general by. 2 

authorize committee on plans and architecture to at once proceed to procure 

suitable plans.. 95 

chairman of, authorized to refer current business to committees during recess of 

Commission. 60 

committees to report to.. 60 

papers of to be subject to examination by any member.,. 60 

communication from Secretary of State of New Hampshire referred to. 57 

conferences of, with committees of various bodies. 68 

directed to issue addresses to the people, &,c.. 66 

elect A. T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Commission. 67 

B. H. Haines, secretary of the committee. 67 

election of A, T. Goshorn by, confirmed unanimously . 67 

election of.. 56 

instructed to deliver subscription-books, &c., to Board of Finance. 32 

isi-iue a call for meeting of stockholders of Board of Finance. 70 

organize the Board of Finance. 70 

letter from the chairman of, to the Governor of Pennsylvania, relative to a State 

appropriation. 69 

li«tof.335 

report of. 28,68 

accepted. 29 

conference committee submitted by. 31 

William P. Blake referred to. 63 















































































INDEX. 


397 


Executive Committee, resolution of instruction to, as to obtaining estimates of space from intending ex¬ 
hibitors .. .. ^ gg 

relative to concurrence of, in the plans for building submitted to."” 32 

the Board of Finance in plans referred to. 32 
requested to secure representation of the industries, &c., of China, Japan, &c. 62 

s^ure au appropriation from City of Philadelphia. 68 

efforts to obtain an appropriation from State of Pennsylvania_’ 68 

(•See also Citizens’ Centennial hixecutive Committee.) 

send special agents to Vienna. gj^ 

efforts of, to inform the people of the purposes, ’&c., of the Commission ” i" 70 

numerous agencies created by. 70 

remarks on the general interest in the Exhibition aroused by 70 

suggestion of, as to re-organization of the Commission.' 70 

extent and result of the labors of... . 

economy practiced by.. 1 . .*.' . 7 I 

time and mode of election. 50 

. 59,98 

officers of. ’ gg 

agents and employes of. 50 

journal of. c-q 

rules of. 59 

presentation of reports of. 59 

general pov/ers and duties of. 59 

vacancy in, how filled. 59 

duty of, with regard to rulings of the Commission. 59 

to be elected..." .!. 47 

proceedings relative to election of. ”*!!”!! 47 

five members to be a quorum of."" 47 

to report to Commission, &c.*]’ 60 

what constitutes a majority of. 9 g 

authorized to elect chairman, and appoint a clerk, employes, and agents.98 

by-law relative to. 9 g 

journal to be kept by.98 

to have powers of the Commission during recess of the Commission. 98 

to report to the Commission . 93 

rulings of the commission to be followed by.' 98 

member of, not to be appointed on other committees . 98 

vacancy on, to be filled by the chairman provisionally. 98 

president of Commission to be a member of no other committee.. 98 

Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 116 

of international patent congress, William P. Blake appointed on. 

Executive Departments, Executive Order relative to a collective exhibition by.21,368 

of General Government, offers of co-operation from. ’ 5 

Department of Agriculture and Smithsonian Institution included in Executive 

order relating to. 21 

proposal relative to a collective exhibition by. 12 

Executive Order b\’ the President relative to a collective e.xhibition by the Executive Departments, the 

Department of Agriculture, and the .Smithsonian Institution. 5 , 12,21,368 

Exhibition. See International Exhibition of 1876; Vienna Exhibition ; Paris Exhibition ; London Exhi¬ 
bition, &C.J 

all articles intended for, at International Exhibition of 1876, to secure proper position and 

classification, to be in Philadelphia on or before January 1, 1875... 323 

buildings. See Buildings for the International Exhibition of 1876, &c. 

report relative to. 29 

goods, safety of. 274 

hours. 22 

of agricultural resources, industries, and implements to be a special feature. 5 

of fine arts, special regulations relative to, to be issued. 26 

of fi.shery products and apparatus for capturing and preserving fish. 5 

of horses, cattle, &c., to be extensive and thorough. 5 

of samples of the productions of the country traversed, proposed by the Northern Pacific 

Railroad. 90 

unions, remarks on. 275 

of works of art and industry, classification. 368 

Exhibitions, list of the most remarkable. 296 

of art and industry, section on, at Vienna Exhibition. 117 

Exhibitors’agents, regulations concerning. 24 

to receive goods sent, unpack, «fec. 24 

Exhibitors at International Exhibition of 1876, privileges of, granted only to citizens of countries whose 
governments have formally accepted invitation to be represented, and appointed commis¬ 
sion . 323 

at Paris Exhibition of 1867, table showing number of exhibitors in various groups. 229 

at Vienna Exhibition, number of. 227 

fable showing number of, in various groups. 228 

from foreign countries. See Foreign exhibitors. 

in the Exhibition, regulation relative to . 25,26 

. of machinery at Vienna Exhibition, rules for. 183 

rules affecting, to be made by the Commission. 101 

(See Report of conference committee.) 

transportation, unpacking, &c., of goods to be at expense of. 23 

Exner, Dr. W. F., observations by, on great exhibitions.. 272 

on installation of goods at great exhibitions. 181 

Expenditures by the Commission, manner of... 99 

by various nations for representation at the Vienna Exhibition. 179 

at Vienna Exhibition, for buildings, &c.126-127 

of foreign countries at Paris Exhibition of 1867. 128 

Expenses of the Commission, appropriation of $50,000 by City of Philadelphia, for. 92 










































































398 


INDEX 


Page. 

Expenses of the Commission, report relative to. 71 

of the Board of Finance.92, 93, 94 

of the Citizens’ Committee.92,93,94 

Paris Exhibition of 1867. 128 

, Experience, value of, in the conduct of international exhibitions. 266 

Experimental farm, communication from Horace J. Smith relative to. 91 

Explanation of the plan of the main Exhibition building. 15 

Explosive articles excluded from the Exhibition. 25 

compounds, classification of. 352 

Exposition. See International Exhibition of 1876 ; London Exhibition ; Paris Exhibition ; Vienna Ex¬ 
hibition, (fee. 

Extent and cost of the great international exhibitions, table of. 272 

Exterior grounds, Vienna Exhibition, spaces allotted in. 132 

Extractive arts, classification of machines, tools, and apparatus used in. 355 

Extracts of animal or vegetable origin used chiefly for food, classification of. 349 

F. 

Faience, classification of. 351 

Fairmount Park Commission. See Commissioners of Fairmount Park. 

invitation to visit. . 55 

the place of holding the International Exhibition of 1876. 323 

remarks on, as the site for the Exhibition. 82 

the importance of steam railway communication with, from the City. 91 

transfer of grounds in, to the Commission. 7 

views of European engineers as to the suitableness of, as the site of a great exhibition.. 311 

Fans, classification of. 353 

Farm house, place of, in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

Feathers, classification of. 349 

Fees of admission to international exhibitions, importance of fixing at a low rate. 327 

Felted fabrics, classification of. 352 

Felting machines and implements, classification of. 355 

Felton, Samuel M., elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Fencing Vienna Exhibition, length of. 131 

Fertilizing compounds, classification of. 350 

Festivals under the auspices of the Women’s Executive Committee. 7 

Fibrous substances of vegetable or animal origin used in the arts, classification of. 347 

Finance. See Committee on. 

Finance and accounts, committee on, to be appointed annually. 54, 61 

Board of. See Centennial Board of Finance. 

bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 121 

committee on. 336 

of Philadelphia, services of. 68 

(See also Citizens’ Centennial Finance Committee.) 

Vienna Exhibition. 115 

officers of Centennial Board of. 337 

Finances Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 124 

Financial administration Vienna Exhibition, imperial decree upon.. 126 

basis of the Paris Exposition of 1867.^... 3 

of the Vienna Exhibition. 3 

condition and wants of the Exhibition of 1876 . 325 

results of Exhibition of 1876 to be reported to the President of the United States. 342 

Fine-art department of the Exhibition, communications relative to.. 5 

interest felt by American artists in. 5 

gallery, International Exhibition of 1876. See Memorial building. 

Vienna Exhibition, table showing area in acres of... 303 

Pine arts of the present, place of, in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

jewelry, classification of. 353 

Fire-department of Vienna Exhibition. 191 

and water-works at Vienna Exhibition, description of, and remarks relative to. 289 

First Vice-President Centennial Board of Finance, notification of the election of Mr. William Sellers.. 34 

Fish, exhibition of apparatus for capturing and preserving, proposed. 5 

and aquatic life, classification of. 348 

culture, appointment of committee on. 62 

exhibition of objects relating to. 5 

products, classification of. 348 

Fisheries. 5'ee Committee on commerce and fisheries, 
and fish-culture. See Committee on. 

of the world, collection of objects illustrating, to be exhibited. 5 

Fishery products and apparatus for capturing and preserving fish. 5 

Fitter, Edwin H., elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Flax-trade, international congress of, at Vienna. 249 

Floor-space, amount of, in the Exhibition. 82 

Flooring at Vienna Exhibition, description of, and remarks relative to. 150 

expense of. 183 

regulations as to expense of. 176 

Floral department of E.xhibition, offers to co-operate in... 90 

Floriculture, classification of.. 346 

and horticulture, committee on. 337 

(See also Committee on horticulture and floriculture.) 

Flowers at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 146 

classification of artificial.. 353 

Food as products of industry, group in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

classification of materials aud manufactures used for. 349 

Foote, the Hon. Henry ,S., resolution of thanks to. 64 

Foreign Affairs, committee on. 336 

(See also Committee on.) 









































































INDEX 


399 


Page. 

Foreign commissions, privileges and duties of. 22 

commissioners, Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of.124 

correspondents at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 207 

division, Vienna Exhibition, section on. 117 

exhibitors and commissions at Vienna Exhibition, rules for. 183 

regulations for.22,323 

to be allowed space by the commission from their own country. 22 

governments, action of, relative to the President’s invitation to participate in the Exhibition.. 3 

considerable appropriations already made by, for Exhibition of 1876. 324 

responsibility of the United States to, for the success of the Exhibition. 3 

ministers, note of invitation sent to, by the Secretary of State. 322 

nations cordially invited to participate in International Exhibition of 1876. 323 

requested to formally accept invitation previous to March 4, 1874 . 323 

favorable responses from. 12 

requested to appoint commissions to reside in Philadelphia until close of Exhibition of 

1876 . 323 

privileges of exhibitors granted only to citizens of countries whose governments have 

formally accepted invitation and appointed commission . . 323 

acts of Congress pertaining to custom-house regulations, duties, &c., and all regula¬ 
tions adopted by the Commission to be promptly communicated to accredited repre¬ 
sentatives of. 323 

Forest products, classitication of. 346 

Forestry, classification of machines, tools, and apparatus used in. 355 

place of, in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 165 

Forfeiture of space, regulation relative to. 23 

Forms and books for subscriptions supplied to national banks throughout the country. 325 

Forwarding of goods to the Exhibition, regulation concerning. 24 

Foundations, classification of. 363 

Fourth of July, 1873, date of transfer and dedication of grounds in Fairmouut Park to the Commission. 7 

Fox, Daniel M., elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

remarks of. . 39 

Fraley, Frederick, secretary and treasurer Board of Finance... 333 

France, appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition. 128 

area of surface assigned to, in the Paris Exhibition of 1867. 136 

table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

Freight and passengers, comparison of receipts of, on railroads of Austria, showing increase of 1873 

over 1872. 156-157 

French Exposition of 1867. See Paris Exhibition of 1867. 

French, O. C., elected chairman of committee on tai’iffs and transportation. 66 

Fruits, preserved, classification of. 349 

Fulminaiing compounds, classification of. 352 

Fund appropriated by the City of Philadelphia; manner of the disbursement of. 93 

Furnishing and decoration of interiors of buildings, classification of. 364 

Furniture, classification of. 353 

classification of trimmings for. 353 

fittings of hardware, classification of. 354 

Furs, classification of..:. 349 


O. 


Gallery of fine arts of Exhibition. See Art-gallery. 

V^ienna Exhibition, table showing area in acres of. 303 

Garden, table showing area assigned to, at Paris Exhibition of 1867. 135 

Gardening bureau, Vienna Exhibition. 1 

remarks relative to. 120 

Gardens around industrial palace, Paris Exhibition of 1867, area of.. 300 

Gases, classification of...‘. 351 

Gas-fitters’ hardware, classification of.- — - — .. 354 

Geary, John W., Governor of Pennsylvania, recommends the Celebration in his annual message. 68 

General collection of objects representing the fisheries of the world to be exhibited.. 5 

commission Paids Exhibition of 1867 ; number of persons engaged. 124 

direction of the Exhibition of 1876. reserved to the Commission—.. 72 

of Vienna Exhibition. See Vienna Exhibition. 

conferred by imperial letter and decree upon Privy Counselor 
Baron William von Schwarz-Senborn, with title of imperial 

and royal general-director. 117 

remarks concerning.117,118 

expression of the classification—...-.... 

director. See Director-generah 

Government, address to the officers of.-.. . .., i 

Executive Departments of, to make a collective exhibition............ 12 

inquiry and reclamation office, Vienna Exhibition.-. 188 

offices, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. .. 122 

regulations adopted by the Commission and sent abroad...... .*“oo q 

for International Exhibition of 1876.—..22,323 

remarks on the work and prospects of the Commission... 7 

review of the work of the Commission to May 1,1873 . 93 

scope of the Exhibition. ” 

work of the Commission.. ... 

See Work of the Commission. 

Generalization and analysis, opportunities for, afforded by the scheme of classification adopted. 80 

Geographical arrangement of objects at Vienna Exhibition. .-WV 

George’s Hill, Fairmount Park, suggestions for connecting, with the Exhibition buildings by a suitable 

Gemau^Empire, appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition .... 128 

official acceptance by, of the President’s invitation to participate in the Exhibition of 

1876.;.. 3-324 

table showing area of ground alloted to, at Vienna Exhibition ...................... 134 







































































400 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Giant-powder, classification of...-.-. 352 

Gillespie, Mi’S. E. D., acknowledgements to, as chairman of the Women’s Centennial Execuitve Com¬ 
mittee . 56 

president of the Women’s Centennial Executive Committee.-. 7 

recognition of by the Commission as president of the Women’s Executive Com¬ 
mittee. 70 

Glass, classification of. 351 

Gloves, mittens, &c., classification of. 353 

Glycerine, classification of.._ 352 

Goods at Vienna Exhibition, regulations relative to reduction of rates of transportation of.150-156 

Goods exhibited, efforts to insure safety of. 24 

responsibility for damage to. 24 

forwarding of. 24 

removal of. 26 

intended for exhibition, delivery and removal of. 23 

Gorham, John, elected director of Board of Finance. 89 

Goshorn, Alfred T., elected to executive committee..-. 56 

election of, as Director-General, reported by the executive committee. 67 

unanimously confirmed... 67 

member of executive committee. 335 

committee on plans and architecture. 336 

report of. 11 

unanimously elected Director-General of the Commission. 2 

vice-president of the Commission. 335 

director-general of the Commission. 335 

visits the Vienna Exhibition. 2 

enters upon his duties as Director-General. 2 

(See also Director-general, Report, &c.) 

Government and law, group in classification assigned to. 366 

of the United States, address to oflicers of. 81 

considerations which should induce an appropriation to the Exhibi¬ 
tion by.. 3 

Exhibition of 1876 to be held under the auspices of. 326 

Governmental appropriation considered necessary by the Director-General... 12 

appropriations for international exhibitions, remarks concerning. 2 

to the Paris Exposition of 1867. 3 

to the Vienna Exhibition. 3 

regulations concerning Vienna Exhibition. 113 

Governor of Pennsylvania commends the Celebration in his inaugural. 68 

letter to, from Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner for Pennsylvania, relative 

to State appropriation, &c. 69, 84 

thanks tendered to. 68 

Governors of the several States and Territories, convention of, committee appointed to attend. 67 

suggestions made to. 11 

to be notified of vacancies in the Commission. 56 

Grand pavilion, description of, &c.... 373 

Grants and privileges in the Exhibition, right to allow, reserved to the Commission..... 70 

Graphic arts, classification of. 363 

and industrial drawing, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition.I.. 166 

.and plastic arts, place in the classification. 6 

Great Britain, expenditures by, at Paris Exhibition of L867. 128 

remarks relative to catalogue of, at Vienna Exhibition. . 202 

table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

Greece, appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition. 128 

Grounds inclosed for Paris Exhibition of 1867, area of. 131 

Vienna Exhibition, area of. 131 

of Vienna Exhibition, spaces allotted outside the fence. 132 

Group on religious organizations and systems. 78 

Groups in the classification, changes in notation of. 30 

subdivision of departments into. 6 

table showing number of exhibitors in, at Vienna Exhibition. 228 

table showing number of exhibitors in, at Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 229 

Guarantee-fund Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of subscribers to. 124 

Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 124 

II. 

Hackmen at Vienna during exhibition, complaints against .. 162 

Haines, B. H., elected secretary of executive committee. 67 

Hand-work and machines, comparison of the production of, at Vienna Exhibition. 168 

Hardware used in construction, exclusive of tools and implements, classification of.. 354 

Harkort, M., of Harkorten, Prussia, contract for the dome of the Vienna Exhibition building under¬ 
taken by. 303 

Harmony between the Commission and the Board of Finance, remarks on the importance of maintaining 101 

Harrisburgh, visit of executive committee to. . 68 

Hartranft, John F., Governor of Pennsylvania, acknowledgments to. 68 

(See also Governor of Pennsylvania.) 

Hats, classification of. 353 

Hawley, Joseph R., elected president of the Commission.55, 335 

address of.27, 55 

(See also President of the Commission.) 

election of, declared unanimous.‘. 55 

general review of the work and prospects of the Commission by. 7 

Hayti officially accepts the invitation to participate in the Exhibition. 3, 324 

Heating apparatus and fixtures, classification of. 354 

Heir-loom, value of certificate of stock as, suggested. 77 

Hewitt, A. S., elected director of Board of Finance.. 89 













































































INDEX 


401 


Hinges, classificaiion of. 

Historical notice of great exhibitions, by Dr. Exner".!*'.'.'!!!!! . 

History, literature, and popular education, committee on...!!!". 

History of Austrian industries, description of, and remarks unou imnortance of. 

of exhibitions. . 

of industries of United States for the last century, remarks reiative toYmpo’rta’u’ce of. 

of permanent museums. . 

of prices, as given at the Vienna Exhibition.. 

(See also Committee on history, literature, and popular education.). 

of ttie progress and method of transacting business of each Department, suggested by the 
Director-General. _ 

of the progress of the United States during the past century, communication from Franklin B 
Hough relative to. 

Holland, table showing area of ground allotted to, at ViennYExhibi’tion!Y.'!l’.!'!Y!!'*.’.ll.!!’!!! 

Horse exhibition, Vienna Exhibition, space devoted to. .. 

Horse-railways, remarks on the inadequacy of, to purposes of the Exhibition .* Y Y!! Y ii 1Y! Y! i] 

Horticulture, &c., place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. YYi.iiYYi 

special committee on, appointed. 

Horticulture and floriculture. See Committee on. 

committee on. 

Horticultural department of Exhibition offers to co-operate in.YYY " 

Hotel accommodations for visitors during the Vienna Exhibition. 

Hoisting and lifting apparatus. 

Hough, Franklin B., of New York, communication from, relative to the progress of the United States 

during the past century. 

Hours during which the Exhibition will be open. 

House ot Representatives of the United States, message from the President to, transmitting report of 

the Commission. 


Page. 

3.54 

272 

336 

203 
274 

204 
276 
168 


17 

35 

134 

133 

91 

165 

65 

336 

90 

209 

357 


35 


of Pennsylvania, meeting of executive committee with. 68 

Household implements, classification of.| 354 

Hungary, division for, Vienna Exhibition, section on.Y 117 

table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition..'i!!!!!'. 134 


I, 

Illuminating gases, classification of..... 35 I 

Immediate subscriptions, necessity of. 33 

Imperial Austrian Musuem for Art and Industry... 277 

Commission Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

number of committees of. 124 

Vienna Exhibition, working organization of. 115 

committees of, remarks on. 117 

decree upon the financial administration Vienna Exhibition. 126 

pavilion Vienna Exhibition, description of. 149 

Implements, classification of. 355 

place in the classification. 6 

of agriculture to be a feature of the Exhibition. 5 

Improvement of the condition of man, objects illustrating etforts for. 6 

Inaugural address of Governor of Pennsylvania, commendation of Celebration in. 68 

Inclosed grounds for Paris Exhibition of 1867, area of. 131 

for Vienna Exhibition, area of. 131 

Inclosures to the report of W. P. Blake on the Vienna Exhibition...>.. 110 

Income at Vienna Exhibition. 127 

Index to journal of proceedings of the Commission at third session. May, 1873. 102 

Indiana, alternate commissioner from, report of the committee on credentials relative to. 36 

action relative to the credentials of F. C. Johnson, as alternate commissioner for. 29 

ludia-rubber manufactures, &c., group in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

Industrial engineering, classification of. 36:3 

exhibitions, list of the most remarkable. . 296 

designs, classification of. 364 

hall at Karlsruhe. 277 

interests of the country, prominence to be given to. 58 

organizations, co-operation of, invited.. 82 

Palace of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 147 

length of walls. 147 

table showing cost of. 147 

cost per acre of. i . 148 

total area of. 148 

table ahowdng dimensions of rotunda, compared with some of 

the largest don> s of the world. 149 

table showing area of, &c.13.3, 302 

weight of iron-work of rotunda of. 303 

Industries of America, review of, by President F, A. P. Barnard.... 330 

of Austria, description of and remarks upon the importance of the history of. 203 

of China and other oriental nations, etforts to secure representation of, in the Exhibition. 62 

of the United States, remarks relative to importance of a history of. 204 

Industry and art exhibitions, section on, Vienna Exhibition.... —.......... 117 

Inflammable articles to be excluded from the Exhibition. 25 

Influence of science in gradually utilizing the waste in manufactures. 168 

Information relative to Vienna Exhibition obtained by the special agents of the Commission to Vienna. 2 

Inlaid work, classification of. 364 

Inspection bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to.. 121 

installation at Vienna Exhibition.....-.170,1M 

at Paris Exposition of 1867. 177 

time required lor —.-.. 177 

Dr. Exner on. ^^1 

bureau at Vienna Exhibition, organization of. 175 

S. Ex. 30-20 














































































402 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Installation bureau at Vienna Exbibition, remarks relative to. 120 

various modes of... 171 

syndicates of Paris Exhibtion of 1867, number of. 124 

Installments upon stock. See Centennial Board of Finance ; Stock of Board of Finance, &c. 

Institutions, societies, and organizations having for their object the promotion of science, classification of 367 

Instructions to W. P. Blake, agent to Vienna... 69 

Instruments and apparatus of medicine and surgery, sanitary apparatus, &c. 356 

of precision and apparatus of physical research, experiment, and illustration. 359 

Insurance associations, &c., classification... 367 

Intellectual and moral aspect of the Exhibition. 78, 80 

condition of man, place in the classification of objects, &c., illustrating efforts for the im¬ 
provement of. 6,365 

Interior transportation, necessity for, in great exhibitions. 161 

International and universal, the terms as applied to exhibitions considered. 82 

chax-acter of the Exhibition of 1876 ; the basis and fundamental idea of the act approved 

March 3, 1871. 326 

and national character of the Exhibition of 1876. 326 

comparison involved in the Exhibition of 1876, consideration of, by John L. Campbell, 

secretary of the Commission, of the nature and propriety of. 333 

congress to consider questions of international and maritime law, resolution relative to.. 62 
conferences. See International congresses. 

congresses at Vienna for consideration of various subjects.248, 258, 265 

in connection with the Vienna Exhibition, list of. 248 

at Vienna Exhibition for discussion of various subjects. 169 

Exhibition at Vienna visited by Director-General Goshorn. 2 

{See also Vienna International Exhibition.) 
of 1867 at Paris. See Paris Exhibition of 1867. 

remarks relative to organization of.123,124 

of 1876, views of the President of the United States relative to. 1 

Prince Bismarck recommends a participation in, to the German Par¬ 
liament, and the appointment of commissioners. 3 

responsibility of the United States as a republican nation for the suc¬ 
cess of. 3 

communications relative to agricultural department of. 5 

communications relative to fine-art department of. 5 

remarks on the benefits to be derived from. 6 

scope of. 6 

erection of the buildings. 7 

resolutions by State legislatures requesting their senators and repre¬ 
sentatives to aid . 7 

transfer of ground to the Commission for. 7 

publicity given to, by European journals .. 7 

plans for the buildings submitted to the President and Congress. 11 

• ' area of the proposed building. 12 

favorable responses from foreign nations. 12 

description of principal industrial building. 15 

• • • advantages of the plan adopted. 15 

proposed duration of. 22 

exhibition hours.. 22 

allotment of space in. 22 

last date of receiving applications for space. 22 

' custom-house regulations. 23 

delivery and removal of goods. 23 

reception and installation of goods. 23 

regulations for foreign exhibitors.22, 323 

charges and exemptions...... 24 

precautions for safe preservation of goods exhibited. 24 

insurance on goods exhibited. 24 

Commission not to be responsible for damage or loss to goods exhib¬ 
ited . 24 

regulation relative to removal of goods from. 26 

photographs of goods exhibited. 25 

inflammable and explosive articles. 25 

patent medicines.. 25 

report relative to buildings, &c. 29 

action relative to the submission of plans to the Board of Finance... 31 

appropriation b^' City of Philadelphia toward the buildings for. 68 

buildings for, to be erected by Board ot Finance. 70 

plans for buildings to be provided by the Commission.70 

powers and duties of the two bodies charged with the conduct of . 70 

the Commission to be the medium of communication with foreign 

countries concerning. < 72 ^ 

time required for erection of buildings for.1*.!'^. 80 

influence of, upon the spiritual welfare of the people urged upon the" 
clergy and religious associations of the United States. 80 

importance of, as a means of education considered. . .I 80 

. building for, to be a bonded warehouse. 91 

preliminary sketches of plans for buildings invited for the' first" oi’* 

unlimited competition.. PY 

premiums for designs. 97 

suggestions as to the neces.sity of interior steam-railway service in!!' 161 

conferences, communications, &c., relative to site for.! 94 95 

correspondence with the Commissioners of Fairmount Park relative to ’ 

grounds selected for. 95 9 g 

specifications for plausfor.!.'!!!!!!!!!.!!'. 96 

time at which buildings for should be finished!!.*!!!!!!!!! .!!!!!*.!!*" 145 




































































INDEX 


403 


^ Page. 

International Exhibition of 1876, official title of. 97 

Commission charged with the conduct of. 97 

suggestions as to special exhibitions at, by States and corporations... 172 

remarks relative to importance of a history of the industries of the 

United States for the last century, for. 204 

remarks relative to duration of.226 

suggestions and recommendations of W. P. Blake as to the system' of 

prizes and awards to be adopted at. 243 

suggestions of Mr. Scott Russell in regard to building’s* of.293 
remarks of Mr. Henry Pettit on decoration of the buildings, exterior 

and interior. . 286 

what inducements and safeguards necessary to induce foreigners to 

send goods for exhibition. 270 

donations to the permanent museum. 270 

donation of collection of specimens of the iron ores of Sweden and 

Norway. 270 

donations of specimens of Norway copper-ore, ornamental bricks, and 

terra cotta, mangan iron, bauxite, ozokerite, «fec. 271 

importance of securing a representation of the ceramic art. 271 

Turkish bazaar, cotfee-house, and bathing establishment to bo estab¬ 
lished. 271 

costly buildings not necessary. 268 

importance of provision for prompt publication of catalogues and re¬ 
ports, and for securing statistical and descriptive information of 

objects exhibited ... 268 

importance of early provision for protection to the interests of exhib¬ 
itors . 269 

sentiment and co-operation abroad, as reported by the special agent, 

Prof. William P. Blake .. 269 

suggestions and recommendations of Mr. Henry Pettit as to the position 


considerations presented by Mr. Henry Pettit, with reference to 

the materials and superstructure of the buildings. 317 

action of the executive branch of the National Government rela¬ 
tive to. 321 

proclamation by the President of the United States relative to. 321 

form of note sent by Secretary of State to foreign ministers rela¬ 
tive to. 322 

to be held at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. 323 

date of opening and closing . 323 

cordial invitation to, extended to foreign nations. 323 

formal acceptance of invitation to, requested previous to March 4, 

1874 . 323 

each nation accepting the invitation requested to appoint a commis¬ 
sion to reside in Philadelphia until close of. 323 

privileges of exhibitors granted only to citizens of countries whose 
governments have formally accepted the invitation and appointed 

a commission. .323 

all communications to be made through governmental co imi-'-ions .. .323 

application for space to be made previous to March 4, 1875 . 323 

suggestions as to colored and glazed brick, terra-cotta, and ule work 

in the buildings. . 318 

necessity of having the buildings of a sufficiently substantial char¬ 
acter. 320 

importance of proper railway communications. 320 

importance of having the buildings entirely finished at date of open¬ 
ing . 320 

financial condition and wants of. 325 

special advantages claimed for. 325 

character of. 326 

credentials of commissioner of Ecuador presented at Philadelphia .. 324 

considerable approp’^iations already made by some foreign govern¬ 
ments. 324 

national banks throughout the country empowered to receive sub¬ 
scriptions and supplied with the necessary books and forms. 325 

amount appropriated and subscribed by Philadelphia and Pennsyl¬ 
vania . 325 

appropriations to be expended in erection of a memorial building.... 325 

causes which d<-lay subscriptions. .325 

expectation by the people of Congressional action. 325 

to be held under the auspices of the Government. 326 

importance of improving to the utmost the time remaining for the 

preparations.-'. 331 

referred to in acts of Congress as a national celebration. 326 

members of the Commis'-ion. 326 

Commission required to report to the President and Congress. .326 

Secretary of the Treasury to prepare certificates of stock. 326 

commemorative of our birth as a nation. 326 

comparison between the evidences of our progress in a century and 
that of other nations declared in act of Congress one of the leading 

objects of. 326 

the international character the basis and fundamental idea of the act 

' approved March 3, 1871 . . 326 

invitations from the Government to other governments the first 

essential step for an international exhibition. . 326 

reasons for a formal invitation to other governments. 326 

governments never appoint commissiouens unless invited to partici¬ 
pate . 326 


























































404 


INDEX. 


Page- 

International Exhibition of 1876, fees of admission, importance of fixing at a low rate. 327 

the true ideal of, as stated by Prof. John L. Campbell. 333 

to be an illustration of the progress of invention. 33.5 

wider scope of, than any previous exhibition. 335 

duties of the Commission and the Board of Finance after close of.... 342 

financial results of, to be stated in a final report to the President of 

the United States. 342 

Commission to report relative to. 343 

entrance and admission fees to be fixed by the Commission. 342 

judges and examiners to be appointed by the Commission. 342 

awards of premiums, &c., to be made by the Commission. 342 

preamble to act of Congress creating Commission to conduct. 338 

commissioners to be nominated by the several Governors and ap¬ 
pointed by the President.-. 339 

alternate commissioners. 339 

place of meeting of the Commission. 339 

duties of the Commission...-. 339 

United States not to be liable for expenses of.. 339 

President of the United States to make proclamation, <fec. 339 

acts of Congress relative to. 338 

to be held in Philadelphia under the auspices of the United States 

Government. 339 

a Commission provided for. 339 

time within which commissioners to be appointed. 339 

classification of apparatus and methods for the increase and diffusion 

of knowledge.,. 358 

classification of motors and transportation. 356 

full diagrams of the buildings and grounds to be furnished to the com¬ 
missioners of the different nations which shall accept the invita¬ 
tion . 323 

all articles intended for exhibition, in order to secure proper position 
and classification, to be in Philadelphia on or before January 1, 

1876 . 323 

acts of Congress pertaining to custom-house regulations, duties, &c., 
and all regulations, to be promptly communicated to accredited rep¬ 
resentatives of governments co-operating in Exhibition. 323 

acceptance of invitation to participate in, by the German Empire. 324 

by the Netherlands.... 324 

by Belgium. 324 

by Sweden and Nor¬ 
way . 324 

by Switzerland. .324 

by Mexico. 324 

by Ecuador. 324 

by Hayti. 324 

, by Sandwich Islands.. 324 

Bummary of classification... 343 

key to groups and classes. 344 

‘ classification of raw materia s, mineral, vegetable, and animal. 344 

of materials and manufactures used for food or in the 

arts. 349 

of textile and felted fabrics, apparel, costumes, and orna¬ 
ments for the person. 352 

of manufactures of general use in construction and in 

dwellings. 354 

of tools, implements, machines, and processes. 355 

of engineering, public works, architecture, &c. 362 

of plastic and graphic arts. 363 

of systems, objects, and apparatus, illustrating efforts for 
the improvement of the physical, intellectual, and 

moral condition of man. 365 

priwes offered for a satisfactory plan of buildings. 371 

report of committee on plans and architecture. 369 

regulations relative to competition for plans of buildings. 370 

list of competitors for plans of buildings. 370 

description of memorial hall. 376 

grand pavilion. 373 

location of the various buildings. 374 

of floriculture at Amsterdam. 273 

of cheese at Paris in 1865 . 273 

considerations to govern the selection of a place for holding. 273 

International exhibitions, bad effects of tardiness in preparations for. 266 

inestimable importance of the systematic comparative arrangement of ob¬ 
jects in addition to the geographical. 266 

compactness essential to success. 267 

considerations governing the establishment of rates of admission. 267 

accessibility a condition of success. 267 

beneficial influence of, upon commerce, internal and external.329, 330 


comparison of circular and rectangular buildings as adapted to the pur¬ 
poses of. 315 

consideration of the utility of prizes, &c., at. 242 

costly buildings not desirable. 268 

importance of prompt publication of catalogues and provision for reports... 268 

effects of, on national industry and art. 330 

extent and cost of. 272 

extracts from a letter of William H. Seward relative to.! 328 


































































INDEX 


405 


Page. 

International exhibitions, importance of early provision for reports on the various groups at.204,244 

separate reports for working classes at. 205 

materials used in buildings of. 317 

not all “great” or “universal” exhibitions. 273 

benefits of, to the G-erman people... 273 

history of. 274 

first idea of. 274 

observations on, by Dr. W. P. Exner... 272 

observations of Mr. Scott Russell on buildings for. 293 

remarks on the general necessity of government aid to. 2 

liberality of European governments to. 3 

proportion of visitors to the surrounding population. 221 

views of the President relative to. 1 

juries, special regulations relative to, to be issued. 26 

jury of awards at Vienna Exhibition, hospitalities to. 245 

at Paris Exhibition of 1867, organization of... 234 

table showing number of members of. 234 

law, congress for the consideration of, proposed. 62 

medical congress in 1676, action relative to. 63 

patent congress, at Vienna. 2.58 

importance of, to the United States. 259 

suggestion as to holding, in connection with International Exhibition of 

1876. 258 

at Vienna, programme of. 259 

proceedings of.260,262, 264 

executive committee of. 264 

Interrogatories for exhibitors at Vienna Exhibition, form of. 237 

Introduction of directors ot Centennial Board of Finance and board of State Supervisors. 38 

Inventions, epitome of the history of, at Vienna Exhibition. 168 

from 1776 to 1876, review of.. 334 

Invitation from the Government of the United States to other governments the first essential step for an 

international exhibition. 326 

to Board of Finance to meet Commission. 34 

sent by the Secretary of State to foreign ministers. 322 

to foreign nations to participate in International Exhibition of 1876 . 3,323 

to meet Womens’ Executive Committee accepted. 48 

to members of the Board of State Supervisors of Pennsylvania to meet the Commission- 35 

to participate in Exhibition, foreign nations requested to formally accept, previous to March 

4, 1874 . 323 

to visit Fairmount Park. 55 

to participate in International Exhibition of 1876, acceptance of, by the German Empire— 324 

by the Netherlands. 324 

by Belgium. 324 

by Sweden and Norway.. 324 

by Switzerland. 324 

by Mexico. 324 

by Ecuador. 324 

byHayti. 324 

by Sandwich Islands. 324 

Iron, specimens of, for exhibition. 5 

Italy, anticipated display of the art and manufactures of, in the Exhibition. 4 

appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition. 128 

table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition.. 134 


Japan, appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition.. 128 

executive committee requested to take measures to secure a representation of industries, &c., of 62 

and China, table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

Jenkins, Admiral T. A., U. S. N., appointment of, by the Secretary of the Navy upon the board of 

rnanagement of the collective exhibition by the various Departments, ... 369 

Jewelry, classification of.-. 

Johnson, Franklin C., presentation of credentials of. 

uroceedines in reference to credentials of, as alternate commissioner from In¬ 
diana ...-.— 

report of committee on credentials relative to credentials of... 36 

Joint committee of Commission and Board of Finance relative to rights and duties of the two bodies.... 31 

of Councils of Philadelphia, conference with, &c. 68 

favorable action of.. 68 

(See also Conference Committee.) 


resolutions. See Resolutions. j, ^ , 

Jones, S. S., communication from, relative to a machine for the manufacture of wool —...... 

Journal of proceedings of the Commission. 

printing of, &c... 

provision for, «fec. 

at third session. May, 1873. 

of executive committee, how to be kept, &c.-.—... 

of proceedings of the executive committee .-.-.— 

Judges and examiners to be appointed by the Commission... 1 

Juries of awards, remarks on.- —... 

at Paris Exhibition of 1867, organization of. 

table showing number of members of. 

duties of.;.. ... 

upon fine arts, agriculture, and industry, (associate members and 

substitutes.) number of . 

of admission of works of art, number of. 

for the gallery of history of labor............. 


35 

26 

93 

99 

102 

59 

98 

342 

243 

235 

234 

235 

124 

124 

124 









































































406 


INDEX. 


* 

Juries at Paris Exhibition of 1867, upon alimentary establishments .... 

of order of recompenses, number of. 

upon tine arts, agriculture, and industry... 

of Vienna Exhibition, commencement of work of. 

explanations of regulations for. 

difficulties of work of. 

form of questionary. 

regulations for organization of. 

See International juries. 

Jurors, tardiness in nominating, at Vienna Exhibition.. 

table showing number of, appointed for each group at Vienna.. 

division into sections at Vienna. 

special juries, at Vienna Exhibition. 

Jury bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 

of awards at Vienna Exhibition, hospitalities to. 

accommodations for. 

See International jury, jury of installation, jury of awards, &c. 


Page. 

124 

124 

124 

235 

235 

236 

237 
229 

233 

234 
234 
234 
121 

244 

245 


K. 


Kelley, the Hon. William D., courtesies extended to. 50 

address of. 50 

Kentucky, acknowledgments to legislature of. 69 

resolutions of the legislature of, indorsing the Exhibition and requesting Senators and Rep¬ 
resentatives to support it.7, 69, 75 

Key to notation of classificatiou. 344 

Kimball, Charles P., of Maine, recognized as alternate commissioner from Maine. 35 

Kingdom of Italy. See Italy. 


li. 


Labels of packages from foreign countries, regulations concerning. 24, 25 

descriptive. 25 

Labor, price of, at Vienna, during the exhibition. 143 

Laces, classification of. .... 353 

Ladies’ committee. See Women’s Centennial Executive Committee. 

Lamboru, Robert H., member of committee on plans and architecture. 336 

Land and forest cultivators, international congress of, at Vienna .. 265 

Landscape gardening, classification of. 364 

Latches, classification of. 354 

Law and government, group in classification assigned to. 366 

bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 121 

Lead, specimens of, for Exhibition. 5 

Leather and India-rubber manufactures, group in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

Lectures on the importance, &c., of the Exhibition suggested. 8 l 

on various subjects at Vienna Exhibition... 168 

Legislation, committee on. 336 

(See also Committee on legislation.) 

Legislature of Pennsylvania, meeting of the executive committee with... 68 

appropri.ate one million dollars toward Exhibition buildings. 68 

Legislatures of various States, resolutions by, indorsing the Exhibition, and urging an appropriation 

by the General Government.69, 72, 73 

Lennox, Lord Henry G., extracts from a paper by, on the beneficial effects of international exhibitions 

on national industry and art. 330 

Letter from N. M. Beckwith and Charles H. Marshall, commissioners for New York, to Senators and 

Representatives from that State. 331 

of Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner for Penn.sylvania, to the Governor of that State, relative to a 

State appropriation to the Exhibition. 84 

of W. P. Blake, transmitting report as special agent to Vienna. 109 

of thanks from John L. Shoemaker. 63 

(See also Circular-letter ; Communication, &c.) 

to Governor of Pennsylvania relative to State appropriation. 69 

Liberal culture, appeal to citizens of, to promote the interests of the Exhibition. 81 

Library furniture, classification of. 354 

Life and Correspondence of George Read, of Delaware, copy of, presented to Commission. 34 

Light house Board, communication from the secretary of, relative to space required. 20 

Lighting apparatus and fixtures, classification of... 354 

Limitation of lime of occupying the fioor, action relative to.54, 62 

Linderman, Hon, H. R., Director of United States Mint, communication relative to commemorative 

medals, &c. 34 

Line-drawing, classification of. 363 

Linen manufacturers, iuternational congress of, at Vienna.^. 249 

List of architects, &c., in second competition for plans. 371 

articles intended for exhibition by the Quartermaster-General, and space required.■_ 20 

committees and members of. 63 

as reported by committee on by-laws. 99 

competitors for plans of buildings of International Exhibition of 1876 . 370 

drawings and books accompanying report of Henry Pettit. 297 

members of the board appointed to prepare a collective exhibition by the Executive Depart¬ 
ments, &c. 369 

officers and members of the Commission. 335 336 

papers accompanying the report of the Director-General. 8 

journal of the Commission. 8 

report of W. P. Blake, special agent to Vienna. 8 



































































INDEX. 


407 


T • t e Page. 

List of papers accompanying the report of Henry Pettit, special agent to Vienna. 8 309 

^ to the President.. . « 

reports upon Vienna Exhibition. ... onn 

standing committees. . 

the principal buildings for the Exhibitio’nV.V.V.. "*^070 

the most remarkable industrial exhibitions.. oor 

Literature, history, and popular education, committee on.[. *^30 

T-.u (-See aZso Committee on history, literature, and'popular'educatio'n'l. 

LuSaK XSatE/"^ Exhibition, description of and remarks relative to. 201 

Live stock and agriculture, committee on! ... i;S 

classification of.. 

- , ('S'ee aZso Committee on agriculture and live stock.). 

Local committees Vienna Exhibition. ,, - 

Location of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. . 

the various buildings for Exhibition of 1876.. 07 ? 

Locks, classification of. .. 

London Exhibition of 1851, extent, cost, and receipts of.!!!!!!!. 272 

increase in the exports of England occasioned by." 074 

list of books and drawings relative to, accompanying report of Henrv 

Pettit. 297 

remarks of Dr, Whewell and Sir David Brewster on, as a means of edu¬ 
cation . gQ 

time occupied in building.297 

site for building.297 

area of.. 297 

materials used in the construction of.297 317 

table showing quantities of materials used. . ' 297 

cost of building....!.!!! 297 

1862, description of building.!.!!! 298 

list of some of the quantities of materials used. 299 

extent, cost, and receipts of. 070 oqq 

receipts of.128 

tables showing comparison of receipts from visitors at, with those of other 

exhibitions. 225 

London, special agent at, communication recommending the appointment of Col. L. M. Montgomery as! "35 

Loriog, George B., elected to executive committee. 56 

member of executive committee. 3.35 

Lowry, Robert elected chairman of committee on the products of the soil. 66 

Lytord, Col. S. C., U. S. A., appointed by the President chairman of the board to prepare a collective 
exhibition by the Executive Departments, the Department of Agriculture and the Smithsonian Insti- 

^ut'on. 369 

Lynch, John, elected to executive committee. 56 

member of executive committee. 336 


M. 


Machine for the manufacture of wool, communication from S. S. Jones relative to. 35 

Machinery and conveyances, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

Machinery hall, proposed size of. 373 

Vienna Exhibition, area of..134, 302, 303 

Machines and hand-work, comparison of the products of, at Vienna Exhibition. 168 

Machines, tools, &c., place in the classification. 6, 3.55 

Magnitude of the preparatory work of the Commission. 92 

Main Exhibition building, description of... 373 

pavilion, or principal industrial building for the Exhibition, explanation of the plan of. 15 

advantages of the plan adopted. 15 

Maine, alternate commissioner of, Charles P, Kimball recognized as. 35 

Manufacture of wool, machine for, communication from S. S. Jones relative to. 35 

Manufactured parts of dwellings, classificatiou of. 354 

Manufactures, committee on...... 336 

of different epochs, comparison of. 168 

{See aho Committee on.) 

Marine objects, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

Maritime law, international congress for the consideration of questions of, proposed. 62 

Marsh, the Hon. George P., dispatch from, relative to the participation of Italy in the Exhibition_ 4 

Marshall, Charles H., and N. M. Beckwith, letter from, to Senators and Representatives, relative to a 

congressional appropriation to the Exhibition. 331 

elected to executive committee. 56 

elected secretary of committee on commerce. 67 

member of executive committee. 335 

Mass-meeting in Philadelphia under the auspices of the executive committee. CS 

effects of. 68 

Materials and manufactures used for food or in the arts, the result of extractive and combining pro¬ 
cesses, place of, in the classification... 6 

of the buildings of the Exhibition of 1876. See International Exhibition of 1876. 

used in construction of buildings at Vienna Exhibition. 146 

Matthews, F. L., elected chairman of committee on opening services. 66 

McArthur & Wilson, awarded third premium for designs for building. 372 

McCormick, Richard C., elected chairman of committee on legislation. 66 

to executive committee. 56 

member of executive committee. 338 

McDonald, Dr. Charles F., appointment of, by the Postmaster-General, upon the board of manage¬ 
ment of the collective exhibition by the Executive Departments, «fcc. 369 

McFadden, William H., chief engineer water-department, Philadelphia, extract from letter of, giving 

capacity of Belmont reservoir. 290 






































































408 


INDEX 


Page. 

McKean William V., of the Board of Finance, remarks of... 40 

Means employed to disseminate information of the purposes and scope of the Exhibition. 325 

Meats, preserved, classification of. 349 

Mechanical calculation ; indicating and registering apparatus other than meteorological... 360 

Mecklenburgh Declaration of 1775, reference to, in resolutions on the Exhibition, by the legislature of 

North Carolina._.. *^3 

Medals, commemorative, communication from Director of United States Mint.-34 

to exhibitors, proposed improvement of the system of awarding, for the International Exhibi¬ 
tion of 1876 . 242 

Medical association. Nee American Medical Association. 

congress at Vienna Exhibition.-. 

matters, action relative to an international congress to consider. 63 

international congress at Vienna, for consideration of.. 249 

Medicine, new group on, suggested by the Surgeon-General... 19 

Meeting of stockholders and corporators of Board of Finance. 70, 86 

proceedings of. 70 

list of directors elected at. 70 

(See also Centennial Board of Finance.) 

Meetings of the Commission, by-law relative to. 81 

place of. 339 

by-laws to be amended at. 61 

provision relative to.50, 53, 60, 61 

notice of.53,61 

Members of commission of Vienna Exhibition, list of. 117 

committees of the Commission. . 63 

the board in charge of the collective exhibition by the varions Departments. 369 

Commission.335, 336, 337 

Memorandum-wrappers Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to.122,123 

Memorial building, appropriation for, by Pennsylvania legislature. 4 

to be used by the Commission as a gallery of fine arts. 4 

authors of plan for. 11 

intentions in regard to. 11 

to be erected at the expense of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia. 11 

purposes of... 11 

to be open to the several States and foreign nations without discrimination, as a 

perpetual museum, &c... 11 

of International Exhibition of 1876, appropriations for. 325 

(See also Memorial hall.) 

Memorial hall, specifications for plans for. 96 

description of.-...16, 376 

remarks on special features of. 16 

(See also Memorial building.) 

suggestions of Mr. Henry Pettit relative to.312, 317 

suggestions as to the site of. 312 

Message from the President of the United States transmitting report of the Commission. 1 

Metal manufactures, group in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

Metal-working machines, tools, and appliances, classification of. 355 

Metallurgical apparatus, classification of. 355 

products, classification of. 344 

Metallurgy, &c., place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 165 

Metals and minerals of the United States, arrangements for a full representation of. 5 

classification cf.. 344 

Meteorological instruments and apparatus. 360 

Meteorology of Vienna. 217 

Method adopted to secure good designs for the Exhibition buildings. 371 

Methodical exhibition by large iron-works at Vienna Exhibition. 175 

Mexico, acceptance by, of invitation to participate in International Exhibition of 1876. 3, 324 

Michigan, amendment of report of executive committee relative to. 34 

Military bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 121 

Military engineering, classification of. 363 

Military objects, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

Millinery, classification of. 353 

Mineral acids, classification of. 350 

Minerals and metals, collection of specimens of, for the Exhibition. '5 

arrangements for securing exhibition of all the industries pertaining to. 5 

classification of. 344 

Miners and metallurgists, international congress of. 5 i 49 

Mines and mining, committee on. 336 

Mining engineering, classification of. 362 

interests, importance of the Exhibition to. 5 

machines, tools, and apparatus, classification of. 355 

quarrying, and metallurgy, place in the classification of Vienna Exhibition. 165 

Mining. See Committee on. 

Ministers of the United States abroad, circular-letter to. 13 

di.spatches relative to Exhibition received from. 4 

Minutes of executive committee, how to be kept, &c. 59 

of meeting of the stockholders of the Board of Finance, reference to. 29 

Mirrors, classification of. 354 

Miscellaneous hand-tools, machines, and appliances used in various arts, cutlery, &c. 3.56 

Missionary effort, &c., place in the classification of objects illustrating. 78 

Mittens, &c., classification of. 353 

Models and designs u.sed for architecture, classification of. 364 

Moneys of the Commission, by-law relative to payment of. 61 

how to be drawn. 61 

custody of, &c. 99 

only to be paid on appropriation, &c. 99 

Montgomery, Col. L. M., communication recommending, appointment as special agent at London. 35 


















































































INDEX 


409 


Page. 

Moral as well as rnaterial progress to be illustrated as far as possible in the Exhibition...:. 78 80 

condition ot man, place in the classihcation of objects. &c., illustrating efforts for the improve- 

Morrell, Daniel J., commissioner for Pennsylvania, communication from,’to the’ Governor'of that’ State 

urging a State appropriation for the Exhibition. 69 84 

elected to executive committee."_J ’55 

member of executive committee. . 335 

Mosaic work, classification of.'""y.!. 364 

Motors and apparatus for the generation and transmission of power, and’ for lifting and’rn’oviug’fluidy ’ 356 

. and transportation, department assigned to, in classification. 357 

Slunich Exhibition of 1854, materials of the buildings. 317 

Municipality of Philadelphia. See Philadelphia. . 

Museurns of fine arts applied to industry, place of representation of the influence of, in the classifica¬ 
tion of Vienna Exhibition. 

Music and the drama, classification of..... *' 368 

at the Vienna Exhibition.!!!!!]!!*! 218 

importance of, at great exhibitions. 219 

at Sydenham palace...219 

Musical instruments. 11 ! yi.’yyyyy " 1 "! 361 

place in classification of, Vienna Exhibition.. 167 


X. 


Nails, classification of... 354 

Narcotic substances of vegetable growth, classification of. 347 

National Academy of Design, resolution relative to co-operation of... 64 

Fine Arts, offer of co-operation from. 5 

appropriation, necessity for, remarks of Director-General. 12 

banks throughout the country empowered to receive subscriptions and supplied with books 

and forms. 325 

Celebration Exhibition of 1876 referred to in acts of Congress as.93,326 

(See also International Exhibition of 1876.) 

character of the Exhibition, matters pertaining to, to be under the special control of the Com¬ 
mission, exclusive of the Board of Finance. 101 

domestic industry, place ot in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

economists, international congress of at Vienna. 249 

Government, remarks relative to appropriation by. 71 

(See also Congress, Appropriations, &c.) 

and international character of the Exhibitioi> of 1876. 326 

reputation of the United States, as involved in the success of the Exhibition. 3 

Nations of the American continent and the Antilles, special efforts to induce co-operation of. 14 

Naval engineering, classification of. 363 

Necessity for an appropriation by Congress. 4 

Necessity of immediate subscriptions to stock of Board of Finance. 33 

Netherlands, acceptance by, of invitation to participate in International Exhibition of 1876. 324 

the Government of, officially accepts the invitation to participate in the Exhibition. 3 

New Hampshire, action of the legislature of, relative to the Exhibition.. 7 

amendment of report of executive committee relative to. 34 

communication from Secretary of State of. 57 

New Jersey, amendment of report of executive committee relative to.. 34 

resolutions by the legislature of, relative to Congressional aid to the Exhibition. 7 

Newspaper establishment in Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 206 

New York Exhibition of 1853, area and cost of. 150 

extent of. 272 

Nitro-glycerine, classification of... 352 

Nomination of secretaries of departments, by-law relative to. 54 

proceedings relative to_’. 54, 62 

committee on. 336 

provision relative to. 61 

North Carolina, acknowledgments to legislature of. 69 

resolutions by the legislature of, indorsing the Exhibition and urging an appropriation 

by the General Government.7, 69, 73 

Mecklenburgh Declaration, reference to in resolutions of the legislature of North Caro¬ 
lina relative to the Internatinnal Exhibition. 73 

letter from Governor of, inclosing resolutions of the general assembly. 73 

Northern Pacific Railroad, communication from, proposing to exhibit samples of the productions of the 

country traversed by the road, &c. 90 

Nostrums, regulation relative to. 25 

Notation of the classification, changes in. 30 

Note of invitation sent by Secretary of State to foreign ministers accredited to the United States. 322 

Notice of special meetings, provision relative to. 60 

Number of the officers Vienna Exhibition, I’emarks relative to. 119 

of exhibitors at Vienna Exhibition . 227 

of men employed in the construction of buildings for the Vienna Exhibition. 143 

of visitors to Paris Exhibition of 1867..’. 224 

approximate statement and classification of. 225 

Numbering of yarn, international congress at Vienna for consideration of.248, 249 

tables relative to.254,256 


O. 


Objects Illustrating efforts for the improvement of the condition of man, place of, in the classification.. 6 

Observations on great exhibitions, by Dr. Exner. 272 

Offers of co-operation from agricultural societies, the Department of Agriculture, &c. 5 

in agricultural department of the Exliibition... 90 

with the Commission."..-. 5 





































































410 


INDEX, 


Page. 

Office-furniture, classification of. 354 

Office of the Commission, organization of. 2 

of executive commissioner. See Executive commissioner. 

of executive commissioner abolished. 58 

Officers and members of the Commission.. 355 

election of, proceedings on by-laws. “Ifi 

of colleges, &c., address to. 59 

of committees, elected. 67 

of executive committee. 59 

of the Board of Finance, election of . 86 

(See also Centennial Board of Finance.) 

of the Commission. 22 

b 3 ’-law relative to..:.59, 98 

election of. 55 

provided for. 98 

proceedings in reference to election of. 45 

of Centennial Board of Finance. 337 

of the committees. 66 

of the General Government, address to. 81 

duties of, as representatives of the people. 81 

of the governments of the several States, address to.. 81 

duties of, as representatives of the people. 81 

of Vienna Exhibition, privileges extended to. 113 

special arrangement as to salaries of. 113 

Official catalogue of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to...201, 202 

to be published by the Commission. 23 

to be in four languages. 23 

title of Commission.-. 59, 97 

of Exhibition. 59,97 

Oils, classification of. 351 

Oleaginous substances of vegetable growth, classification of. 347 

Omnibuses at Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of lines of. 157 

table showing increase of receipts of. 158 

comparison of profits of, with other periods. 158 

Opening and closing of International Exhibition of 1876, date of.82, 323 

ceremonies of International Exhibition of 1876, committee on. 336 

(See also Committee on opening ceremonies.) 

Order of business, as reported from the committee on by-laws. 99 

the President relative to a collective exhibition by the Executive Departments, the Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, and the Smithsonian Institution.12, 368 

Oregon, amendment of report of executive committee relative to. 34 

liberality of, commended by the Commission. 64 

Ores, classification of. 344 

Oriental nations, executive committee requested to take measures to secure a representation of the in¬ 
dustries, &c., of. 62 

Origin and organization of the Vienna Exhibition... Ill 

Organization, administration, and I'esults of the Vienna International Exhibition of 1873, report of the 

special agent W. P. Blake. 109 

(See also Vienna Exhibition of 1873, W. P. Blake, &c.) 

of Board of Finance. 70 

rules relative to. 69 

resolution commending promptness of. 62 

of juries at Vienna Exhibition, regulation for. 229 

of Paris Exhibition of 1867, remarks relative to.123-124 

commission for arboricultural exposition. 124 

committee of weights, measures, and coins. 124 

on ventilation. 124 

upon the exposition of musical works. 124 

• remarks relative to.123, 124 

subscribers to the guarantee fund. 124 

imperial commission. 124 

committees of the imperial commission. 124 

commissioner-general. 124 

foreign commissions. 124 

jury of new order of recompenses. 124 

jury upon fine arts, agriculture, and industry. 124 

associate members and substitutes. 124 

authors and editors of the reports of the jury. 124 

committees of admission. 124 

bureaus of the committees of admission. 124 

jury of admission of works of art. 124 

commission upon the history of labor. 124 

jury of admission for the gallery of history of labor. 124 

jury upon alimentary establishments. 124 

installation syndicates. 124 

residents and secretaries of department committees. 124 

commission for the exposition of agriculture. 124 

commission for the horticultural exposition. 124 

committee upon yachts, and experiments in salvage, num¬ 
ber of. 124 

commission for encouraging study by workingmen, number of. 124 

miscellaneous, number of. 124 

architects engaged in the erection of the trophies in the hall 

of the distribution of prizes, number of. 124 

co-operating exhibitors in the exhibition of the historj- of 

labor, number of. 124 

committee upon finance and auditing the accounts. 124 














































































INDEX 


411 


Page. 

Organizations, commercial, industrial, and scientific, circular address to.. 82 

Ornaments for the person, classification of.352, 353 

Orr, Hon. James L., commissioner from South Carolina, action relative to death of.34, 53 

Outside constructions at Vienna Exhibition, remarks on. 136 

list of, &c. 137 

ground for exhibition purposes Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 132 

spaces allotted in. 132 


P. 


Packages of goods for exhibition sent from foreign countries, regulations as to labels, &c. 24,25 

address of. 24 

Packer, Asa, elected chairman of committee on finance... 66 

member of committees on plans and architecture and finance. 336 

Packing of goods for exhibition, regulations concerning. 25 

Painting, place of, in the classification. 6,363 

Paints, classification of. 351 

Palace, table showing area gssigned to, at Paris Exhibition of 1867. 1.35 

Palm-leaf hats, classification of. 353 

Pamphlet containing full information of the nature and purposes of the Exhibition, and embracing the 
best things said upon the general subject of international exhibitions, preparation of, for public dis¬ 
tribution, suggested by H. D. J. Pratt. 89 

Paper, classification of. 353 

Paper building-material and for general construction, classification of. 3.53 

currency and stock values, international congress at Vienna for the consideration of. 249 

industry generally, classification of. 3.53 

making machines and implements, classification of... 355 

manufactures, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

Papers, accompanying the report to the President. 8 

drawings, illustrations, &c., accompanying report of Henry Pettit, special agent to Vienna, 

list of. 309 


Paper-working machines and apparatus, classification of. .3.55 

Paris Exhibition of 1855, extent, cost, and receipts of. 272 

remarks of Henry Pettit in reference to buildings of. 297 

description of buildings ofv. 297 

table showing cost of buildings of. 298 

tables showing comparison of receipts from visitors at, with those at other 

exhibitions. 225 


1867, annular spaces in the biiilding. 

spaces assigned to groups, &c.. 

area of grounds inclosed. 

area of surface assigned to each country in.. 

outside structures at. 

commission upon the history of labor, number of. 

for the exposition of agriculture, number of. 

for the horticultural exposition, number of.. 

for the arboricultural exposition, number of. 

for encouraging study by workingmen, number of 

distribution of prizes of. 

number of awards.. 

demolition of the building. 

etfect of, upon receipts of railways. 

expenditures of Great Britain at. 

Prussia at. 

Egypt at. 

Austria at. 


141,142 
141,142 
1.31 
. 136 

. 136 

. 124 

. 124 

. 124 

.. 124 

124 
. 2.39 

. 240 

.. 318 

. 157 

.. 128 
.. 128 
. 128 
.. 128 


extent, cost, and receipts of.272, 301 

extract from a letter of Hon. William H. Seward transmitting to Congress the 

report on. ^ 2 ® 

financial basis of, &c. ^ 

residents and secretaries of department committees, number of. 124 

architects engaged in the erection of the trophies in the hall of the distribu¬ 
tion of prizes, number of. 124 

co-operating exhibitors in the exhibition of the history of labor, number of.. 124 

jury of new order of recompense, number of. 124 

upon fine arts, agriculture, and industry, number of.. 124 

fine arts, agriculture, and industry, (associate members and substi¬ 
tutes,) number of. 124 

admission of works of art, number of. 124 

admission for the gallery of history of labor, number of. 124 

upon alimentary establishments, number of. 124 

authors and editors of the reports of the jury, number of. 124 

materials used in construction. 317 

number of omnibus lines of. !*>' 

table showing receipts of omnibus lines for 1867 as compared with 1866 and 

1868.. 

number of visitors at the hotels of the city before, during, and alter. 211 

receipts of theaters as affected by.^ 211 

number of visitors to.la? 

passages in. 

police arrangements at. mi 

receipts and expenses of the commissioners of. 2 

receipts from visitors. j28 

reception of goods at. 164 

record of installation. 1 “;- 

regulations for installation at.-..- - - -. 

advantages of the classification of, over that of the Vienna Exhibition. 177 













































































412 


INDEX, 


Page. 

Paris Exhibition of 1867, remarks relative to reports of. 204 

organization of.123, 124 

subscribers to the guarantee fund, number of. 124 

imperial commission, number of. 124 

committees of imperial commission, number of. 124 

of admission, number of. 124 

of weights, measures, and coins, number of. 124 

on ventilation, number of... 124 

upon the exposition of musical works, number of. 124 

on yachts, and experiments in salvage, number of. 124 

upon finance and auditing the accounts, number of. 124 

commissioners-general, number of. 124 

foreign commissions, number of. 124 

installation syndicates, number of. 124 

tabie showing different modes of transport of visitors of. 158 

area of Champs de Mars. 300 

distribution of area under roof. 300 

area of park and reserved gardens around the industrial palace. 300 

the island of Billancourt.. 300 

time accupied in building. 300 

table showing cost of building.. 300 

areas assigned to different parts of. 135 

cost of printing at.. 206 

comparison of receipts from visitors at, with those of other ex¬ 
hibitions . 225 

cost of building of. 149 

number of members of international jury. 234 

duties of juries at. 235 

table showing number of exhibitors in various groups. 229 

Park. See Fairmount Park. 

table showing area assigned to, at Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 135 

Commission of Philadelphia. See Commissioners of Fairmount Park. 

Parlor furniture, classification of. 354 

Parsons, William Henry, elected to executive committee. 56 

member of executive committee. 336 

committee on plans and architecture. 336 

remarks of. 39 

Passage-ways in the Paris Exhibition of 1867, remarks on. 141 

Passengers and freight, comparison of receipts from, on railroads of Austria, showing increase of 1873 

over 1872 ..156,157 

transportation of, at Vienna Exhibition, regulations relative to reduction of fares.150, 156 

Past international exhibitions, liberality of foreign governments to. 3 

{See also Paris Exhibition, London Exhibition, Vienna Exhibition, &c.) 

Pasteboard, classification of. 353 

Patent Congress at Vienna Exhibition...169,258 

medicinal compounds, classification of. 351 

medicines, regulation relative to. 25 

protection, international congress to discuss the question of. 259 

Patents, international congress at Vienna for consideration of.249, 258,259 

Patterson, Mr. Joseph, remarks of. 40 

Paul, J, M., elected secretary of committee on finance... 66 

Pavilion for imperial visitors, Vienna Exhibition, description of. 149 

Payment of installments upon stock, rules relative to... 69 

Peltries, classification of. 349 

Peuusylvania, appropriation by, for International Exhibition of 1876, amount of. 325 

subscriptions in. 325 

board of State Supervisors invited to meet the Commission. 35 

letter of Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner for, to Governor Hartranft urging a State ap¬ 
propriation . 84 

liberality of, commended by the Commission. 64 

liberality of. 4 

subscriptions in, to stock of Board of Finance. 4 

meeting of executive committee with legislature of... 68 

acknowledgments to the Governor of. 68 

Governor of, commends the Centennial Celebration in inaugural..,. 68 

meeting of executive committee with Senate and House of Representatives of. 68 

interview with Governor of. 68 

efforts to obtain an appropriation from. 68 

Pennsylvania Centennial Committee, conference with. 68 

supervisors of State appropriations. See Board of Supervisors of Pennsylvania. 

People of the United States, address to.69, 77 

responsibility of, for the success of the Exhibition. 77 

Perfumery, cla.ssification of. 351 

Perfumes from vegetables, classification of. 347 

Permanent Centennial Exhibition building. See Memorial building, <fec. 

Exhibition in Hanover. 277 

exhibitions, remarks on. 275 

museum, donations to, by various persons abroad, through the special agent, W. P. Blake .270, 271 

museums, usefulness of. 276 

history of. 276 

observations on. 277 

Persons eminent in various professions, submission of copies of classification to, for criticism, &c. 89 

Petition and communication recommending the appointment of Col. L. M. Montgomery as special agent 

of the Commission at London. 35 

Pettit, Henry, sent to Vienna as special agent. 69 

gives his services gratuitously. 69 

communication to the chairman of the executive committee accompanying report of.... 279 

communication from, presenting his final report. 295 















































































INDEX 


413 


333 

208 

208 

25 

8 


Page. 

Pettit, Henry, final report of. 295 

report of. 2 

suggestions and recommendations of, as to the position of the buildings for the Exhibi* 

tion of 1876, the treatment of the grounds, &c.31] 313 

submission of report of. ’ 56 

report of, referred to executive committee. 56 

Peyton, Col. Bailey, resolution of thanks to. 64 

Pharmaceutical preparations, classification of. 351 

Philadelphia, amount of appropriation by, for International Exhibition of 1876. 325 

appropriates half a million dollars. 325 

large subscription by the citizens of. 305 

action of the people of in regard to subscriptions. 93 

thoroughly canvassed, &,c. 93 

appropriates $50,000 to the Commission. 91 

liberality of.48, 68 

Centennial Finance Committee, See Citizens’ Centennial Finance Committee of Philadel¬ 
phia. 

committee of women of. See Women’s Centennial Executive Committee. 

Councils. See Councils of Philadelphia. 

International Exhibition of 1876 to be held at Fairmount Park. 323 

pumping and storage capacity of Belmont Reservoir at.:. 290 

Philosophy of progress as developed in America, paper on, by John L. Campbell, secretary of the 

Commission.: .. 

Photographs at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 

tariff of, for exhibitors. 

Photographs, &c., of articles exhibited, regulations relative to. 

of plans for Exhibition building annexed to the report to the President. 

Photography, classification of. 364 

Physical condition of man, place in the classification of objects, &c., illustrating efforts for the im¬ 
provement of. 6,365 

Piers, classification of. 363 

Pigments, classification of. 351 

Place of meeting of the Commission... 339 

Plan for the buildings, method taken to secure. 97 

to be adopted by the Commission and estimates submitted to Board of Finance.. 101 

of the main Exhibition building, explanation of. 15 

Plans adopted, advantages of. 373 

annexed to the report to the President.... 8 

and architecture, action relative to . 29 

(See also Committee on plans, &c.) 

report of committee on, adopted. 31 

committee on. 336 

consideration of report of committee on. 31 

resumed. 31 

report of committee on, for Exhibition of 1876. 369 

(See also Committee on.) 

and books in reference to Paris Exhibition of 1867, list of, accompanying report of Henry Pettit. 302 
for art gallery of Exhibition, resolution relative to enlisting co-operation of National Academy 

of Design in preparing.. . 64 

buildings of the Exhibition of 1876, adoption of, reserved to the Commission. 70 

specifications for. 96 

regulations relative to competition for. 370 

list of competitors for. 370 

resolution relative to submission of, to the Board of 

Finance . 

submitted to the President and Congress. 

authors of those accepted. 

Plastic and graphic arts, place in the classification. 

arts, classification of.-. 

Plumbers’ hardware, classification of.-. 

Police bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 1^1 

Pomades, classification of.-. 

Popular education, literature, and history, committee on...-.V'':. 

(Sec also Committee on history, literature, and popular education.) 


31 

11 

11 

6 

363 


351 

336 


Porcelain, classification of.. 


351 


Post-office of Vienna Exhibition. 

Postal service of Vienna Exhibition. 

Potash, classification of^. 

Powder, classification of.-. 

Powers and duties of executive committee--- —.-.. 

of vice-presidents .' I-' ‘' 'x' ‘ li' ’ T' V . 

Pratt Henrv D. J., letter from, to Chief of Ordnance, relative to the classification. .. . ........ 377 

’ ^ remarks of, upon the importance of taking measures to inform the public ot the 

nature and purposes of the Exhibition, &c. 89 

suggests the preparation of a pamphlet containing full information for distribution. 89 

report of.. 'x" Vu. 

executive commissioner completed by. oy 

submits copies of the classification to persons eminent in various professions, for 

criticism and amendment.-.. 00 ^ 

Preamble to act of Congress creating Commission to conduct Exhibition of 1876. 3.J8 

Precautions against loss or damage of goods exhibited. 

Precedence of vid6-presidents. &c.*‘. 

Preliminary sketches of designs for the E.xhibition buildings invited. 

Prehistoric're lies, place of, in the classification... 

communication from Dr. Abbot relative to. 


24 

60 

97 

90 

90 







































































414 


INDEX 


Page. 

Premiums for articles exhibited, «fec., to be fixed by the Commission, with the advice of the Board of 

Finance...71,101 

to be paid for the best ten designs presented.. ^7 

Preparation for the establishment of atheueums, and increasing the usefulness of the Exhibition, re¬ 
marks on. ^^7 

Preserved meats, classification of. 

vegetables and fruits, classification of. 349 

President of Centennial Board of Finance, notification of election of Mr. John Welsh. 34 

the Commission..22, 335 

by-law relative to, as reported from committee on by-laws. 100 

address of..27, 55 

by-law concerning, taken up. 33 

proceedings relative to ..... 33 

powers and duties of.50, 53, 54 

committees named by. 03 

election of Joseph R. Hawley. 35 

committee to conduct to chair. 35 

election of, declared unanimous. 35 

ex officAO member of committee, &c. 34 

method of election, <fec. ^0 

by-law relative to.59,60 

powers and duties of. 30 

provided for. 08 

election of.-. 08 

report of, to the President of the United States. 2 

to be exempt from serving on committees. 50 

of the United States, action of foieign governments in response to the invitation of.. 3 

address on behalf of, by the Hon. George M. Robeson. 322 

executive order by, relative to a collective exhibition by the Execu¬ 
tive Departments, the Department of Agricuiture, and the Smith¬ 
sonian Institution. 368 

list of papers accompanying the report to. 8 

report of the Commission to. 2 

duty of the Commission to report to. 2 

message from, transmitting report of the Commission. 1 

order by, relating to a collective exhibition by the Executive Depart¬ 
ments, the Department,of Agricitlture, and Smithsonian Institution. 21 
proclamation of, announcing time and place of holding the Inter¬ 
national Exhibition of 1876, and commending the same. 321 

various reports of the Commission to..—. 2 

to make proclamation, &c. 339 

views of, relative to the propriety of holding an international exhibi¬ 
tion in 1876.. 1 

views of, as to site selected for Exhibition. 1 

of Women’s Executive Committee. 7 

recognition of Mrs. E. D. Gillespie as. 70 

Presiding officer of the Commission, provision relative to.50, 53, 60 

{See also President of the Commission, &c. ) 

Press, thanks of the Commission tendered to the representatives of. 67 

bureau Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 120 

Pressing-machines and apparatus, classification of. 355 

Price of labor in Vienna during the exhibition. 143 

Price, the Hon. Eli K., assists the executive committee... 68 

Prince Bismarck recommends the Exhibition to the German Parliament... 3 

of Saxe-Coburg, description of special exhibition by, at Vienna Exhibition. 171 

Principal buildings required for the Exhibition, list of. 373 

industrial building for the Exhibition, description of.. 15 

{See also Main pavilion, International Exhibition of 1876, &c.) 

Printing and publishing in connection with Vienna Exhibition, remarks upon the importance and de¬ 
scription of.•.■.. 199 

at Paris Exhibition of 1867, table showing cost of. 206 

establishment in Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 206 

inks, classification of. 351 

of the journal, &c., of the Commission.. 93 

machines and apparatus, classification of. 355 

Private dwelling-house, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

Privilege of the floor extended to the Hon. William D. Kelley. 50 

Privileges of exhibitors at International Exhibition of 1876, granted only to citizens of countries 
whose governments have formally accepted invitation to be represented, and appointed Commission.. 323 

Prize medals at Vienna Exhibition, competition for a design for. 248 

prizes for a design for. 248 

and awards, consideration of the utility, &c , of. 242 

for artkdes exhibited, Ac., to be fixed by Commission. 101 

for treatises on questions of international law, &c. 62 

medals, &c., at international exhibitions, benefits arising from the awarding of.. 329 

remarks relative to distribution of. 2.39 

number of awards of, at Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 240 

at Vienna Exhibition. 240 

table showing number of awards to various nations at Vienna Exhibition. 240 

special regulations relative to, to be issued. 26 

to workmen at Vienna exhibition.. 246 

Proceedings, executive committee to report. 60 

relative to director-generai. 60 

in reference to by-laws. 45 ^ 46, 47, 48 

of the Commission at third session, May, 1873, index to journal of.102 

of the various international congresses at Vienna.249,258,265 

relative to payment of moneys... 61, 













































































INDEX 


415 


Page. 

Proceedings relative to Women’s Centennial Executive Committee. jg 

Processes, classification of.. 355 

machines, &c., place in the classification.!!"!!!!!!!! 6 

representation of, in exhibitions.. 275 

Proclamation by the President of the United States announcing time and place of holding the Interna-' 

tional Exhibition of 1876, and commending the same.. 321 

Products and industries of the country, favorable exhibit of, as 8 ured\*.".''.'.'J *.'.’.'""**’*\".5 

for competition, regulation relative to...* 23 

«fcc., of China and Japan, measures to secure representation of, in Exhibitiou^62 

of the forest, classification 01 . 3 ^g 

of the soil. See Committee on agriculture and live-stock. 

(See also Committee on products of the soil, &c.) 

Programme of the Vienna International Yarn Congress. 249 

Programmes of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to..200 

Progress, moral and intellectual, as vrell as material, to be illustrated by the Exhibition '!!!!*"!!'.".** 78~80 
paper by John L. Campbell, secretary of the Commission, on the philosophy of, as developed 

in America. 333 

of subscriptions to the stock of the Board of Finance.' 4 

of the work in Tennessee.*" 53 

of the work of the Commission, reports upon. 2 

Promotion of science, institutions, &c., for classification of. 357 

Promptness of organization of Board of Finance and Pennsylvania Supervisors, commended. 62 

Proportions of the main industrial building proposed. 15 

Prussia, expenditures of, at Paris Exhibition of 1867.” 128 

Pruyn, John V. L., remarks of. 41 

Public works, classification of... .362 363 

place in the classification of objects illustrating. ’ 6 

Publishing bureau Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 120 

and printing in comiectiou with Vienna Exhibition, remarks upon the importance and 
description of. 199 


< 1 . 


Quarrying, &c., place in classification of Vienna Exhibition... 165 

Quaiterinaster-General, communication from, inclosing list of articles to be exhibited. 19 

Quay, table showing area assigned to, at Paris Exhibition of 1867. 135 

Questionary for exhibitors at Vienna Exhibition, form of.. 237 

Quorum of executive committee. 59 

the Commission, what constitutes. 98 

Quota of stock allotted to each State—how far to he regarded. 77 

K. 

Radford, George Kent, one of the authors of the accepted plan. 11 

Railroad companies, committee on transportation instructed to arrange with, as to increased facilities 

in 1876.. 58 

Railroads of Austria, table showing increase of passengers and freight, from January to June, 1873. 

over same period for 1872..156,1.57 

Railway communication witli the Vienna Exhibition. . 305 

and city communication with Vienna Exhibition, description of, and remarks on.291-293 

engineering, classification of. 363 

facilities to Fairmount Park, remarks on the importance of, to the success of the Exhibi¬ 
tion. 91 

Railway rolling-stock and apparatus. 357 

Railways and railway-plant, classification. 357 

Railways, effect of an International Exhibition upon receipts of, as shown in report of Paris Exhibi¬ 
tion of 1867. 157 

effect of Paris Exhibition of 1867 upon receipts of. 157 

increase of travel on, during Vienna Exhibition.156,157 

Randall. Hon. Samuel J., remarks of. 41 

Rates of admission at Vienna Exhibition. . 212 

Raw materials, place assigned to, in the classification.6,344 

Read, George, of Delaware, Life and Correspondence of, copy presented to Commissiou. 34 

Read. William T., commissioner from Delaware, death of. 33 

Reading and writing room, Vienna Exhibition. 188 

Receipts and expenditures of the Commission, account of...— 99 

expenses of the great exhibitions of the world. 272 

French commissioners of exhibition of 1867— . 2 

Receipts at International Exhibition of 1862. 128 

Paris Exhibition of 1867. 128 

Vienna Exhibition. 144 

Vienna Exhibition from visitors..127, 214 

Reception and delivery of goods at Vienna Exhibition....... 163,165 

Reception of visitors arriving by carriages at the Vienna Exhibition. 16L 

Recommendations of the President of the United States relative to the Exhibition. I 

Reduction of fares for goods and passengers at Vienna Exhibition, regulations relative to. 150-156 

Regulation of the Danube, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 129 

Regulations and arrangements for the convenience of visitors.... 183 

for foreign exhibitors, &.c. ........22,323 

the Exhibition, remarks relative to. 89 

the formation of the Exhibition, preparation of. 2 

of International Exhibition of 1876 ... 323 

of International Exhibition of 1876, .sent officially to foreign governments, with note com¬ 
municating the President’s proclamation. 324 

provision for amendment of. 26 









































































416 


INDEX 


Page. 


Regulations for carriages, public and private, at Vienna Exhibition. 

relative to inflammable and explosive articles. 

Relative rights and duties of the Commission and the Board of Finance, report on. 

Religious associations of the United States, address to.. 

element in our life as a people to be shown in the Exhibition.. 

organizations and systems, group on. 

remarks relative to. 

systems and sects, origin, growth, &c., class devoted to objects illustrating. 

remarks on the opportunity of, to illustrate their growth, &,c. .. — 

Remarks on the necessity of governmental appropriations for international exhibitions. 

application of, to Exhibition of 1876. 

on the work of the Commission. 

upon the importance of time in connection with the Exhibition . 

(^eeCircular; Communication; Address, &c.) 

Removal of goods exhibited, regulation relative to. 

Re-organization of the Commission, suggei<tion relative to. 

Repeal of resolution creating office of executive commissioner. 

Report bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to.. 

of committee appointed to confer with Women’s Centennial Committee. 

proceedings relative to .. 
wait on directors Centennial Board of Finance. 


161 

25 

31 

69 
79 
78 
78 
78 

78 
o 

3 

7,71 

79 

23, 26 

70 
54,58 

120 

48 

48 

35 


on by-laws. 97 

consideration of, postponed. 91 

plans and architecture, consideration of, resumed. 31 

by-laws, proceedings relative to.45, 46, 47 48 

credentials.* 28 

proceedings in reference to.35 38, 42, 43 

relative to Franklin C. Johnson as alternate commissioner from 

Indiana. 36 

of conference of the Commission and Board of Finance. 101 

on plans and architecture. 94 

for Exhibition of 1876. 369 

action relative to. 31 

adopted . 31 

relative to the Exhibition buildings, preparation of the ground, advertis¬ 
ing for plans, &c. 29 

consideration of, postponed. 29 

on drainage and sanitary fittings at Vienna Exhibition. 195 

of the executive committee. 68 


acceptance of. 28 

amendment of . 34 

Henry Pettit, special agent to Vienna Exhibition. 295 

list of papers, drawings, &c., accompanying. 309 
on the site, buildings, &c., of the exhibition.. 279 

H. D. J. Pratt. 89 

special agent to Vienna, remarks relative to organization of Paris Exhibition of 1867 .123, 124 

the Commission, of November, 1872, referred to. 2 

of February, 1873, referred to. 2 

to the President of the United States . 1, 2 

list of accompanying papers. 8 

Director-General. II 

list of papers accompanying. 8 

secretary of the Commission. 91 

W. P. Blake as executive commissioner, completed by H. D. .1. Pratt .. 69, 89 

special agent to Vienna, on the organization, administration, and results of the 

Vienna Exhibition. .29,169 

special agent to Vienna, action relative to .. 30 

table of contents to. 110 

inclosures to . 110 

(See also Vienna International Exhibition; W. P. Blake, &c.) 

Women’s Executive Committee, read and adopted. 30 

submitted to Congress in February, 1873, proceedings since . 2 

Reports for the working classes Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 205 

rom the several .States, proceedings relative to. 53 

from the various States, as to subscriptions, indefinitely postponed. 58 

of executive commissioner, subjects referred to in last two, list of. 89, 90 

abstract of. 90 

committee, when to be presented. 59 

international exhibitions, importance of expedition in publication of. 204 

Paris Exhibition of 1867, remarks relative to. 204 

the jury, Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of editors and authors of. 124 

the special agents of the Commission sent to the Vienna Exhibition referred to. 2 

Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 204 

on groups in internationalexhibitions, importanceof early provision for. 244 

upon Vienna Exhibition, list of. 20 

Representation of processes at great exhibitions.. 275 

the influence of museums of fine arts applied to industry, place of, in classification of 

Vienna Exhibition. 167 

Representatives in Congre.ss requested by various State legislatures to aid the Exhibition. 7 

Reproduction of articles exhibited, regulation relative to. 25 

R,epublic of Ecuador, appointment of a commis.sioner resident by. 4 

and secretaries of department committees of Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

Hesolution appointing a committee to attend convention of Governors at Atlanta. 67 

authorizing committee on arts and sciences to enlist co-operation of the National Academy 

of Design. 64 

authorizing the committee on plans and architecture to proceed at once to secure suitable 

plans. 95 

commending the action of Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Oregon. 64 
















































































X 


INDEX. 417 


Page. 

Kesolution creating office of executive commissioner repealed... 54 

directing secretary to notify (Tovernors of vacancies........................... , 56 

in reference to American Medical Association. 44 

inviting members of the Board of Supervisors of the State of Pennsvlvania to seats in the 
Coininissioii- - 

of acknowledgment, &c., to Women’s Centennial ExecuVive Co'mmiVtee*!!"!'."!!!"!^.^/." 56 

requesting commissioners to form similar associations in their respective States and Territories 56 
of stockholders of Board of Finance authorizing directors to fill vacancies in their own body 88 

of thanks to W. P. Blake.. 5 g 

Col. Bailey Peyton.64 

Hon. Henry S. Foote.”!!!!” 64 

Pennsylvania Board of Supervisors.I*"!".!!!*.!!!!!*!!!**.”!!!!! 62 

Centennial Board of Finance.'.*".”*."11”!"'"* 62 

relative to American Medical Association.63 

an international medical congress....... 63 

Board of Finance...!!!!!!!! 64 

co-operation of various bodies with the Commission.! 62 

executive commissioner repealed. 5 g 

limitation of time of occupying the fioor made an article of the by-laws !! 62 

report of the committee on plans and architecture.. 31 

concurrence of Board of Finance in a plan for the buildings referred to exec¬ 
utive committee. 32 

relative rights and duties of the Commission and the Board of Finance. 31 

nomination of secretaries of departments made a by-law. 54 

securing the concurrence of Board of Finance in the plans referi'ed to executive 

committee. 32 

instructing executive committee to deliver books, &c., to Board of Finance_ 32 

submission of plans for buildings to the Board of Finance referred to executive 

committee. 31 

subscription-books. 65 

Women’s Executive Committee. 30 

inviting Board of Finance to seats on the fioor. 30 

requesting commissioners to communicate with Board of Finance. 65 

furnish information to secretary. 58 

instructing secretary to obtain information of commissioners. 58 

committee on classification as to prominence to be given to industrial interests... 58 

requesting executive committee to take measures to secure a representation of the indus¬ 
tries of China and Japan. 62 

issue the addresses to the people already adopted, &c... 66 

to refer report of W. P. Blake to the executive committee and publish portions of it. 30 

Resolutions by various legislatures calling upon Congress to aid the Exhibition. 7 

of the legislature of North Carolina urging an appropriation to the Exhibition by the Gen¬ 
eral Government. 73 

Tennessee urging an appropriation in aid of the Exhibition by the Gen¬ 
eral Government. 72 

of various legislatures commending the celebration, &c. 69 , 

relative to the death of William T, Read, commissioner from Delaware. 34 

upon the death of the Hon. James L. Orr. 53 

relative to the Women’s Centennial Executive Committee. 48 

urging necessity of immediate subscription, introduction of. 33 

action relative to. .j. . 33 

Responses to the invitation to foreign nations to participate in the Exhibition. 12 

Resting-places in exhibitions, importance of. 275 

great exhibitions, of two kinds, from mental work and from physical exertion. 275 

Results, &c,, of the Vienna Exhibition, report relative to. 109 

Revenues of the Exhibition, matters concerning, to be primarily under the control of the Board of Finance 101 

Review of the work accomplished to May 1, 1873. 93 

Rights and duties of the Commission and Board of Finance, communication relative to. 67 

Robeson, the Hon. George M., Secretary of the Navy, address by, on behalf of the President. 322 

Rotunda of the Vienna Exhibition, number of visitors to. 220 

view from the lantern of. 220 

effect of. 142 

acoustic properties of interior of. 145 

cost of. 148 

table showing dimensions of, compared with other domes. 149 

weight of iron-work of. 303 

{See Dome, Vienna Exhibition, &c.) 

Rolling-chairs,.Vienna Exhibition. 189 

Rule relative to books of subscription to stock of the Board of Finance. 75 

Rules as to subscriptions, &c.-.. 83 

for exhibitors, to be made by Commission. 101 

for the first competition for plans for the Exhibition buildings. 97 

of executive committee, power to make, &c. 59 

relative to organization of Board of Finance... 69 

Ruling-machines and apparatus, classification of... 355 

Rulings of the Commission to be followed by executive committee. 59 

Russell, Scott, suggestions of, in regard to buildings of Centennial Exhibition of 1876 . 293 

views of, on buildings for great exhibitions. 315 

Russia, appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition.... 128 

remarks relative to Russian special catalogue of Vienna Exhibition. 203 

table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

S. 

Safety of goods exhibited in transportation, placing in building, and disposing of after close of Exhibi¬ 
tion, remarks on. 275 

Sale of articles exhibited, regulation relative to. 25 

Salaries of officers and employes of the Commission to be paid monthly. 99 

Salt, classification of. 350 

s. Ex. 30-27 











































































418 


INDEX 


page 


Sandwich Islands, acceptance by, of invitation to participate in Exhibition of 1876. 324 

Sanitary and police regulations at Vienna commended.—------....... 267 

arrangements at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 290 

bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to.. 12L 

classification of. 365 

fittings and drainage at Vienna Exhibition, report on. 195 

Saponaceous substances of vegetable growth, classification of. 347 

Saunders, Mr. 'William, appointment of, by the Department of Agriculture upon the board of manage¬ 
ment of the collective exhibition by the Executive Departments, &c. 369 

Sawyer, the Hon. F. A., appointment of, by the Secretary of the Treasury upon the board of manage¬ 
ment of the collective exhibition by the various Departments, &c. 369 

Schwarz-Senborn, the Baron, director-general of Vienna Exhibition, acknowledgments by special agent 

to Vienna to. 109 

remarks relative to.117,118, 119 

Schools and colleges of the United States, address to the officers and teachers in. 80 

Science, infiuence of, on the progress and development of manufactures, &c. 168 

{See also Committee on arts and sciences.) 

and the arts, importance of great international exhibitions to, as stated by Dr. Whewell and 

Sir David Brewster. 80 

of fish-culture. See Fish-Culture. 

Sciences. See Committee on arts and sciences. 

and arts, committee on. 336 

Scientific instruments, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

organizations, co-operation of invited. 82 

Scope of the Exhibition.. 6 

Screws, classification of... .354 

Sculpture, classification of. 363 

place of, in the classification. 6 

Seats for visitors, "Vienna Exhibition. 188 

Secretary directed to obtain information of commissioners. 58 

election of John L. Campbell. 55 

(See Temporary secretary.) 

of committee on education, J. F. Williams, elected. 66 

manulhctures, George A. Crawford, elected. 66 

finance, J. M. Paul, elected. 66 

tariffs and transportation, D. M. Boyd, jr., elected. 66 

of State, announcement by, of the members of the board appointed by the President to super¬ 
intend the preparation of a collective exhibition by the Executive Departments, &c. 369 

communication to, from the Director-General relative to collective exhibition by the 

Departments. 17 

extract from a letter of William H. Seward as, transmitting the United States report 

on Paris Exhibition of 1867 to Congress. 328 

form of note sent by, to foreign ministers, relative to the Exhibition of 1876. 322 

informs the Commission of the official acceptance by certain governments of the 

President’s invitation to participate in the Exhibition. 3 

letter of, to the Secretary of War relative to an exhibition by the Executive Depart¬ 
ments of the Government. 378 

invitation sent to foreign ministers by. 322 

of New Hampshire, communication from. 57 

Secretary of War, letter of, to the Secretary of State relative to the part to be taken in the Exhibition 

by the Executive Departments. 379 

Secretary of the Commission.22, 335 

directed to notify Governors of vacancies in the Commission. 56 

duties of. 99 

to nominate assistants. 99 

mode of election, &c. 59 

by-law relative to. 59 

powers and duties of. 61 

to make report, (fee .. 61 

provided for... 98 

by-law concerning. 98 

election of. 98 

report of. 91 

Secretary of the Light-House Board, communication from, relative to space required. 20 

Secretary of the Treasury to prepare the certificates of stock of Centennial Board of Finance.326, 342 

Secretaries of departments, committee on nomination of. 336 

proceedings relative to nomination of. 54 

to be selected. 61 

duties of. 61 

Secretaries and residents of department committees of Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

Second vice-president Centennial Board of Finance, notification of election of William H. Appleton.. 35 

Sellers, Mr. 'William, notification of election of, as first vice-president Centennial Board of Finance.... 34 

William, vice-president Board of Finance.338 

Senate of Pennsylvania, meeting of executive committee with. 68 

of the United States, message of the President to, transmitting report of the Commission. 1 

Senators and Representatives of various States requested to promote the success of the Exhibition_ 7 

Seward, William H., extract from a letter of, communicating to Congress the United States report 

on the Paris Exposition of 1867. 328 

Sewei'age and drainage at Vienna Exhibition, description of... 303, 304 

Sewing-machines and implements, classification of. 355 

Sessions of the Commission, statement of. 71 

Several States. See States. 

Silk, classification of. 353 

Silk, yarn, &c. See Yarn-congress, International congresses at Vienna, &c. 

Sims, H. A. and J. P., awarded fourth premium for designs for building. 372 

Site for the Exhibition, views of the President of the United States as to the appropriateness of the 
selection made. 1 



































































INDEX 


419 


Page. 

Site of the International Exhibition of 1876, views of European engineers, &c,, as to the adaptability 

of, to the purposes of the Exhibition. 311 

Ships' hardware and fittings, classification of... 354 

Shoemaker, John L., communication from. 63 

counselor and solicitor of the Commission. 335 

re-elected solicitor. 56 

Shoes, classification of. 353 

Show-cases, &c., to be provided by exhibitors. 24 

in Vienna Exhibition. 145 

remarks on and descriptions of. 172 

styles and material of. 173 

Sketches, drawings, &c., of articles exhibited... 25 

Skins, classification of. 349 

Sloan, Samuel, awarded second premium for designs for building. 372 

Small ware and fancy goods, place in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

Smith, Horace J., communication from, relative to an experimental farm. 91 

Smith, Lewis Wain, temporary secretary of the Commission continued in control of office. 58 

elected to executive committee. 56 

member of executive committee. 336 

acceptance of report of. 29 

report of. 29 

resolution of thanks to. 64 

{See also Temporary secretary.) 

Smithsonian Institution to be included in the collective Exhibition by the Executive Departments. 12 

represented in the Exhibition, Executive order relative to. 21 

Soap, classification of. 351 

Soda, classification of. 350 

Societies, manifestation of sympathy by, throughout the country. 5 

and organizations for the propagation of systems of religion by missionary effort, allotted a 

place in the classification. 78 

Solicitor of the Commission.22, 335 

by-law concerning, as reported from the committee on by-laws. 100 

by-law relating to. 98 

provided for. 59, 98 

election of. 98 

election of John L. Shoemaker unanimously. 56 

mode of election, &c. 59 

South America, efforts to induce co-operation of the nations of. 14 

space allotted to, in the industrial, machinery, and agricultural halls, Paris Exhibition 

of 1867. 141 

Carolina, action relative to death of commissioner of. 34 

proceedings upon the death of commissioner for. 53 

Kensington Museum, London, lectures, library, museum, &c., of. 278 

Space allotted to buildings Vienna Exhibition. 131 

apportionment of, Vienna Exhibition. 130 

in International Exhibition of 1876, allotment of. 22 

application for, must be made previous to March 4, 1875.... 323 

forfeiture of. 23 

no charge for. 24 

in Vienna Exhibition, allotment of. 140 

{See Allotment of space,) 

required by intending exhibitors, action relative to obtaining estimates of. 65 

Special advantages claimed for the Exhibition of 1876 .325,335 

^ agent at London, communication recommending appointment of Col. L. M. Montgomery. 35 

to Vienna Exhibition, communication from Henry Pettit, presenting his final report as.. 295 

final report of Henry Pettit as. 295 

instructions to W. P. Blake as —........ 69 

Henry Pettit appointed. 69 

consents to serve gratuitously. 69 

report of W. P- Blake.29, 63,109 

• action relative to. 30 

Henry Pettit. 56 

referred to executive committee. 56 

{See Henry Pettit, W. P. Blake, Report, Vienna Exhibition of 1873, &c.) 
acents to Vienna Exhibition. See Vienna International Exhibition, (fcc. 

agent to Vienna. See William P. Blake, Henry Pettit, Vienna International Exhibition, report 
of William P. Blake, &c. 

committee on horticulture made a standing committee. bb 

appointed. 65 

committees, how appointed, &c ........ 53 

constructions in the Exhibition building to be approved by the Director-General. 24 

committee on by-laws, report of.. ....- - - ..-. 97 

{See Committee on by-laws.) 

conference. See Conference committee, Committee on conference, &c. 

exhibitions at Vienna Exhibition. 171 

provision for. 

features of the plan adopted. 15 

juries of Vienna Exhibition...:. ;a- , 

meetings of the Commission, provision relative to.5U, 53, bU bl 

or local committee bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 121 

regulations to be issued concerning exhibition of fine arts, juries, prizes, &c. 26 

Specifications for plans for the Exhibition buildings... 96 

Snecimens of the metals and minerals of the United States. 5 

of mines, collection of, undertaken by the Commission. 5 

Speech, See Address.^ 

Spikes, classification of...■•*•,•••:•***.•*•'*»*. . •i'S 5 

Spinning machines and implements, classification of................ 











































































420 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Spiritual welfare of the people, claims of the Exhibition as an instrument for promoting. 80 

Stained glass, classification of...■;. <^54 

Stamping machines and apparatus, classification of.... 355 

Standing committees. 

to consist of seven members. 54, 61 

by-law relative to. 54, 6L 

list of. 54,61 

powers and duties of.54, 61 

{See Committees, &c.) 

Stands for carriages, space allotted for at Vienna Exhibition. 133 

State Board of Supervisors of Pennsylvania invited to meet the Commission. 35 

boards of agriculture, offers of co-operation from. 5 

Centennial Committee of Pennsylvania, conference with committee of.... 68 

Centennial Supervisors of Pennsylvania, powers and duties of, in connection with the memorial 

hall. 377 

governments, address to officers of. 69,81 

of Kentucky. See Kentucky. 

North Carolina. See North Carolina. 

Pennsylvania. See Pennsylvania. 

Tennessee. See Tennessee. 

Virginia. See Virginia. 

legislatures, favorable action of..1. 7 

Slates, reports from, proceedings relative to. 53 

■ ■ " ■ . _ . __ y 

70 
56 
IL 

71 
61 
92 
92 
92 


resolutions by, calling upon Congress to promote the sitccess of the Exhibition 

States and Territories, co-operation of women of, recommended. 

Governors of, secretary directed to notify, of vacancies in the Commission 

suggestions to the Governors of, to secure full representation. 

to be requested to appropriate in aid of the Exhibition. 

Stated meetings, by-law relative to.. 

Statement of the expenses. See., of the Commission to May 1, 1873. 

Board of Finance to May 1, 1873. 

Citizens’ Finance Committee to May 1, 1873. 

{See also Expenses.) 

various sessions of the Commission, time of sitting, number of members present, &c.. 71 

Statistics of the great exhibitions.127,147, 149, 158, 213, 214, 215, 222, 223, 224, 225, 272 

(Nee Vienna Exhibition ; Paris Exhibition ; London Exhibition, &c.) 

Statistical and graphical tables of industrial progress, &c... 168 

Steam and water power, rules under which, to be supplied exhibitors. 24 

application for. 24 

railway to Fairmount Park, remarks upon the importance of. 91 

service, remarks on the necessity of, in great exhibitions. 161 

Steamship companies, committee on transportation instructed to arrange with, for increased facilities 

in 1876. 58 

Steel, specimens of for Exhibition. 5 

Steps to secure proper representation of the products of each State and Territory. 5 

Stevens, John (>., elected to executive committee. 56 

member of executive committee. 336 

Stimulating substances of vegetable growth, classification of. 347 

Stock certificate. See Certificate of stock. 

of Centennial Board of Finance, necessity of immediate subscriptions urged .. 33 

one million shares to be issued.. 77 

amount to be paid on subscription to. 77 

time for paying the whole amount of subscription to. 77 

certificates of, to be prepared by Secretary of the Treasury.... 342 

penalty for counterfeiting certificates of. 342 

designs for certificate of invited. 69 

issue of to the amount of ten million dollars authorized ..:. 340 

certificates of to be transferable. 341 

corporations existing under laws of United States authorized 

to subscribe to. 341 

{See also Centennial Board of Finance.) 

rules relative to payments upon. 69 

subscriptions to. 4 

values and paper currency, international congress at Vienna for the consideration of. 249 

Stockholders of Board of Finance, board of directors elected from one hundred nominated by executive 

committee. 70 

minutes of meeting of reference to. 29 

Stone, clay, and glassware, group in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

Stone-working machines, tools, and appliances. 355 

Stones, classification of. 3 J 4 

Storage of packing-cases at Vienna Exhibition. 181 

tariff of charges for. 181 

Strauss, John, musical director at Vienna Exhibition. 219 

Straw, E. A., elected chairman of committee on manufactures. 66 

member of the committee on plans and architecture.. 336 

remarks of. 40 

Straw hats, classification of. 353 

Submarine constructions, classification of. 363 

Subscriber to stock, to receive subscription certificate on payment. 75 

engraved stock certificate.” 69, 77 

Subscribers to stock, names of, to appear in the records of the Celebration. 77 

the guarantee fund Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of.124 

Subscription, books for, resolution relative to.65 

certificates,form of. 76 

to stock of Board of Finance, rule relative to books for. 1 75 

Subscriptions, national banks throughout the country empowered to receive.325 

amount subscribed by Philadelphia and Pennsylvania.*..* 325 

causes which delay..”!!!” 325 










































































INDEX. 


421 


Page. 


Subscriptions to stock, commissioners requested to confer with Board of Finance concerning. 65 

to the stock of the Board of Finance. 4 

action relative to. 33 

ill-success of efforts,to obtain, outside of I’ennsyl- 

vania. 7 

means adopted to popularize. 93 

reports from the several .States. 53 

success of Women’s Executive Committee in pro¬ 
curing . 7 

in Pennsylvania. 4 

in other States. 5 

Suggestion as to holding an International patent congress in connection with the Exhibition of 1876..., 258 

as to workshop in Fairmount Park during the construction of the Exhibition buildings. 184 

of a means to disseminate information of the nature, purposes, and importance of the Exhi¬ 
bition. 89 

Suggestions by Baron von Weber as to the buildings for the Exhibition of 1876 . 315 

by Henry Pettit as to the buildings for the International Exhibition of 1876. 310 

by the Chief of Ordnance relative to the proper classification of the material and enginery 

of war. 18 

of the Director-General to the Governors of the several States relative to securing a full 

representation, &c. 11 

relative to a collective exhibition by the Executive Departments of the General Govern¬ 
ment . 17 

relative to the classification invited. 377 

establishment of saw-mills, machine-shops, &c., at Fairmount Park from the 

commencement of the Exhibition buildings. 178 

Sun-shades, classification of.353 

Supervisors, Board of, of Pennsylvania, introduction to Commission of. 38 

invited to meet the Commission. 35 

resolution inviting members to seats in Commission. 45 

resolution of thanks to. 62 

Supervisory powers of the Commission, remarks relative to. 70 

Surface assigned each country in Paris Exhibition of 1867, area of. 136 

Surgeon-General,'changes in the classification suggested by. 18 

Sweden and Norway, acceptance by, of invitation to participate in International Exhibition of 1876 .. 324 

Switzerland, acceptance by, of invitation to participate in International Exhibition of 1876 . 324 

table showing area of ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

Sympathy with the Commission manifested by societies and associations throughout the country. 5 

Syndicates of installation of Paris Exhibition of 1867, number of. 124 

System of classification. See Classification. 

notation of the classification as amended. 30 

Systematic arrangement of goods exhibited, importance of strict adherence to. 266 

damage to Vienna Exhibition from neglect of. 266 

(See also Comparative system of arrangement.) 


Table-furniture, classification of. 354 

Table of contents of the report of W. P. Blake on the organization, administration, and results of the 

Vienna Exhibition. HO 

showing area of chief buildings at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

ground allotted to foreign countries at Vienna Exhibition... 134 

industrial palace Vienna Exhibition. 133 

assigned to different parts of Paris Exhibition of 1867. 135 

awards of prizes distributed to various countries at Vienna Exhibition. 240 

area of Champs de Mars. 300 

distribution of area under roof. 300 

cost of exposition building at Paris, 1867 . 300 

expenses and receipts of the Paris Exhibition of 1867. 301 

cost of buildings of Paris Exhibition of 1855 . 298 

at Paris Exhibition of 1867 . H9 

at Vienna Exhibition. 147 

dimensions of rotunda of industrial palace of, compared with some of the largest domes 

in the world. 149 

cost of buildings of London Exhibition of 1862 . 299 

printing at Paris Exhibition of 1867 .-. 206 

increase of freight and passengers on railways of Austria from January to June, 1873, 

over same period for 1872 .. .-.l^^i 

showing number of exhibitors in various groups at Paris Exhibition of 1867 ....-- 2..9 

Vienna Exhibition. 228 

' iurors appointed for each group at Vienna Exhibition. 234 

members of international jury of Paris Exhibition of 1667. . 234 

size of industrial palace and machinery-hall, Vienna Exhibition—--...-- 302 

area in acres of buildings of Vienna Exhibition.i*'i!'I'l' 

space allotted to each country in the industrial, machinery, and agricultural halls, 

Paris 1867 .. 1^1 

the area of surface assigned to each country in the Paris Exhibition of 1867 . 136 

the extent, cost,,and receipts of the principal international exhibitions. 27.. 

the number of awards made in each of the groups. 241 

the aw'ards in the fine-art department.. 

the number of awards of each class to the exhibitors from each of the different coun¬ 
tries at Vienna Exhibition.. 

tariff of photographs for exhibitors at Vienna Exhibition. 

Tables, classification of.- .. 

giving full returns of the Vienna Exhibition for each month. 

relative to numbering of yarn.- -. ----- . 

(^e Yarn-congress at Vienna, International congresses at Vienna, &.c.) 





































































422 


INDEX 


Page. 

Tables showing comparison of receipts from visitors at the exhibitions of 1855,1862,1867 . 225 

Tacks, classification of. 354 

Tariffs and transportation, committee on. 336 

(See Committee on.) 

Tasting-hall in Vienna Exhibition, regulations concerning. 187 

Teachers and managers of institutions for the blind, international congress of, at Vienna. 248 

in the universities, colleges, and schools of the United States, address to. 69, 80 

Teaching and instruction, place of, in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 167 

Technical newspapers and journals, effect of Vienna Expo.sition upon. 207 

Telegraphic instruments and methods.... 359 

Temporary exhibitions of certain articles at Vienna Exhibition.. 169 

secretary Centennial Board of Finance, notification of the appointment of Thomas Cochran 35 

of the Commission, report of. 29 

acceptance of report of. 29 

account of expenditures, &c., presented by. 29 

continued in control of the office... 58 

report of. 91 

statement of expense.s, &c., annexed to the report of. 93 


Tennessee, acknowledgments to legislature of. 69 

liberality of, commended by the Commission. 64 

I’esolutions of the legislature of, indorsing the International Exhibition, and requesting an 

appropriation by the General Government.7, 69, 72 

statement of the progress of the work in. 53 

thanks to the commissioners of. 53 

Terra-cotta, classification of.. 351 

Territories, suggestions to the Governors of, relative to securing adequate representation, &c. 11 

(See also States and Territories.) 

Tests of objects ai Vienna Exhibition. 168 

Textile and felted fabrics, apparel, costumes, &.C., place assigned in the classification. 6 , 352 

industry and clothing, group in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

Thanks, letter of, from John L. Shoemaker... 63- 

of the Commission tendered to Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania. 68 

tendered to Women’s Centennial Executive Committee.. 56 

resolution of, to W. P. Blake. 58 

(See also Resolution of.) 

to representatives of the press. 67 

vote of, to the commissioners for Tennessee. 53 

The century from 1776 to 1876, retrospect of.333, 334 

Third session of the Commission, May, 1873, index to journal of proceedings at. 102 

Thirteen women of Philadelphia appointed an executive committee by the Citizens’ Centennial Finance 

Committee. 70 

Thomson, Mr. John Edgar, of the Board of Finance, remarks of. 40 

Ticket bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 121 

Tickets at Vienna Exhibition. 212 

Time at which the buildings for the Exhibition should be finished. 145 

importance of improving, to the utmost, in preparing for the Exhibition of 1876 .79, 80, 95, 331 

required for the proper installation of the articles of Exhibition. 177 

failure to allow, at Vienna... 177 

of occupying the floor, action relative to.. 54 

provision relative to. 62 

of opening and closing of Vienna Exhibition. 184 

Title of the Commission. 97 

Exhibition. 97 

Commission officially declared. 59 

Exhibition officially declared. 59 

Transfer of grounds in Fairmount Park to the Commission. 7 

Translating bureau, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 120 

Transportation, effect of a great exhibition upon, as shown in report of Paris Exhibition of 1867. 157 

objects relating to, place in the classification. 6 

of passengers and goods at Vienna Exhibition, regulations relative to reduction of 

rates of fare.150,156 

• (See Committee on tariffs and transportafion.) 

Transportation-table showing increase of passengers and freight on railroads during Vienna Ex¬ 
hibition.... 156,157 

Transportation upon suspended cables,*aerial and pneumatic transportation. 357 

Travel, committee on tariffs and transportation instructed as to providing facilities for, in 1876. 58 

Treasurer of the Commission, by-law providing for, &c. 98 

powers and duties. 99 

election of. 98 

Treasury Department of the United States, certificates of stock to be executed in. 77 

Secretary of, to prepare certificates of stock of Exhibition of 1876 . 326 

Treatises on international law, prizes for, proposed. 62 

Trimmings, classification of. 353 

for clothing, furniture, and carriages, classification of. 353 

Tools, classification of. 355 

implements, machines, and processes, place in the classification. 6 

Totals of visitors, receipts, &.C., of Vienna Exhibition.222 223 224 

Turkey, appropriation by, of £l00,000 to secure proper representation at the Vienna Exhibition_’.128,’ 179 

Turkish bazaar, &c., proposition to establish, in the Exhibition grounds. 271 

Turpentines, classification of. 35 I 

Twickenham Museum, London. 278 

Type-making machines and apparatus, classification of. 355 

Type-setting machines and apparatus, classification of. 355 

Typographic aids to the preservation and dissemination of knowledge. 358 















































































INDEX 


423 


u. 

. Page. 


Umbrellas, classification of. 353 

Unfavorable conditions affecting the attendance at Vienna Exhibition. 215 

Uniform numbering of yarn, international congress at Vienna for discussing the question of. 248 

Union of exhibitors for collective exhibition of goods. 275 

United States not to be liable for expenses of Exhibition..... 339 

President of, to make proclamation, &c... 339 

ground allotted to, at Vienna Exhibition. 134 

appropriation by, to secure representation in Vienna Exhibition. 128 

remarks relative to importance of a history of industries of, for last century. 204 

method adopted by exhibitors from, at Vienna Exhibition to make their goods more con¬ 
spicuous. 150 

space allotted to, in the industrial, machinery, and agricultural halls, Paris Exhibition 

of 1867. 141 

area of surface assigned to, in Paris Exhibition of 1867. 136 

responsibility of, for the success of the Exhibition of 1876.. 3 

Government, Exhibition of 1876 to be held under the auspices of. 326 

ministers abroad, circular-letter to. 13 

Mint, communication from Director of, relative to commemorative medals, &c. 34 

Senate, message from the President to, transmitting report of the Commission. 1 

Universal Exhibition. See International Exhibition of 1876; Paris Exhibition ; London Exhibition , 
Vienna Exhibition, &c. 

Universities and collegt^s of the United States, address to the officers and teachers of. 69, 80 

Utility of great exhibitions. 272 


V. 


Vacancies in boai’d of directors of the Board of Finance to be filled by the directors. 88 

in the Commission, secretary directed to notify governors of. 56 

Vacancy in executive committee, how filled, &c. ... 60 

Value of experience in the conduct of great international exhibitions. 266 

Various reports of the Commission referred to. 2 

Varnishes, classification of. 351 

Vaux & Radford, of New York, acceptance of plans offered by. 374 

Vaux, Calvert, one of the authors of the accepted plan. 11 

Vegetable drugs and perfumes, classification of. 347 

extracts and compounds used chiefly for food, classification of. 349 

fibrous substances used in the arts, classification of. 347 

Vegetables preserved, classification of. 349 

Vehicles and apparatus of transportation upon common roads and accessories thereto. 357 

Ventilating apparatus and fixtures, classification of. 354 

Ventilation of Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 290 

Vienna, area and population of. 217 

meteorology of. 217 

Vienna Exhibition of 1873, report of special agent to.109, 279 

governmental regulations concerning. 113 

privileges extended to officers of.... 113 

arrangement as to salaries of Government officers engaged in. 113 

regulation as to special services under the general direction. 113 

financial basis. 113 

provision for disposition of income arising from. 113 

powers and duties of the general director of.. 113 

director-general of, authorized to engage co-operation of the imperial credit 

institution for commerce and trade. 113 

remarks on committees or sections. 117 

committee on education... 117 

on woman’s work. 117 


preparations for the establishment of atheneums, and increasing 

the usefulness of the Exhibition, remarks on... 117 

exhibitions of art and industry. 117 

foreign division. 117 

division for Hungary. 117 

art at the present time. 117 

exhibition of art and industry. 117 

music at. 11’7 

array and navy. 117 

imperial commission, remarks on.115,117 

finance. 115 

architecture and buildings. US 

arrangement for division of space.... 115 

regulations for restaurants. 115 

local affairs. 115 

communication. 115 

installation of machines. 115 

printing and publishing. 115 

the organization of the jury. 115 

exhibitions of art-industry. 115 

education.-. 115 

music. 115 

agriculture. 115 

general direction of, conferred by private imperial letter and decree upon 
Privy-Counselor Baron William von Schwarz-Senborn with title of impe¬ 
rial and royal general director. 

remarks concerning general direction.11° 

general offices, remarks relative to.. 1~~ 

finances, remarks relative to.124,125,126,127 












































































424 


INDEX 


Page. 


Vienna Exhibition of 1873, guarantee fund, remarks relative to .. 

appropriation for the exhibition, analysis of the law of July 21, 1871 

imperial decree upon the administration of finances. 

expenditures for buildings, &c... 

receipts. 

receipts from visitors.. 

appropriations made to secure representation in, by— 

German Empire. 

France. 

England. 

Italy. 

Japan . 

Turkey. 

Egypt. 

United States. 

Belgium.. 

Greece. 

Russia. 

Brazil. 

China.. 


,. 124 

124,125 
. 126 
126,127 
. 127 

. 127 

. 128 
,. 128 
. 128 
. 128 
. 128 
. 128 
. 128 
. 128 
. 128 
. 128 
,. 128 
. 128 
. 128 


archives and correspondence, remarks relative to.122,123 

samples of printed memorandum wrappers used to hold letters. 123 

list of active members of commission of. 117 

agriculture, agricultural machines, &c., at. 116 

architecture, buildings, &c. 115 

foreign commissions. 114 

importance attached to, by principal nations, shown by the character of the 

commissions they appointed. 114 

British commission headed by Prince of Wales. 114 

Belgian commission, &c. 114 

Russian commission, &c. 114 

Japanese commission of fifteen with a member of supreme council of state 

as president, &c. 115 

local committees. 115 

remarks relative to executive committee. 116 

list of committees and their functions. 115 

report of W. P. Blake as special agent to. 109 

origin and organization. Ill 

guarantee fund of. Ill 

original estimates of expense of. Ill 

imperial support of the enterprise... Ill 

the general dii'ection...Ill, 112 

appropriations to. Ill 

statute of organization of. 112 

papers and documents of. 112 

relations of the management with departments of government. 112 

appointment of officers and servants. 112 

army and navy in. 116 

division for Lower Austria. 116 

Hungary. 116 

foreign division. 116 

eastern division. 116 


preparations for the establishment of atheneums, and increasing the useful¬ 


ness of the exhibition. 116 

efficiency of committees. 116 

working organization of imperial commission. 115 

imperial commission subdivided into twenty committees. 115 

location of. 129 

regulation of the Danube. 129 

number and designation of officers. 119 

remarks relative to. 119 

director general. 119 

architects’bureau. 119 

engineers’ bureau .. 119 

bureau for gardening. 120 

installation bureau. 120 

publishing bureau. 120 

translating bureau. 120 

press bureau. 120 

catalogue bureau. 120 

report bureau. 120 

ticket bureau. 121 

finance bureau. 121 

law bureau. 121 

jury bureau. 121 

special or local committee bureau. 120 

inspection bureau. 121 

police bureau. 121 

military bureau. 121 

sanitary bureau. 121 

archives and correspondence. 122 

general offices. 122 

area of ground inclosed. 131 

length of fencing. 131 

space allotted to buildings. 131 

cost of boiler-house. 149 




















































































INDEX 


425 


Vienna Exhibition of 1873, description of imperial pavilion. 149 

remarks relative to materials used in buildings of.150 

flooring of buildings. 150 

regulations relative to reduction of fares for transportation of passengers and 

. 150 

visited by Director-General Goshorn. 2 

governmental regulations concerning.*.JJ'. J 113 

privileges extended to officers of.113 

arrangement as to salaries of government officers engaged in. 113 

regulation as to special services under the general direction. 113 

flnancial basis of. 113 

provision for disposition of income arising from.113 

powers and duties of the general director of. 113 

director-general of, authorized to engage co-operation of the imperial credit 

institution for commerce and trade. 113 

director-general of, not required to follow rules laid down for governmental 

financiering, &c. 113 

freedom from stamp-duties and government taxes. 113 

modes of reaching the exhibition from the city... 159 

management of vehicles at. [ 162 

exceptions to the rules established at. 162 

street management of vehicles at Vienna during. 162 

inadequacy of means of transportation to. 162 

steam-cars within the buildings. 163 

failure of horse-railways to accommodate the travel. 163 

reception and delivery of goods. 165 

classification and arrangement adopted. 165 

remarks on the classification. 161 

regulations for carriages, public and private. 162 

complaints against hackmen at. 166 

outside structures at, remarks on. 137 

list of outside structures at. 130 

allotment of space at. 144 

number of visitors. 144 

receipts from visitors. 143 

effect of the weather upon attendance. 144 

of prices upon attendance. 144 

want of time in construction, &c. 144 

price of tickets. 144 

. oapacity of the buildings. 145 

defects in. 145 

no vistas in. 145 

show-cases in. 145 

the grand rotunda. 145 

acoustic properties of the great rotunda. 145 

the buildings for. 142 

space in the buildings. 142 

comparative excellence of the form of building, &c., considered. 142 

features of the grand rotunda. 142 

flooring of the buildings. 142 

remarks on the machinery-hall. 145 

United States section of. 145 

representation of machinery of the United States. 145 

machinery sent to, by Sellers &Co. 146 

agricultural hall of. 146 


creditable display of agricultural machines and implements by the United 


States. 146 

few visitors to machinery and agricultural department. 146 

outside grounds, remarks relative to. 132 

accessibility of. 161 

arrangements for the reception of visitors. 161 

hotel prices during continuance of... 210 

restaurants in city during continuance of. 211 

competitive trials of machinery, &c., at. 168 

comparison of industries of diferent epochs at.... 168 

influence of science in utilization of waste in manufactures shown. 168 

history of prices exhibited. 168 

international exchange of products shown, &c. 168 

attention given to statistical and graphical tables. 168 

information concerning each article to be attached to it if desired. 168 

comparative trials, experiments, tests, &c., at... 168 

temporary exhibitions of certain articles at. 168 

international races, national games, regattas, &c., at. 169 

experiments on tractive force of animals at. 169 

tasting pavilions at.169,187 

international congresses and conferences at. 169 

quefctions for discussion by international conferences at. 169 

realization of the plans for experiments, congresses, collections of statistics, &c. 169 

arrangement of objects at. 169 

installation of objects at. 169 

variety and elegance of show-cases, &e. 169 

special exhibitions at. 171 

material and styles of show-cases. 173 

price of labor in Vienna during continuance of. 143 

backwardness of the preparations for... 143 

number of men employed upon the buildings. 143 

ornamentation of the grounds. 144 




















































































426 


INDEX 


Page. 

Vienna Exhibition of 1873, installation of goods. 144 

improvements at Vienna in anticipation of. 144 

policing of. 189 

fire department.. 191 

hotel accommodations, &c., at Vienna during continuance of. 209 

methodical exhibition by large iron-works at. 175 

organization of the installation bureau .. 175 

regulations relative to installation. 176 

regulations relative to expense of flooring. 176 

appropriation by various governments to secure proper representation at... 179 

condition of the installation at the opening day. 179 

state of the various sections on the opening day... 179 

backwardness of the United States department. 179 

storage of packing-cases. 181 

tariff of charges for storing empty cases. 182 

meteorology of Vienna. 217 

area and population of Vienna. 217 

attractions of the Prater. 218 

out-of-door life of the Viennoise as contributing to the success of. 218 

caf6s in vicinity of. 218 

music at. 218 

programme of exhibition concert. 219 

number of visitors at. 220 

receipts from visitors. 220 

attractions of the “ People’s Prater”.. 220 

railroad communication with. 220 

access to the exhibition. 220 

visitors to the rotunda. 220 

view from the lantern of the rotunda. 220 

table showing the number of awards of each class to the exhibitors from 

each of the different countries. 241 

* table showing the number of awards made in each of the groups. 241 

table showing the awards in the department of fine arts. 241 

diplomas of honor awarded.> 242 

hospitalities, &c., to the international jury of awards. 244 

pavilion of the international jury of awards at. 245 

official list of the awards. 245 

accommodations for the jury of awards. 245 

prize competition for meritorious foremen and workmen. 246 

distribution of prizes to workmen. 247 

table showing increase of freight and passengers on railways of Austria, 

from January to June, 1873, over same period for 1872. 156 

water-works at, remarks upon and description of. 194, 304 

drainage and sanitary fittings, report containing detailed description of.. 195,303 

printing and publishing, remarks upon importance of and description of__ 199 

programmes, remarks relative to. 200 

list of reports upon, up to November 30,1873. 200 

correspondence at, description of and remarks relative to... 201 

lithographic announcements at, description of and remarks relative to. 201 

official catalogue, remarks relative to. 201,202 

British catalogue, remarks relative to. 202 

American department catalogue, remarks relative to. 202 

Russian special catalogue, remarks relative to. 203 

history of Austrian industries, description of and remarks upon importance of 203 

remarks relative to reports of. 204 

separate reports for working-classes. 204 

newspaper establishment at. 206 

foreign correspondents at .■ 207 

rules for exhibitors of machinery. 183 

forwarding, receiving, and erecting objects. 184 

posting and publishing of regulations... 184 

time of opening and closing. 184 

Austrian custom-house regulations. 184 

'' . form of wagon-pass. 185 

memorandum of sales. 186 

water-supply. 188 

general inquiry and reclamation office. 188 

reading and writing room. 188 

[ book-store. 188 

seats for visitors. 188 

rolling-chairs. 189 

cloak-rooms and parcels office. 189 

post-office. 189 

division of ground into zones..’_131,132 

carriage-stands at. 133 

horse-exhibition, space devoted to. 133 

table showing area of industrial palace. 133 

area of annexes. 133 ,134 

table showing area of ground allotted to various countries. 134 

area of machinery hall. 134 

area of chief buildings.*.134 

’ agricultural hall, remarks relative to. !146 

display of flowers, remarks relative to. 146 

materials used in construction of buildings. 146,150 

classes of buildings. 146 

industrial palace, length of walls, &c_147 

table showing cost of buildings and accessories.148 




















































































INDEX 


427 


Page. 

Vienna Exhibition of 1873, cost per acre of the buildings... 148 

table showing dimensions of rotunda of exhibition compared with some of 

the largest domes of the world.■ 149 

cost of rotunda of exhibition. 148 

number of visitors compared with the population. 221 

price of admission as affecting attendance. 221 

statement of returns of. 222, 223, 224 

total number of visitors.. 222,223, 224 

receipts from. 222, 223, 224 

table showing size of industrial palace and machine hall of. 302 

area in acres of buildings of. 302, 303 

weight of wrought-iron in rotunda of. 303 

regulations and arrangements for the convenience of visitors. 183 

charges to foreign commissions for flooring. 183 

made a bonded warehouse. 183 

art-gallery of. 183 

general and special regulations issued for each department. 183 

general description of plan, surrounding grounds, <fcc. 282 


remarks of Henry Pettit upon the comparative excellence of the geographi¬ 
cal and the systematic or comparative arrangement of objects. 282 

precedence of the geographical arrangement allowed by the general direction. 282 

geographical arrangement well carried out.. 282 

materials of the buildings. 318 

leaks in roof of the rotunda. 319 

ample provision for entrance and exit. 319 

method of construction, time of erection, &c. 287 

iron-work of. 288 

competition for design for prize-medals. 248 

jury to select design for prize-medals. 248 

prize for design for prize-medals. 248 

international congresses for consideration of various subjects.248,258,265 

extent, cost, and receipts of. 272 

the system of prizes at. 242 

rates of admission at. 212 

programmes and proceedings of various international congresses. .248,249, 250,259, 

260,262, 263, 265 

sanitary and police regulations. 267 

insufficient protection of the interests of exhibitors. 269 

technical newspapers and journals at. 207 

bookstore in. 207 

photographs of. 208 

tariff of photographs for exhibitors at. 208 

tables showing comparison of receipts from visitors at, with the Exhibitions of 

1855,1862,1867 . 225 

working-men, visits of, at. 226 

duration of exhibition. 226 

number of exhibitors of. 227 

table showing number of exhibitors in various groups of. 228 

international jury, awards of. 229 

regulations for organization of jury of. 229 

tardiness in nominating jurors of. 233 

table showing number of jurors appointed for each group of. 234 

special juries of. 234 

division of juries of, into sections. 234 

commencement of jury-work of. 235 

explanations of jury regulations of. 235 

difficulties of jury-work of. 236 

form of questionary of. 237 

special juries of. 239 

remarks relative to distribution of prizes of. 239 

table showing number of awards of prizes of, to various countries.. 240 

water-works and fire department of. 289 

ventilation and sanitary arrangements of. 290 

railway and city communication of.291, 293 

communication from Henry Pettit, special agent to, presenting his final 

report. 295 

report of Henry Pettit, special agent, on the buildings, &c. 279,295 

site of. 279 

access to the grounds of. 279 

fence around. 280 

preparation of the ground, foundations, dx’ainage, &c. 280 

bricks used in. 280 

use of pile foundations in. 281 

intention with regard to the great rotunda. 281 

area of, and apportionment of space at. 130 

style of the buildings, materials, and decorations, (fcc. 286 

monumental character of the designs for the stucco work. 287 

beauty of the corridors. 287 

fine efect of the cheap decorative canvas of Bossi of Milan. 287 

method of construction and time of erection. 287 

railway communication, &c. 505 

detailed estimates of the cost of. .* ...-. 306 

list of buildings within the inclosure.. 307 

division of the plan into zones. 307 

list of papers, drawings, illustrations, &c., accompanying the report of 
Henry Pettit, special agent to. 309 

















































































428 


INDEX 


Page. 

Vienna Exhibition of 1873, action relative to obtaining information of. 6^ 

reports of special agent to referred to executive committee. 63 

rates of admission. 212 

tickets, &c. 212 

number of visitors. 213 

receipts from visitors.213, 214 

number of visitors in each month. 215 

unfavorable conditions affecting the attendance. 215 

comparative tables of attendance, &c. 215 

change in the rates of admission. 216 

dome of to be finished in nine months. 303 

industrial palace of. 283 

excellence of the proportions of width and height to length, and the effects 

produced, the lighting, &c. 283 

interior decorations. 283 

’ * the rotunda, interior, and exterior. 284 

construction of the rotunda. 284 

■ lighting of the rotunda. 285 

pavilion for amateurs, jury pavilion, emperor’s pavilion, &c. 285 

roofing in of the open courts...... 285 

financial basis of. 3 

remarks on. 3 

report of special agent to.29,56,63 

action upon report of agent to. 30 

See Special agent to Vienna ; W. P. Blake ; Henry Pettit, &c. 

Vienna, price of labor at, as affected by the Exhibition. 145 

Vice-presidents, Centennial Board of Finance, notification of election of. 35 

of the Commission...22,335 

election of. 55,59,98 

by-law concerning. 00, 98 

powers and duties of, &c. 60 

number of, to be elected. 59 

precedence of...-.60, 98 

provided for. 98 

Vinegars, classification of. 351 

Virginia, amendment of report of executive committee relative to. 34 

favorable action of legislature of.-. 69 

acknowledgments to legislature of. 69 

resolutions by legislature of. 

instructing their Senators and Representatives to support the Exhibition as 
the best means of restoring fraternal relations between the different sections 

of the Union, &c. 7, 74 

Visitors at Paris Exhibition of 1867, table showing different modes of transport of. 158 

number of. 224 

approximate statement and classification of. 225 

to the Exhibition of 1876, exhibitors not to be allowed to solicit purchases by. 25 

to Vienna Exhibition, regulations and arrangements for the convenience of. 183 

ratio of, to the population. 221 

total number of. 222 

total receipts from. 222 

receipts from.127, 213, 214 

number of, in each month. 215 

Vistas, importance of, in exhibitions. 145 

absence of, at Vienna. 145 

in the Exhibition of 1876 provided for.... 15 

Von Weber, Baron, suggestions by, relative to the buildings for the Exhibition of 1876.. 315 

Vote of thanks to the commissioners for Tennessee. 53 

Vouchers for every item of money paid by the Commission on file in the office. 93 


W. 


Walking-canes, classification of. 353 

Wall-papers, classification of. 353 

Wants and financial condition of the International Exhibition of 1876, remarks relative to. 325 

War, enginery and material of, place in the classification. 18 

Washington, weight and cost of iron-work in the dome of the Capitol at. 303 

Territory, amendment of report of executive committee relative to. 34 

Waste in manufactures, illustration at Vienna Exhibition of the influence of science in gradually 

utilizing. 168 

Water and steam power, how supplied to exhibitors. 24 

Water-supply and fire department at Vienna Exhibition, description of, and remarks relative to. 289 

at Vienna Exhibition. 188 

description of. 304 

Water-works at Vienna Exhibition, remarks upon and description of. 194 

Weaving machines and implements, classification of. 355 

Weights, measures, and coins ; weighing and metrological apparatus. 361 

Welsh, John, President Centennial Board of Finance. 338 

notification of election of. 34 

remarks of. 41 

Whewell, Dr., opinion of, as to the educational influence of London Exhibition of 1851. 80 

Williams, J. Fletcher, elected secretary of committee on education. 66 

Women, committee of, appointed by Citizens’ Centennial Executive Committee.,. 70 

idea of enlisting, in the work, suggested by the Citizens’ Centennial Executive Committee of 

Philadelphia. 70 

Women’s Association, communication from, read and referred to executive committee. 57 

Centennial Executive Committee, action relative to.48, 56 















































































INDEX 


429 


Page. 

Women’s Centennial Executive Committee appointed by Citizens’ Centennial Finance Committee of 

Philadelphia. 70 

recognized by the executive committee of the Commission, 70 

Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, president of. 70 

commended to commissioners. 70 

communication from, soliciting Commission to meet,. 45 

report of, read. 30 

■work of, (fcc. 7 

committee. See Women’s Centennial Executive Committee. 7 

work, Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 117 

Wood, W. W., elected chairman of committee on commerce. 67 

elected to executive committee. 56 

member of executive committee. 335 

Wood-industry, group in classification of Vienna Exhibition. 166 

working machines, tools, &c., classification of. 355 

Wool, machine for the manufacture of, communication from S. S. Jones relative to. 35 

Woolen goods, classification of. 353 

Work of the Commission, progress and extent of.2, 91, 92 

Board of Finance. 92 

Citizens’ Finance Committee. 92 

Workmen, prizes to, at Vienna Exhibition.. 246 

Working classes, remarks relative to separate reports for, at Vienna Exhibition. 205 

Workingmen, visits of, at Vienna Exhibition, remarks relative to. 225 

Works of art and industry, place in classification. 368 

time required for the production of, for the Exhibition. 79 

World’s fair. See International Exhibition of 1876. 

Woven goods of vegetable or mineral materials, classification of. 352 

wool and mixtures of wool, classification of. 353 


Y, 


Yarn-congress at Vienna.-..‘..248,249 

(See also International congresses. Uniform numbering of yarn, &c.) 

Yarns of vegetable or mineral materials, classification of. 352 

Z. 

Zones, division of the plan of the Vienna Exhibition into, for convenience of reference.131,307 


o 













































THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 187C). 


MESSAGE 


OF THE 


PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

CONaRESS, 


I'EAXSMITTING 


TIIP] TIlIEl) RErOET OF THE UNITED STATES 
CENTENNIAL COMAIISSION 


ox 


THE PKOGRESS OF THE WORK INTRUSTED TO IT UNDER ACTS OF CON¬ 
GRESS PROVIDING FOR A NATIONAL CELEBRATION, BY AN INTER¬ 
NATIONAL EXHIBITION AND COMMEMORATIVE CEREMONIES. OF 
THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INDEPEND¬ 
ENCE OF THE UNITED STATES, TO BE HELD AT 
PHILADEITHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE YEAR 
1876, EMBRACING REPORTS ON THE 
VIENNA EXHIBITION OF 1873. 


AKllANGED AND EDITED 


By HENRY D. J, PRATT. 








































